800
Views
41
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Recent advances and perspectives in topical oral anesthesia

, , , , , , , , & show all
Pages 673-684 | Received 28 May 2016, Accepted 11 Aug 2016, Published online: 01 Sep 2016

References

  • Meechan JG. Intraoral topical anesthesia. Periodontol 2000. 2008;46:56–79.
  • Hmud R, Walsh L. Dental anxiety: causes, complications and management approaches. J Minim Interv Dent. 2009;2:67–78.
  • Malamed S. Handbook of local anesthesia. 6th ed. St. Louis: Elsivier; 2013.
  • Meechan JG. Intra-oral topical anaesthetics: a review. J Dent. 2000;28:3–14.
  • Hutchins HS, Young FA, Lackland DT, et al.. The effectiveness of topical anesthesia and vibration in alleviating the pain of oral injections. Anesth Prog. 1997;44:87–89.
  • Bhalla J, Meechan JG, Lawrence HP, et al. Effect of time on clinical efficacy of topical anesthesia. Anesth Prog. 2009;56:36–41.
  • de Freiras GC, Pozzobon RT, Blaya DS, et al.. Efficacy of benzocaine 20% topical anesthetic compared to placebo prior to administration of local anesthesia in the oral cavity: a randomized controlled trial. Anesth Prog. 2015;62:46–50.
  • Franz-Montan M, de Paula E, Groppo FC, et al. Liposomal delivery system for topical anaesthesia of the palatal mucosa. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2012;50:60–64.
  • Paphangkorakit J, Sangsirinakagul C, Priprem A. Relief of palatal injection pain by liposome-encapsulated 2% lignocaine prepared by ultrasonic dental scaler. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2012;50:784–787.
  • Franz-Montan M, Baroni D, Brunetto G, et al. Liposomal lidocaine gel for topical use at the oral mucosa: characterization, in vitro assays and in vivo anesthetic efficacy in humans. J Liposome Res. 2015;25:11–19.
  • Jug M, Maestrelli F, Bragagni M, et al.. Preparation and solid-state characterization of bupivacaine hydrochloride cyclodextrin complexes aimed for buccal delivery. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2010;52:9–18.
  • Hassan N, Ahad A, Ali M, et al.. Chemical permeation enhancers for transbuccal drug delivery. Expert Opin Drug Deliv. 2010;7:97–112.
  • Lesch CA, Squier CA, Cruchley A, et al. The permeability of human oral mucosa and skin to water. J Dent Res. 1989;68:1345–1349.
  • Squier CA. The permeability of oral mucosa. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med. 1991;2:13–32.
  • Squier C, Brogden K. Human oral mucosa: development, structure & function. Ames (IA): Wiley-Blackwell; 2011.
  • Squier CA. Effect of enzyme digestion on the permeability barrier in keratinizing and non-keratinizing epithelia. Br J Dermatol. 1984;111:253–264.
  • Mashru R, Sutariya V, Sankalia M, et al.. Transbuccal delivery of lamotrigine across porcine buccal mucosa: in vitro determination of routes of buccal transport. J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2005;8:54–62.
  • Patel VF, Liu F, Brown MB. Advances in oral transmucosal drug delivery. J Control Release. 2011;153:106–116.
  • Sanz R, Calpena AC, Mallandrich M, et al.. Enhancing topical analgesic administration: review and prospect for transdermal and transbuccal drug delivery systems. Curr Pharm Des. 2015;21:2867–2882.
  • Paderni C, Compilato D, Giannola LI, et al.. Oral local drug delivery and new perspectives in oral drug formulation. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2012;114:e25–e34.
  • Morales JO, McConville JT. Novel strategies for the buccal delivery of macromolecules. Drug Dev Ind Pharm. 2014;40:579–590.
  • Harris D, Robinson JR. Drug delivery via the mucous membranes of the oral cavity. J Pharm Sci. 1992;81:1–10.
  • Meechan JG, Howlett PC, Smith BD. Factors influencing the discomfort of intraoral needle penetration. Anesth Prog. 2005;52:91–94.
  • Zed C, Epstein J, Donaldson D. Topical liposome encapsulated tetracaine versus benzocaine - A clinical investigation. J Dent Res. 1996;247. Abstract number: 1840.
  • Taware CP, Mazumdar S, Pendharkar M, et al. A bioadhesive delivery system as an alternative to infiltration anesthesia. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 1997;84:609–615.
  • Oguchi M, Shikama N, Sasaki S, et al. Mucosa-adhesive water-soluble polymer film for treatment of acute radiation-induced oral mucositis. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1998;40:1033–1037.
  • Yamamura K, Yotsuyanagi T, Okamoto T, et al.. Pain relief of oral ulcer by dibucaine-film. Pain. 1999;83:625–626.
  • Carr MP, Horton JE. Clinical evaluation and comparison of 2 topical anesthetics for pain caused by needle sticks and scaling and root planing. J Periodontol. 2001;72:479–484.
  • Carr MP, Horton JE. Evaluation of a transoral delivery system for topical anesthesia. J Am Dent Assoc. 2001;132:1714–1719.
  • Stecker SS, Swift JQ, Hodges JS, et al.. Should a mucoadhesive patch (DentiPatch) be used for gingival anesthesia in children? Anesth Prog. 2002;49:3–8.
  • Perry DA, Gansky SA, Loomer PM. Effectiveness of a transmucosal lidocaine delivery system for local anaesthesia during scaling and root planing. J Clin Periodontol. 2005;32:590–594.
  • Franz-Montan M, Silva ALR, Cogo K, et al. Liposome-encapsulated ropivacaine for topical anesthesia of human oral mucosa. Anesth Analg. 2007;104:1528–1531.
  • Bågesund M, Tabrizi P. Lidocaine 20% patch vs lidocaine 5% gel for topical anaesthesia of oral mucosa. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2008;18:452–460.
  • Franz-Montan M, Silva ALR, Fraceto LF, et al. Liposomal encapsulation improves the duration of soft tissue anesthesia but does not induce pulpal anesthesia. J Clin Anesth. 2010;22:313–317.
  • Franz-Montan M, de Paula E, Groppo FC, et al. Liposome-encapsulated ropivacaine for intraoral topical anesthesia. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2010;110:800–804.
  • de Paula E, Cereda CMS, Fraceto LF, et al. Micro and nanosystems for delivering local anesthetics. Expert Opin Drug Deliv. 2012;9:1505–1524.
  • de Araújo DR, da Silva DC, Barbosa RM, et al. Strategies for delivering local anesthetics to the skin: focus on liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, hydrogels and patches. Expert Opin Drug Deliv. 2013;10:1551–1563.
  • Allen TM, Cullis PR. Liposomal drug delivery systems: from concept to clinical applications. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2013;65:36–48.
  • Torchilin V. Liposomes in drug delivery. In: Siepmann J, et al., editors. Fundamentals and applications of controlled release drug delivery. New York (NY): Springer; 2012.
  • Gubernator J. Active methods of drug loading into liposomes: recent strategies for stable drug entrapment and increased in vivo activity. Expert Opin Drug Deliv. 2011;8:565–580.
  • Maheswaran A, Brindha P, Mullaincharam A, et al.. Liposomal drug delivery systems - a review. Int J Pharm Sci Rev Res. 2013;23:295–301.
  • Szebeni J, Barenholz Y. Complement activation, immunogenicity and immune suppression. In: Peer D, et al., editors. Harnessing biomaterials for nanomedicine: preparation, toxicity and applications. Boca Raton (FL): Pan Stanford Publishing Pte Ltd; 2009.
  • Peer D. Immunotoxicity derived from manipulating leukocytes with lipid-based nanoparticles. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2012;64:1738–1748.
  • Boulmedarat L, Bochot A, Lesieur S, et al.. Evaluation of buccal methyl-beta-cyclodextrin toxicity on human oral epithelial cell culture model. J Pharm Sci. 2005;94:1300–1309.
  • Loftsson T, Vogensen SB, Brewster ME, et al.. Effects of cyclodextrins on drug delivery through biological membranes. J Pharm Sci. 2007;96:2532–2546.
  • Moraes CM, Abrami P, de Paula E, et al. Study of the interaction between S(--) bupivacaine and 2-hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin. Int J Pharm. 2007;331:99–106.
  • de Araujo DR, Tsuneda SS, Cereda CMS, et al. Development and pharmacological evaluation of ropivacaine-2-hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin inclusion complex. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2008;33:60–71.
  • Moraes CM, Abrami P, de Araújo DR, et al. Characterization of lidocaine: hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrininclusion complex. J Incl Phenom Macrocycl Chem. 2007;57:313–316.
  • Cabeça LF, Figueiredo IM, de Paula E, et al.. Prilocaine–cyclodextrin–liposome: effect of pH variations on the encapsulation and topology of a ternary complex using 1H NMR. Magn Reson Chem. 2011;49:295–300.
  • Franco de Lima RA, de Jesus MB, Saia Cereda CM, et al. Improvement of tetracaine antinociceptive effect by inclusion in cyclodextrins. J Drug Target. 2012;20:85–96.
  • Pinto LMA, Fraceto LF, Santana MHA, et al. Physico-chemical characterization of benzocaine-beta-cyclodextrin inclusion complexes. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2005;39:956–963.
  • Cabeça LF, Fernandes SA, de Paula E, et al.. Topology of a ternary complex (proparacaine-beta-cyclodextrin-liposome) by STD NMR. Magn Reson Chem. 2008;46:832–837.
  • Arakawa Y, Kawakami S, Yamashita F, et al.. Effect of low-molecular-weight beta-cyclodextrin polymer on release of drugs from mucoadhesive buccal film dosage forms. Biol Pharm Bull. 2005;28:1679–1683.
  • Rajewski RA, Traiger G, Bresnahan J, et al.. Preliminary safety evaluation of parenterally administered sulfoalkyl ether beta-cyclodextrin derivatives. J Pharm Sci. 1995;84:927–932.
  • Cal K, Centkowska K. Use of cyclodextrins in topical formulations: practical aspects. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2008;68:467–478.
  • Müller RH, Alexiev U, Sinambela P, et al. Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (NLC): the second generation of solid lipid nanoparticles. In: Dragicevic N, Maibach H, et al., editors. Percutaneous penetration enhancers chemical methods in penetration enhancement. Berlin: Springer; 2016. p. 161–185.
  • Mendes AI, Silva AC, Catita JA, et al. Miconazole-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) for local delivery to the oral mucosa: improving antifungal activity. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces. 2013;111:755–763.
  • Esposito E, Ravani L, Contado C, et al. Clotrimazole nanoparticle gel for mucosal administration. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl. 2013;33:411–418.
  • Karavana SY, Gökçe EH, Rençber S, et al. A new approach to the treatment of recurrent aphthous stomatitis with bioadhesive gels containing cyclosporine A solid lipid nanoparticles: in vivo/in vitro examinations. Int J Nanomedicine. 2012;7:5693–5704.
  • Hazzah HA, Farid RM, Nasra MMA, et al. Gelucire-based nanoparticles for curcumin targeting to oral mucosa: preparation, characterization, and antimicrobial activity assessment. J Pharm Sci. 2015;104:3913–3924.
  • Basha M, Abd El-Alim SH, Kassem AA, et al. Benzocaine loaded solid lipid nanoparticles: formulation design, in vitro and in vivo evaluation of local anesthetic effect. Curr Drug Deliv. 2015;12:680–692.
  • Pathak P, Nagarsenker M. Formulation and evaluation of lidocaine lipid nanosystems for dermal delivery. AAPS PharmSciTech. 2009;10:985–992.
  • Puglia C, Sarpietro MG, Bonina F, et al. Development, characterization, and in vitro and in vivo evaluation of benzocaine- and lidocaine-loaded nanostructrured lipid carriers. J Pharm Sci. 2011;100:1892–1899.
  • Ribeiro LN, Franz-Montan M, Breitkreitz MC, et al. Nanostructured lipid carriers as robust systems for topical lidocaine-prilocaine release in dentistry. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2016;93:192–202.
  • Souto EB, Wissing SA, Barbosa CM, et al.. Evaluation of the physical stability of SLN and NLC before and after incorporation into hydrogel formulations. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2004;58:83–90.
  • Hadinoto K, Sundaresan A, Cheow WS. Lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles as a new generation therapeutic delivery platform: a review. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2013;85:427–443.
  • Wang J, Zhang L, Chi H, et al.. An alternative choice of lidocaine-loaded liposomes: lidocaine-loaded lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles for local anesthetic therapy. Drug Deliv. 2016;23:1254–1260.
  • Hazzah HA, Farid RM, Nasra MMA, et al. Lyophilized sponges loaded with curcumin solid lipid nanoparticles for buccal delivery: development and characterization. Int J Pharm. 2015;492:248–257.
  • Hazzah HA, Farid RM, Nasra MMA, et al. A new approach for treatment of precancerous lesions with curcumin solid-lipid nanoparticle-loaded gels: in vitro and clinical evaluation. Drug Deliv. 2016;23:1409–1419.
  • Sandri G, Poggi P, Bonferoni MC, et al. Histological evaluation of buccal penetration enhancement properties of chitosan and trimethyl chitosan. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2006;58:1327–1336.
  • Estanqueiro M, Amaral MH, Conceição J, et al.. Nanotechnological carriers for cancer chemotherapy: the state of the art. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces. 2015;126:631–648.
  • Mazzarino L, Borsali R, Lemos-Senna E. Mucoadhesive films containing chitosan-coated nanoparticles: a new strategy for buccal curcumin release. J Pharm Sci. 2014;103:3764–3771.
  • Moraes CM, de Matos AP, Grillo R, et al. Screening of formulation variables for the preparation of poly(epsilon-caprolactone) nanocapsules containing the local anesthetic benzocaine. J Nanosci Nanotechnol. 2011;11:2450–2457.
  • De Melo NFS, De Araújo DR, Grillo R, et al. Benzocaine-loaded polymeric nanocapsules: study of the anesthetic activities. J Pharm Sci. 2012;101:1157–1165.
  • Grillo R, de Melo NFS, de Araújo DR, et al. Polymeric alginate nanoparticles containing the local anesthetic bupivacaine. J Drug Target. 2010;18:688–699.
  • Ramos Campos EV, Silva de Melo NF, Guilherme VA, et al. Preparation and characterization of poly(ε-caprolactone) nanospheres containing the local anesthetic lidocaine. J Pharm Sci. 2013;102:215–226.
  • De Melo NFS, Campos EVR, Gonçalves CM, et al. Development of hydrophilic nanocarriers for the charged form of the local anesthetic articaine. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces. 2014;121:66–73.
  • Ribeiro LNM, Alcântara ACS, Darder M, et al. Bionanocomposites containing magnetic graphite as potential systems for drug delivery. Int J Pharm. 2014;477:553–563.
  • Cavallari C, Fini A, Ospitali F. Mucoadhesive multiparticulate patch for the intrabuccal controlled delivery of lidocaine. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2013;83:405–414.
  • Loughlin RG, Tunney MM, Donnelly RF, et al. Modulation of gel formation and drug-release characteristics of lidocaine-loaded poly(vinyl alcohol)-tetraborate hydrogel systems using scavenger polyol sugars. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2008;69:1135–1146.
  • Preis M, Woertz C, Schneider K, et al. Design and evaluation of bilayered buccal film preparations for local administration of lidocaine hydrochloride. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2014;86:552–561.
  • Noven Pharmaceuticals. DentiPatch (lidocaine hydrochloride) FDA prescribing information. May 1999. Available from: https://www.drugs.com/pro/dentipatch.html.
  • Hersh EV, Houpt MI, Cooper SA, et al. Analgesic efficacy and safety of an intraoral lidocaine patch. J Am Dent Assoc. 1996;127:1626–1626.
  • Houpt MI, Heins P, Lamster I, et al. An evaluation of intraoral lidocaine patches in reducing needle-insertion pain. Compend Contin Educ Dent. 1997;18:309-10,312-4, 316.
  • Kreider KA, Stratmann RG, Milano M, et al. Reducing children’s injection pain: lidocaine patches versus topical benzocaine gel. Pediatr Dent. 2001;23:19–23.
  • Wu SJ, Julliard K. Children’s preference of benzocaine gel versus the lidocaine patch. Pediatr Dent. 2003;25:401–405.
  • Leopold A, Wilson S, Weaver JS, et al.. Pharmacokinetics of lidocaine delivered from a transmucosal patch in children. Anesth Prog. 2002;49:82–87.
  • Kohda Y, Kobayashi H, Baba Y, et al. Controlled release of lidocaine hydrochloride from buccal mucosa-adhesive films with solid dispersion. Int J Pharm. 1997;158:147–155.
  • Okamoto H, Taguchi H, Iida K, et al.. Development of polymer film dosage forms of lidocaine for buccal administration. I. Penetration rate and release rate. J Control Release. 2001;77:253–260.
  • Repka MA, Gutta K, Prodduturi S, et al. Characterization of cellulosic hot-melt extruded films containing lidocaine. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2005;59:189–196.
  • Abu-Huwaij R, Assaf S, Salem M, et al.. Mucoadhesive dosage form of lidocaine hydrochloride: I. Mucoadhesive and physicochemical characterization. Drug Dev Ind Pharm. 2007;33:855–864.
  • Abu-Huwaij R, Assaf S, Salem M, et al.. Potential mucoadhesive dosage form of lidocaine hydrochloride: II. In vitro and in vivo evaluation. Drug Dev Ind Pharm. 2007;33(4):437–448.
  • Padula C, Pozzetti L, Traversone V, et al. In vitro evaluation of mucoadhesive films for gingival administration of lidocaine. AAPS PharmSciTech. 2013;14:1279–1283.
  • Hoare T, Kohane D. Hydrogels in drug delivery: progress and challenges. Polymer. 2008;49:1993–2007.
  • Abdel-Hamid SM, Abdel-Hady SE, El-Shamy AA, et al.. Formulation of an antispasmodic drug as a topical local anesthetic. Int J Pharm. 2006;326:107–118.
  • Xu J, Strandman S, Zhu JXX, et al. Genipin-crosslinked catechol-chitosan mucoadhesive hydrogels for buccal drug delivery. Biomaterials. 2015;37:395–404.
  • Pignatello R, Basile L, Puglisi G. Chitosan glutamate hydrogels with local anesthetic activity for buccal application. Drug Deliv. 2009;16:176–181.
  • Hirsh M, Hirsh J, Trumbore M. Gelled periodontal anesthetic preparation. US20070232695 A1. 2007.
  • Lathwal G, Pandit IK, Gugnani N, et al.. Efficacy of different precooling agents and topical anesthetics on the pain perception during intraoral injection: a comparative clinical study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2015;8:119–122.
  • Harbert H. Topical ice: a precursor to palatal injections. J Endod. 1989;15:27–28.
  • Duncan JD, Reeves GW, Fitchie JG. Technique to diminish discomfort from the palatal injection. J Prosthet Dent. 1992;67:901–902.
  • Kosaraju A, Vandewalle KS. A comparison of a refrigerant and a topical anesthetic gel as preinjection anesthetics: a clinical evaluation. J Am Dent Assoc. 2009;140:68–72.
  • Aminabadi NA, Farahani RMZ. The effect of pre-cooling the injection site on pediatric pain perception during the administration of local anesthesia. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2009;10:43–50.
  • Ghaderi F, Banakar S, Rostami S. Effect of pre-cooling injection site on pain perception in pediatric dentistry: “a randomized clinical trial”. Dent Res J. 2013;10:790–794.
  • Saxena P, Gupta SK, Newaskar V, et al.. Advances in dental local anesthesia techniques and devices: an update. Natl J Maxillofac Surg. 2013;4:19–24.
  • Nanitsos E, Vartuli R, Forte A, et al. The effect of vibration on pain during local anaesthesia injections. Aust Dent J. 2009;54:94–100.
  • Elbay M, Şermet Elbay Ü, Yıldırım S, et al. Comparison of injection pain caused by the DentalVibe Injection System versus a traditional syringe for inferior alveolar nerve block anaesthesia in paediatric patients. Eur J Paediatr Dent. 2015;16:123–128.
  • Wiswall AT, Bowles WR, Lunos S, et al. Palatal anesthesia: comparison of four techniques for decreasing injection discomfort. Northwest Dent. 2014;93:25–29.
  • Hu L, Silva SMC, Damaj BB, et al.. Transdermal and transbuccal drug delivery systems: enhancement using iontophoretic and chemical approaches. Int J Pharm. 2011;421:53–62.
  • Cubayachi C, Couto ROD, de Gaitani CM, et al. Needle-free buccal anesthesia using iontophoresis and amino amide salts combined in a mucoadhesive formulation. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces. 2015;136:1193–1201.
  • Pierre MBR, Rossetti FC. Microneedle-based drug delivery systems for transdermal route. Curr Drug Targets. 2014;15:281–291.
  • Gill HS, Denson DD, Burris BA, et al.. Effect of microneedle design on pain in human volunteers. Clin J Pain. 2008;24:585–594.
  • Kochhar JS, Lim WXS, Zou S, et al. Microneedle integrated transdermal patch for fast onset and sustained delivery of lidocaine. Mol Pharm. 2013;10:4272–4280.
  • Nayak A, Das DB, Vladisavljević GT. Microneedle-assisted permeation of lidocaine carboxymethylcellulose with gelatine co-polymer hydrogel. Pharm Res. 2014;31:1170–1184.
  • Gill HS, Prausnitz MR. Coated microneedles for transdermal delivery. J Control Release. 2007;117:227–237.
  • Ma Y, Gill HS. Coating solid dispersions on microneedles via a molten dip-coating method: development and in vitro evaluation for transdermal delivery of a water-insoluble drug. J Pharm Sci. 2014;103:3621–3630.
  • Ma Y, Boese SE, Luo Z, et al. Drug coated microneedles for minimally-invasive treatment of oral carcinomas: development and in vitro evaluation. Biomed Microdevices. 2015;17:44.
  • Vickers ER, Punnia-Moorthy A. Pulpal anesthesia from an application of a eutectic topical anesthetic. Quintessence Int. 1993;24:547–551.
  • Vickers ER, Marzbani N, Gerzina TM, et al. Pharmacokinetics of EMLA cream 5% application to oral mucosa. Anesth Prog. 1997;44:32–37.
  • Munshi AK, Hegde AM, Latha R. Use of EMLA: is it an injection free alternative? J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2001;25:215–219.
  • Meechan JG, Donaldson D. The intraoral use of EMLA cream in children: a clinical investigation. ASDC J Dent Child. 1994;61:260–262.
  • Franz-Montan M, Ranali J, Ramacciato JC, et al. Ulceration of gingival mucosa after topical application of EMLA: report of four cases. Br Dent J. 2008;204:133–134.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.