Evaluation of chamomile oil and nanoemulgels as a promising treatment option for atopic dermatitis induced in rats

References

• Akdis CA, Akdis M, Bieber T, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of atopic dermatitis in children and adults: European academy of allergology and clinical immunology/American academy of allergy, asthma and immunology/PRACTALL consensus report. Allergy. 2006;61(8):969–987.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dhar S, Banerjee R. Atopic dermatitis in infants and children in India. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2010;76(5):504–513.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teplitsky V, Mumcuoglu KY, Babai I, et al. House dust mites on skin, clothes, and bedding of atopic dermatitis patients. Int J Dermatol. 2008;47(8):790–795.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dawid-Pać R. Medicinal plants used in treatment of inflammatory skin diseases. Adv Dermatol Allergol. 2013;30(3):170–177.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S, W. and N. N. Atopic dermatitis. Lancet. 2016;387(10023):1109–1122.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zari ST, Zari TA. A review of four common medicinal plants used to treat eczema. J Med Plants Res. 2015;9(24):702–711.
   Google Scholar
• Ohnishi H, Kato Z, Watanabe M, et al. Interleukin-18 is associated with the severity of atopic dermatitis. Allergol Int. 2003;52(3):123–130.
   Google Scholar
• Hu Y, Wang J, Zhang H, et al. Enhanced expression of IL-18 and IL-18BP in plasma of patients with eczema: altered expression of IL-18BP and IL-18 receptor on mast cells. Mediators Inflamm. 2017;2017:1–12.
   Google Scholar
• Ali B, Al-Wabel NA, Shams S, et al. Essential oils used in aromatherapy: A systemic review. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 2015;5(8):601–611.
   Google Scholar
• Srivastava JK, Shankar E, Gupta S. Chamomile: a herbal medicine of the past with a bright future. Mol Med Rep. 2010;3(6):895–901.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szőke É, Máday E, Tyihák E, et al. New terpenoids in cultivated and wild chamomile (in vivo and in vitro). J Chromatogr B. 2004;800(1–2):231–238.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh R, Parpani S, Narke R, et al. Emulgel: A recent approach for topical drug delivery system. AJPRD. 2014;2(2):112–123.
   Google Scholar
• Alexander A, Khichariya A, Gupta S, et al. Recent expansions in an emergent novel drug delivery technology: emulgel. J Control Release. 2013;171(2):122–132.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choudhury H, Gorain B, Pandey M, et al. Recent update on nanoemulgel as topical drug delivery system. J Pharm Sci. 2017;106(7):1736–1751.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Panwar A, Upadhyay N, Bairagi M, et al. Emulgel: a review. Asian J Pharm Life Sci. 2011;2231:333–343.
   Google Scholar
• Sengupta P, Chatterjee B. Potential and future scope of nanoemulgel formulation for topical delivery of lipophilic drugs. Int J Pharm. 2017;526(1–2):353–365.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arora R, Aggarwal G, Harikumar S, et al. Nanoemulsion based hydrogel for enhanced transdermal delivery of ketoprofen. Adv Pharm. 2014;2014:1–12.
   Google Scholar
• Jeengar MK, Rompicharla SVK, Shrivastava S, et al. Emu oil based nano-emulgel for topical delivery of curcumin. Int J Pharm. 2016;506(1–2):222–236.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Prabhu P. Preparation and evaluation of liposomes of brimonidine tartrate as an ocular drug delivery system. Int J Res Pharm Sci. 2016;1(4):502–508.
   Google Scholar
• Soliman SM, Malak NA, El-Gazayerly ON, et al. Formulation of microemulsion gel systems for transdermal delivery of celecoxib: in vitro permeation, anti-inflammatory activity and skin irritation tests. Drug Discov Ther. 2010;4(6):459–471.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thomas L, Zakir F, Mirza MA, et al. Development of Curcumin loaded chitosan polymer based nanoemulsion gel: in vitro, ex vivo evaluation and in vivo wound healing studies. Int J Biol Macromol. 2017;101:569–579.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sinha P, Srivastava S, Mishra N, et al. Development, optimization, and characterization of a novel tea tree oil nanogel using response surface methodology. Drug Dev Ind Pharm. 2016;42(9):1434–1445.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han RT, Kim S, Choi K, et al. Asthma-like airway inflammation and responses in a rat model of atopic dermatitis induced by neonatal capsaicin treatment. J Asthma Allergy. 2017;10:181–189.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hussain A, Abdus Samad SK, Singh MN, et al. Nanoemulsion gel-based topical delivery of an antifungal drug: in vitro activity and in vivo evaluation. Drug Deliv. 2016;23(2):642–657.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Back SK, Jeong K-Y, Li C, et al. Chronically relapsing pruritic dermatitis in the rats treated as neonate with capsaicin; a potential rat model of human atopic dermatitis. J Dermatol Sci. 2012;67(2):111–119.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han RT, Back SK, Lee J, et al. Effects of exposure of formaldehyde to a rat model of atopic dermatitis induced by neonatal capsaicin treatment. J Vis Exp. 2017;27(127):e55987– 55987.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeong K-Y, Lee J, Li C, et al. Juvenile obesity aggravates disease severity in a rat model of atopic dermatitis. Allergy Asthma Immunol Res. 2015;7(1):69–75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mihara K, Kuratani K, Matsui T, et al. Vital role of the itch-scratch response in development of spontaneous dermatitis in NC/Nga mice. Br J Dermatol. 2004;151(2):335–345.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sani. EP, Haniva. H, Fitrianti. D. Development of sunscreen emulgel containing cinnamomum Burmannii stem bark extract. Int J Sci Res. 2014;3(12):2338–2341.
   Google Scholar
• Zedan K, Rasheed Z, Farouk Y, et al. Immunoglobulin E, interleukin-18 and interleukin-12 in patients with atopic dermatitis: correlation with disease activity. J Clin Diagn Res. 2015;9(4):WC01.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moreno AS, McPhee R, Arruda LK, et al. Targeting the T helper 2 inflammatory axis in atopic dermatitis. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2016;171(2):71–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eberting C, Coman G, Blickenstaff N. Repairing a compromised skin barrier in dermatitis: leveraging the skin’s ability to heal itself. J Allergy Ther. 2014;5(187):2.
   Google Scholar
• Nygaard U, Vestergaard C, Deleuran M. Emerging treatment options in atopic dermatitis: systemic therapies. Dermatology. 2017;233(5):344–357.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chew Y-L, Al-Nema M, Ong VW-M. Management and treatment of atopic dermatitis with modern therapies, complementary and alternative medicines: A review. Orient Pharm Exp Med. 2018;18(2):67–76.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Proudfoot L, Powell A, Ayis S, et al. The European Treatment of severe Atopic eczema in children Taskforce (TREAT) survey. Br J Dermatol. 2013;169(4):901–909.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xie H, Xiao X, Li J. Topical steroids in Chinese cosmetics. JAMA Dermatol. 2017;153(9):855–856.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lou H, Lu J, Choi EB, et al. Expression of IL-22 in the skin causes Th2-biased immunity, epidermal barrier dysfunction, and pruritus via stimulating epithelial Th2 cytokines and the GRP pathway. J Immunol. 2017;198(7):2543–2555.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carata E, Tenuzzo BA, Dini L. Powerful properties of ozonated extra virgin olive oil, in herbal medicine. London: IntechOpen; 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Sudjana AN, D’Orazio C, Ryan V, et al. Antimicrobial activity of commercial Olea europaea (olive) leaf extract. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2009;33(5):461–463.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verallo-Rowell VM, Dillague KM, Syah-Tjundawan BS. Novel antibacterial and emollient effects of coconut and virgin olive oils in adult atopic dermatitis. Dermatitis. 2008;19(6):308–315.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moreira TSA, de Sousa VP, Pierre MBR. A novel transdermal delivery system for the anti-inflammatory lumiracoxib: influence of oleic acid on in vitro percutaneous absorption and in vivo potential cutaneous irritation. AAPS PharmSciTech. 2010;11(2):621–629.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larrucea E, Arellano A, Santoyo S, et al. Combined effect of oleic acid and propylene glycol on the percutaneous penetration of tenoxicam and its retention in the skin. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2001;52(2):113–119.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shahin M, Hady SA, Hammad M, et al. Development of stable O/W emulsions of three different oils. Int J Pharm Stud Res. 2011;2:45–51.
   Google Scholar
• Mostafa. S, Hady SA, Hammad M, et al. Jojoba oil-based emulsion gel formulations for clotrimazole delivery. AAPS PharmSciTech. 2011;12(1):239–247.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abdel-Bary A, Shalaby S, Abd El-Aal S. Formulation and stability of chloramphenicol gel and emulgel. Bull Fac Pharm Cairo Univ. 2001;39(3):89–99.
   Google Scholar
• Joshi SC. Sol-gel behavior of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) in ionic media including drug release. Materials. 2011;4:1861–1905.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abdurahman HN, MY R. Stability investigation of Water-in-Crude oil emulsion. J Appl Sci. 2006;6:2895–2900.
   Google Scholar
• Yang C, Shen Y, Wang J, et al. Cationic polymer-based micro-emulgel with self-preserving ability for transdermal delivery of diclofenac sodium. Drug Deliv. 2015;22(6):814–822.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Srivastava N, Patel DK, Rai VK, et al. Development of emulgel formulation for vaginal candidiasis: pharmaceutical characterization, in vitro and in vivo evaluation. J Drug Deliv Sci Tec. 2018;48:490–498.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeong JH, Back SK, An JH, et al. Topical film prepared with Rhus verniciflua extract‐loaded pullulan hydrogel for atopic dermatitis treatment. J Biomed Mater Res. 2019;107:2325–2334.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim S, Back SK, Na HS, et al. Capsaicin induces atopic dermatitis‐like manifestations through dysregulation of proteolytic system and alteration of filaggrin processing in rats. Exp Dermatol. 2018;27(4):332–339.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ji H, Li X. Oxidative stress in atopic dermatitis. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2016;2016:1–8.
   Google Scholar
• Amin MN, Liza KF, Sarwar MS, et al. Effect of lipid peroxidation, antioxidants, macro minerals and trace elements on eczema. Arch Dermatol Res. 2015;307(7):617–623.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thijs JL, de Bruin-weller MS, Hijnen D. Current and future biomarkers in atopic dermatitis. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am. 2017;37(1):51–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ardern‐Jones M, Bieber T. Biomarkers in atopic dermatitis: it is time to stratify. Br J Dermatol. 2014;171(2):207–208.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guttman-Yassky E, Krueger JG. Atopic dermatitis and psoriasis: two different immune diseases or one spectrum? Curr Opin Immunol. 2017;48:68–73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guttman-Yassky E, Dhingra N, Leung DY. New era of biologic therapeutics in atopic dermatitis. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2013;13(4):549–561.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gittler JK, Shemer A, Suárez-Fariñas M, et al. Progressive activation of TH2/TH22 cytokines and selective epidermal proteins characterizes acute and chronic atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2012;130(6):1344–1354.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cavani A, Pennino D, Eyerich K. Th17 and Th22 in skin allergy, in new trends in allergy and atopic eczema. Basel, Switzerland: Karger Publishers;2012. p. 39–44.
   Google Scholar
• Leung DY, Guttman-Yassky E. Deciphering the complexities of atopic dermatitis: shifting paradigms in treatment approaches. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2014;134(4):769–779.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teraki Y, Sakurai A, Izaki S. IL-13/IL-22–coproducing T cells, a novel subset, are increased in atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2013;132(4):971–974.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zenewicz LA. IL-22: there Is a Gap in Our Knowledge. Immunohorizons. 2018;2(6):198–207.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bystrom J, Amin K, Bishop-Bailey D. Analysing the eosinophil cationic protein-a clue to the function of the eosinophil granulocyte. Respir Res. 2011;12(1):10.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Oettgen HC. Fifty years later: emerging functions of IgE antibodies in host defense, immune regulation, and allergic diseases. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2016;137(6):1631–1645.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Czech W, Krutmann J, Schöpf E, et al. Serum eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) is a sensitive measure for disease activity in atopic dermatitis. Br J Dermatol. 1992;126(4):351–355.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar