Sustained-release drug delivery of antimicrobials in controlling of supragingival oral biofilms

References

• Peterson SN, Snesrud E, Schork NJ, et al. Dental caries pathogenicity: a genomic and metagenomic perspective. Int Dent J. 2011;61(01):11–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peterson SN, Snesrud E, Liu J, et al. The dental plaque microbiome in health and disease. PLoS One. 2013;8(3):e58487.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kassebaum NJ, Bernabé E, Dahiya M, et al. Global burden of untreated caries: a systematic review and metaregression. J Dent Res. 2015;94(5):650–658. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marsh PD. Dental plaque as a microbial biofilm. Caries Res. 2004;38(3):204–211. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinberg D. Studying plaque biofilms on various dental surfaces. In: An YH, Friedman RJ, editors. Handbook of bacterial adhesion: principles, methods, and applications. Totowa (NJ): Humana Press; 2000. p. 353–370.
   Google Scholar
• Burne RA, Zeng L, Ahn SJ, et al. Progress dissecting the oral microbiome in caries and health. Adv Dent Res. 2012;24(2):7–80.
   Google Scholar
• Badet C, Thebaud NB. Ecology of lactobacilli in the oral cavity: a review of literature. Open Microbiol J. 2008;2:38–48.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rosier BT, De Jager M, Zaura E, et al. Historical and contemporary hypotheses on the development of oral diseases: are we there yet? Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2014;4:92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palmer RJ Jr. Composition and development of oral bacterial communities. Periodontol. 2014;64(1):20–39.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pader P. Formulation in oral hygiene products and practice. New York (NY): Marcel Dekker. Chapter 12, Dentifrice; p. 419–487.
   Google Scholar
• Pader P. Formulation in oral hygiene products and practice. New York (NY): Marcel Dekker; 1998. Chapter 13, Mouthwash; p. 489–516.
   Google Scholar
• Stewart PS. Diffusion in biofilms. J Bacteriol. 2003;185(5):1485–1491.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Denton WG. Chlorhexidine. In: Block SS, editor Disinfection, sterilization, and preservation. 4th ed. PA: Lea & Feiger; 1991. Chapter 16; p. 274–289.
   Google Scholar
• James P, Parnell C, Whelton H. The caries-preventive effect of chlorhexidine varnish in children and adolescents: a systematic review. Caries Res. 2010;44(4):333–340.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Twetman S. Antimicrobials in future caries control? A review with special reference to chlorhexidine treatment. Caries Res. 2004;38(3):223–229.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedman M, Brayer L, Golomb G, et al. Prevention of plaque accumulation by local application of a sustained release delivery system of chlorhexidine. J Cont Rel. 1984;1:157–160.
   Google Scholar
• Friedman M, Harari D, Raz H, et al. Plaque inhibition by sustained release of chlorhexidine from removable appliances. J Dent Res. 1985;64:1319–1321.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zyskind D, Steinberg D, Stabholz A, et al. The effect of sustained release application of chlorhexidine on salivary levels of Streptococcus mutans in partial denture wearers. J Oral Rehab. 1990;17:61–66.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zyskind D, Steinberg D, Friedman M, et al. Inhibition of plaque under periodontal dressing by sustained-release varnish of chlorhexidine. Clin Prevent Dent. 1992;14:29–33.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stabholz A, Shapira J, Shur D, et al. Local application of sustained-release delivery system of chlorhexidine in Down’s syndrome population. Clin Prev Dent. 1991;13:9–14.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shapira J, Sgan-Cohen HD, Stabholz A, et al. Clinical and microbiological effects of chlorhexidine and arginine sustained-release varnishes in the mentally retarded. Spec Care Dentist. 1994;14:158–163.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Beyth N, Redlich M, Harari D, et al. Effect of sustained-release chlorhexidine varnish on Streptococcus mutans and Actinomyces viscosus in orthodontic patients. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2003;123(3):345–348.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balanyk TE, Sandham HJ. Development of sustained-release antimicrobial dental varnishes effective against Streptococcus mutans in vitro. J Dent Res. 1985;64:1356–1360.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandham HJ, Brown J, Chan KH, et al. Clinical trial in adults of an antimicrobial varnish for reducing mutans streptococci. J Dent Res. 1991;70(11):1401–1408.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaeken MJM, Van Der Hoeven JS, Hendriks JCM. Effects of varnishes containing chlorhexidine on the human dental plaque flora. J Dent Res. 1989;68:1786–69.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fennis-le YL, Verdonschot EH, Burgersdijk RC, et al. Effect of 6-monthly applications of chlorhexidine varnish on incidence of occlusal caries in permanent molars: a 3-year study. J Dent. 1998;26:233–238.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinberg D, Amit U, Brayer L, et al. The effect of sustained-release varnish of chlorhexidine in plastic shells on salivary Streptococcus mutans. Clin Prevent Dent. 1991;13:9–12.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hildebrandt GH, Pape HR Jr, Syed SA, et al. Effect of slow-release chlorhexidine mouthguards on the levels of selected salivary bacteria. Caries Res. 1992;26:268–274.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hildebrandt GH. Effect of repeated treatment with sustained-release chlorhexidine mouth guards on salivary levels of mutans streptococci. Caries Res. 1996;30:445–453.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeon H-S, Choi C-H, Kang S-M, et al. Chlorhexidine-releasing orthodontic elastomerics. Dent Mater J. 2015;34(3):321–326.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brambilla E, Cagetti MG, Fadini L, et al. Chlorhexidine concentration in saliva after topical treatment with an antibacterial dental varnish. Am J Dent. 2004;17(3):196–198.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinar Erdem A, Sepet E, Kulekci G, et al. Effects of two fluoride varnishes and one fluoride/chlorhexidine varnish on Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus biofilm formation in vitro. Int J Med Sci. 2012;9(2):129–136.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Padois K, Bertholle V, Pirot F, et al. Chlorhexidine salt-loaded polyurethane orthodontic chains: in vitro release and antibacterial activity studies. AAPS Pharm Sci Tech. 2012;13(4):1446–1450.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kozlovsky A, Sintov A, Zubery Y, et al. Inhibition of plaque formation and gingivitis in beagle dogs by topical use of a degradable controlled-release system containing chlorhexidine. J Dent Res. 1992;71:1577–1581.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marsh PD. Antimicrobial strategies in the prevention of dental caries. Caries Res. 1993;27(Suppl 1):72–76.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haps S, Slot DE, Berchier CE, et al. The effect of cetylpyridinium chloride-containing mouth rinses as adjuncts to toothbrushing on plaque and parameters of gingival inflammation: a systematic review. Int J Dent Hyg. 2008;6(4):290–303.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Friedman M, Harrari D, Rimer A, et al. Inhibition of plaque formation by a sustained release delivery system for cetylpyridinium chloride. Inter J Pharm. 1988;44:243–247.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinberg D, Moldovan M, Molukandov D. Testing a degradable topical varnish of cetylpyridinium chloride in an experimental dental biofilm model. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2001;48(2):241–243.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kozlovsky A, Sintov A, Moldovan M, et al. Inhibition of plaque formation by local application of a degradable controlled release system containing cetylpyridinium chloride. J Clin Periodontol. 1994;21:32–37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinberg D, Hirschfeld Z, Tayeb I, et al. The effect of parabens in a mouth wash and incorporated into a sustained release varnish, on salivary bacteria. J Dent. 1999;27:101–106.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinberg D, Tal T, Friedman M. Sustained-release delivery systems of triclosan for treatment of Streptococcus mutans biofilm. J Biomed Mater Res B Aool Biomater. 2006;77B(2):282–286.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shani S, Friedman M, Steinberg D. The anticariogenic effect of amine fluorides on Streptococcus sobrinus and glucosyltransferase in biofilms. Caries Res. 2000;34(3):260–267.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinberg D, Rozen R, Klausner EA, et al. Formulation, development and characterization of sustained release varnishes containing amine and stannous fluorides. Caries Re. 2002;36(6):411–416.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shani S, Friedman M, Steinberg D. In vitro assessment of the antimicrobial activity of a local sustained release device containing amine fluoride for the treatment of oral infectious diseases. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 1998;30(2):93–97.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mukherjee B, Roy G, Ghosh S. Development of Denticap, a matrix based sustained release formulation for treatment of toothache, dental infection and other gum problem. Curr Drug Deliv. 2009;6(2):199–207.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jeon J-G, Rosalen PL, Falsetta ML, et al. Natural products in caries research: current (limited) knowledge, challenges and future perspective. Caries Res. 2011;45(3):243–263.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franca JR, De Luca MP, Ribeiro TG, et al. Propolis-based chitosan varnish: drug delivery, controlled release and antimicrobial activity against oral pathogen bacteria. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2014 12;14:478.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nascimento MM, Liu Y, Kalra R, et al. Oral arginine metabolism may decrease the risk for dental caries in children. J Dent Res. 2013;92(7):604–608.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ly KA, Milgrom P, Rothen M. The potential of dental-protective chewing gum in oral health interventions. J Am Dent Assoc. 2008;139(5):553–563.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Imfeld T. Chewing gum–facts and fiction: a review of gum-chewing and oral health. Crit Rev Oral Biol. 1999;10(3):405–419.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yang X, Wang G, Zhang X. Release kinetics of catechins from chewing gum. J Pharm Sci. 2004;93(2):293–299.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Na DH, Faraj J, Capan Y, et al. Chewing gum of antimicrobial decapeptide (KSL) as a sustained antiplaque agent: preformulation study. J Control Release. 2005 20;107(1):122–130.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leung K-P, Crowe TD, Abercrombie JJ, et al. Control of oral biofilm formation by an antimicrobial decapeptide. J Dent Res. 2005;84(12):1172–1177.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Stasio M, Nazzaro M, Volpe MG. Release kinetics of calcium and quercetin from chewing gum as a novel antiplaque and antimicrobial device. Curr Drug Deliv. 2013;10(3):261–267.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abiodun-Solanke IMF, Ajayi DM, Arigbede AO. Nanotechnology and its application in dentistry. Ann Med Health Sci Res. 2014;4(Suppl 3):S171–S177.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• De Sousa FF, Ferraz C, Rodrigues LK, et al. Nanotechnology in dentistry: drug delivery systems for the control of biofilm-dependent oral diseases. Curr Drug Deliv. 2014;11(6):719–728. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhavikatti SK, Bhardwaj S, Prabhuji ML. Current applications of nanotechnology in dentistry: a review. Gen Dent. 2014;62(4):72–77.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hook ER, Owen OJ, Bellis CA, et al. Development of a novel antimicrobial-releasing glass ionomer cement functionalized with chlorhexidine hexametaphosphate nanoparticles. J Nanobiotechnology. 2014 23;12:3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang JF, Wu R, Fan Y, et al. Antibacterial dental composites with chlorhexidine and mesoporous silica. J Dent Res. 2014;93(12):1283–1289.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moreira DM, Oei J, Rawls HR, et al. A novel antimicrobial orthodontic band cement with in situ-generated silver nanoparticles. Angle Orthod. 2005;85(2):175–183.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng L, Weir MD, Zhang K, et al. Antibacterial nanocomposite with calcium phosphate and quaternary ammonium. J Dent Res. 2012;91(5):460–466.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seneviratne CJ, Leung KC, Wong CH, et al. Nanoparticle-encapsulated chlorhexidine against oral bacterial biofilms. PLoS One. 2014;9(8):e103234.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garner S, Barbour ME. Nanoparticles for controlled delivery and sustained release of chlorhexidine in the oral environment. Oral Dis. 2015;21(5):641–644.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamakami K, Tsumori H, Sakurai Y, et al. Sustainable inhibition efficacy of liposome-encapsulated nisin on insoluble glucan-biofilm synthesis by Streptococcus mutans. Pharm Biol. 2013;51(2):267–270.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen F, Rice KC, Liu X-M, et al. Triclosan-loaded tooth-binding micelles for prevention and treatment of dental biofilm. Pharm Res. 2010;27(11):2356–2364.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akbari J, Saeedi M, Morteza-Semnani K, et al. Formulation and characterization of cetylpyridinium chloride bioadhesive tablets. Adv Pharm Bull. 2014;4(4):385–390.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kockisch S, Rees GD, Tsibouklis J, et al. Mucoadhesive, triclosan-loaded polymer microspheres for application to the oral cavity: preparation and controlled release characteristics. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2005;59(1):207–216.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vandekerckhove BN, Van Steenberghe D, Tricio J, et al. Efficacy on supragingival plaque control of cetylpyridinium chloride in a slow-release dosage form. J Clin Periodontol. 1995;22(11):824–829.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Featherstone JD. Delivery challenges for fluoride, chlorhexidine and xylitol. BMC Oral Health. 2006;6(Suppl 1):S8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nguyen S, Hiorth M. Advanced drug delivery systems for local treatment of the oral cavity. Ther Deliv. 2015;6(5):197–210.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kalesinskas P, Kačergius T, Ambrozaitis A, et al. Reducing dental plaque formation and caries development. A review of current methods and implications for novel pharmaceuticals. Stomatologija. 2014;16(2):44–52.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhou SL, Zhou J, Watanabe S, et al. In vitro study of the effects of fluoride-releasing dental materials on remineralization in an enamel erosion model. J Dent. 2012;40(3):255–263.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delbem ACB, Pedrini D, França JGM, et al. Fluoride release/recharge from restorative materials–effect of fluoride gels and time. Oper Dent. 2005;30(6):690–695.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan AS, Aamer S, Chaudhry AA, et al. Synthesis and characterizations of a fluoride-releasing dental restorative material. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl. 2013;33(6):3458–3464.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewinstein I, Block J, Melamed G, et al. Fluoride ion release and solubility of fluoride enriched interim cements. J Prosthet Dent. 2014;112(2):188–193.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baturina O, Tufekci E, Guney-Altay O, et al. Development of a sustained fluoride delivery system. Angle Orthod. 2010;80(6):1129–1135.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Williams MI, Cummins D. The technology behind Colgate Total Advanced Fresh. Compend Contin Educ Dent. 2003;24(9 Suppl):4–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Xu HHK, Moreau JL, Sun L, et al. Nanocomposite containing amorphous calcium phosphate nanoparticles for caries inhibition. Dent Mater. 2011;27(8):762–769.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang L, Weir MD, Hack G, et al. Rechargeable dental adhesive with calcium phosphate nanoparticles for long-term ion release. J Dent. 2015 Jul 2;43:1587–1595. pii: S0300-5712(15)30006-3. doi:10.1016/j.jdent.2015.06.009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazor Z, Brayer L, Friedman M, et al. Topical varnish containing strontium in sustained release device as treatment of dentine hypersensitivity. Clin Prevent Dent. 1991;13:21–25.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nudelman Z, Findler M, Barasch D, et al. Levels of sirolimus in saliva and blood following oral topical sustained-release varnish delivery system application. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2015;75(5):969–974.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heling I, Sommer M, Steinberg D, et al. Microbiological evaluation of the efficacy of chlorhexidine in a sustained-release device for dentine sterilization. Int Endodon J. 1992;25:15–19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heling I, Steinberg D, Kenig S, et al. The efficacy of sustained-release device containing chlorhexidine and [Ca(OH)2] in preventing secondary infection of dentinal tubules. Int Endodon J. 1992;25:20–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Czerninski R, Pikovsky A, Gati I, et al. Comparison of the efficacy of a novel sustained release clotrimazole varnish and clotrimazole troches for the treatment of oral candidiasis. Clin Oral Investig. 2015;19(2):467–473.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feldman M, Shenderovich J, Al-Quntar AA, et al. Sustained release of a novel anti-quorum-sensing agent against oral fungal biofilms. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2015;59(4):2265–2272. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shenderovich J, Feldman M, Kirmayer D, et al. Local sustained-release delivery systems of the antibiofilm agent thiazolidinedione-8 for prevention of catheter-associated urinary tract infections. Int J Pharm. 2015;485(1–2):164–170.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Da Silva Marques DN, Silveira JM, Marques JR, et al. Kinetic release of hydrogen peroxide from different whitening products. Eur J Esthet Dent. 2012;7(3):344–352.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wattanakorn N, Asavapichayont P, Nunthanid J, et al. Pectin-based bioadhesive delivery of carbenoxolone sodium for aphthous ulcers in oral cavity. AAPS Pharm Sci Tech. 2010;11(2):743–751.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vyas SP, Sihorkar V, Mishra V. Controlled and targeted drug delivery strategies towards intraperiodontal pocket diseases. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2000;25(1):21–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goyal G, Garg T, Rath G, et al. Current nanotechnological strategies for an effective delivery of drugs in treatment of periodontal disease. Crit Rev Ther Drug Carrier Syst. 2014;31(2):89–119.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Southard GL, Godowski KC. Subgingival controlled release of antimicrobial agents in the treatment of periodontal disease. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 1998;9(4):239–253.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Otten MPT, Busscher HJ, Van Der Mei HC, et al. Acute and substantive action of antimicrobial toothpastes and mouthrinses on oral biofilm in vitro. Eur J Oral Sci. 2011;119(2):151–155.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Otten MP, Busscher HJ, Van Der Mei HC, et al. Retention of antimicrobial activity in plaque and saliva following mouthrinse use in vivo. Caries Res. 2010;44(5):459–464.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jongsma MA, Van De Lagemaat M, Busscher HJ, et al. Synergy of brushing mode and antibacterial use on in vivo biofilm formation. J Dent. 2015;43(12):1580–1586.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He Y, Peterson BW, Ren Y, et al. Antimicrobial penetration in a dual-species oral biofilm after noncontact brushing: an in vitro study. Clin Oral Investig. 2014;18(4):1103–1109.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar