References
- Organization WH. WHO: COVID-19 vaccine tracker and landscape 2022. Accessed Nov 23 2022. Available from: https://www.who.int/activities/tracking-SARS-CoV-2-variants
- CEPI. A world in which epidemics and pandemics are no longer a threat to humanity 2022. cited Nov 23 2022. Available from: https://cepi.net/about/whyweexist/
- Office USGA Operation warp speed: accelerated COVID-19 vaccine development status and efforts to address manufacturing challenges 2021. Accessed Nov 23 2022. Available from: https://www.gao.gov/products/gao-21-319
- Trial WS WHO COVID-19 solidarity therapeutics trial 2022. Accessed Nov 23 2022. Available from: https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/global-research-on-novel-coronavirus-2019-ncov/solidarity-clinical-trial-for-covid-19-treatments
- Administration USFa D FDA approves first COVID-19 vaccine 2021. Accessed Nov 23 2022. Available from: https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-first-covid-19-vaccine
- University&Medicine JH. John Hopkins University & Medicine, coronavirus resource center 2022. Accessed Nov 23 2022. Available from: https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/vaccines/international
- Krammer F. SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in development. Nature. 2020;586(7830):516–527.
- Van Doremalen N, Lambe T, Spencer A, et al. ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccination prevents SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in rhesus macaques. bioRxiv [Preprint]. 2020 May 13:2020.05.13.093195. DOI:10.1101/2020.05.13.093195. Update in: Nature. 2020 Jul 30; PMID: 32511340; PMCID: PMC7241103.
- Zamecnik PC, Stephenson ML. Inhibition of Rous sarcoma virus replication and cell transformation by a specific oligodeoxynucleotide. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1978 Jan;75(1):280–284.
- Yamada Y. Nucleic acid drugs—Current status, issues, and expectations for exosomes. Cancers (Basel). 2021 Oct 5;13(19):5002.
- Feynman R. There’s plenty of room at the bottom. Eng Sci. 1960;23:22–36.
- Bangham AD, Horne RW. NEGATIVE STAINING of PHOSPHOLIPIDS and THEIR STRUCTURAL MODIFICATION by SURFACE-ACTIVE AGENTS as OBSERVED in the ELECTRON MICROSCOPE. J Mol Biol. 1964 May;8:660–668.
- Milane L, Amiji M. Clinical approval of nanotechnology-based SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines: impact on translational nanomedicine. Drug Deliv Transl Res. 2021 Jan 29;11(4):1309–1315. 10.1007/s13346-021-00911-y.
- Schnirring L. China releases genetic data on new coronavirus, now deadly: Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy; 2020.
- Bochicchio S, Lamberti G, Barba AA. Polymer–lipid pharmaceutical nanocarriers: innovations by new formulations and production technologies. Pharmaceutics. 2021;13(2):198.
- Hassett KJ, Higgins J, Woods A, et al. Impact of lipid nanoparticle size on mRNA vaccine immunogenicity. JControlled Release. 2021;335:237–246.
- Akbarzadeh A, Rezaei-Sadabady R, Davaran S, et al. Liposome: classification, preparation, and applications. Nanoscale Res Lett. 2013;8(1):102. DOI:10.1186/1556-276X-8-102
- El-Say KM, El-Sawy HS. Polymeric nanoparticles: promising platform for drug delivery. Int J Pharm. 2017;528(1):675–691.
- Bolhassani A, Javanzad S, Saleh T, et al. Polymeric nanoparticles. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2014;10(2):321–332. DOI:10.4161/hv.26796
- Mukherjee A, Waters AK, Kalyan P, et al. Lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles as a next-generation drug delivery platform: state of the art, emerging technologies, and perspectives. Int J Nanomed. 2019;14:1937–1952.
- Persano F, Gigli G, Leporatti S. Lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles in cancer therapy: current overview and future directions. Nano Express. 2021;2(1):012006.
- Bettini E, Locci M. SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines: immunological mechanism and beyond. Vaccines. 2021 Feb;9(2). DOI:10.3390/vaccines9020147.
- Wu F, Zhao S, Yu B, et al. A new coronavirus associated with human respiratory disease in China. Nature. 2020 Mar;579(7798):265±.
- Kariko K, Muramatsu H, Welsh FA, et al. Incorporation of pseudouridine into mRNA yields superior nonimmunogenic vector with increased translational capacity and biological stability. Mol Ther. 2008 Nov;16(11):1833–1840.
- Pardi N, Hogan MJ, Porter FW, et al. mRNA vaccines - a new era in vaccinology. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2018 Apr;17(4):261–279.
- Vogel AB, Lambert L, Kinnear E, et al. Self-Amplifying RNA vaccines give equivalent protection against influenza to mRNA vaccines but at much lower doses. Mol Ther. 2018 Feb;26(2):446–455.
- Blakney AK, Ip S, Geall AJ. An update on self-amplifying mRNA vaccine development. Vaccines. 2021 Feb;9(2). DOI:10.3390/vaccines9020097.
- Vgcvt T. Covid 19 vaccine tracker 2022. cited Nov 23 2022. Available from: https://covid19.trackvaccines.org/
- de Alwis R, Gan ES, Chen SW, et al. A single dose of self-transcribing and replicating RNA-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccine produces protective adaptive immunity in mice. Mol Ther. 2021 Jun;29(6):1970–1983.
- Crommelin DJA, Anchordoquy TJ, Volkin DB, et al. Addressing the cold reality of mRNA vaccine stability. J Pharmaceut Sci. 2021 Mar;110(3):997–1001.
- Li L, Petrovsky N. Molecular mechanisms for enhanced DNA vaccine immunogenicity. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2016 Mar;15(3):313–329.
- Romani N, Flacher V, Tripp CH, et al. Targeting skin dendritic cells to improve intradermal vaccination. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2012;351:113–138.
- Tebas P, Yang SP, Boyer JD, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of INO-4800 DNA vaccine against SARS-CoV-2: a preliminary report of an open-label, Phase 1 clinical trial. Eclinicalmedicine. 2021 Jan;31. DOI:10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100689
- Mallapaty S. INDIA’S DNA COVID VACCINE is a WORLD FIRST - MORE are COMING. Nature. 2021 Sep;597(7875):161–162.
- Cavalcanti IDL, Nogueira M. Pharmaceutical nanotechnology: which products are been designed against COVID-19? J Nanopart Res. 2020 Sep;22(9). DOI:10.1007/s11051-020-05010-6.
- Maxmen A. THE FIGHT to MANUFACTURE COVID VACCINES in LOWER-INCOME COUNTRIES. Nature. 2021 Sep;597(7877):455–457.
- Dalvie NC, Rodriguez-Aponte SA, Hartwell BL, et al. Engineered SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain improves manufacturability in yeast and immunogenicity in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2021;118(38):e2106845118.
- Kyriakidis NC, Lopez-Cortes A, Gonzalez EV, et al. SARS-CoV-2 vaccines strategies: a comprehensive review of phase 3 candidates. NPJ Vaccines. 2021 Feb;6(1). DOI:10.1038/s41541-021-00292-w
- Rajput ZI, S-H H, Xiao C-W, et al. Adjuvant effects of saponins on animal immune responses. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B. 2007;8(3):153–161. DOI:10.1631/jzus.2007.B0153
- Pulendran B, S Arunachalam P, O’hagan DT. Emerging concepts in the science of vaccine adjuvants. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2021;20(6):454–475.
- Bonam SR, Partidos CD, Halmuthur SKM, et al. An overview of novel adjuvants designed for improving vaccine efficacy. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2017;38(9):771–793. DOI:10.1016/j.tips.2017.06.002
- Heath PT, Galiza EP, Baxter DN, et al. Safety and efficacy of NVX-Cov2373 covid-19 vaccine. N Engl J Med. 2021 Sep;385(13):1172–1183.
- Reimer JM, Karlsson KH, Lovgren-Bengtsson K, et al. Matrix-M™ adjuvant induces local recruitment, activation and maturation of central immune cells in absence of antigen. PLoS ONE. 2012 Jul;7(7):e41451.
- Zhang H, You X, Wang X, et al. Delivery of mRNA vaccine with a lipid-like material potentiates antitumor efficacy through Toll-like receptor 4 signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2021 Feb 9;118(6). DOI:10.1073/pnas.2005191118
- Dey J, Mahapatra SR, Raj TK, et al. Designing a novel multi-epitope vaccine to evoke a robust immune response against pathogenic multidrug-resistant Enterococcus faecium bacterium. Gut Pathog. 2022 May 27;14(1):21. DOI:10.1186/s13099-022-00495-z
- Mahapatra SR, Dey J, Jaiswal A, et al. Immunoinformatics-guided designing of epitope-based subunit vaccine from Pilus assembly protein of Acinetobacter baumannii bacteria. J Immunol Methods. 2022;508:113325.
- Kupferschmidt K. As monkeypox threat grows, scientists debate best vaccine strategy. Science. 2022. Available from: https://www.science.org/content/article/monkeypox-threat-grows-scientists-debate-best-vaccine-strategy
- Kim JH, Hotez P, Batista C, et al. Operation warp speed: implications for global vaccine security. Lancet Glob Health. 2021;9(7):e1017–1021. DOI:10.1016/S2214-109X(21)00140-6
- Samarasekera U. CEPI prepares for future pandemics and epidemics. Lancet Infect Dis. 2021 May;21(5):608.
- CEPI. COVAX: cEPI’s response to COVID-19 2022. Accessed Nov 23 2022. Available from: https://cepi.net/covax/
- Albrecht L, Bishop E, Jay B, et al. COVID-19 research: lessons from non-human primate models. Vaccines. 2021;9(8):886. DOI:10.3390/vaccines9080886
- Pfizer. Pfizer and BioNTech announce data from preclinical studies of mRNA-based vaccine candidate against COVID-19 2020. Accessed Nov 23 2022. Available from: https://www.pfizer.com/news/press-release/press-release-detail/pfizer-and-biontech-announce-data-preclinical-studies-mrna
- NIo H. Study to describe the safety, tolerability, immunogenicity, and efficacy of RNA vaccine candidates against COVID-19 in healthy individuals 2022. Accessed Nov 23 2022. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04368728
- USFaD A. Emergency use authorization for vaccines explained 2020. Accessed Nov 23 2022. Available from: https://www.fda.gov/vaccines-blood-biologics/vaccines/emergency-use-authorization-vaccines-explained
- FDA: BLA Approval [Internet]. 2021. Accessed Nov 23 2022. Available from: https://www.fda.gov/media/151710/download
- FDA. Comirnaty and Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine 2022. Accessed Nov 23 2022. Available from: https://www.fda.gov/emergency-preparedness-and-response/coronavirus-disease-2019-covid-19/comirnaty-and-pfizer-biontech-covid-19-vaccine
- Moderna. Moderna receives full U.S. Fda approval for Covid-19 vaccine Spikevax 2022. Accessed Nov 23 2022. Available from: https://investors.modernatx.com/news/news-details/2022/Moderna-Receives-Full-U.S.-FDA-Approval-for-COVID-19-Vaccine-Spikevax/default.aspx
- Simnani FZ, Singh D, Kaur R. COVID-19 phase 4 vaccine candidates, effectiveness on SARS-CoV-2 variants, neutralizing antibody, rare side effects, traditional and nano-based vaccine platforms: a review. 3biotech. 2022;12(1). DOI:10.1007/s13205-021-03076-0
- Polack FP, Thomas SJ, Kitchin N, et al. Safety and efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 vaccine. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(27):2603–2615. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa2034577
- Chemaitelly H, Yassine HM, Benslimane FM, et al. MRNA-1273 COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness against the B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 variants and severe COVID-19 disease in Qatar. Nature Med. 2021;27(9):1614–1621. DOI:10.1038/s41591-021-01446-y
- Andrews N, Stowe J, Kirsebom F, et al. Effectiveness of COVID-19 booster vaccines against COVID-19 related symptoms, hospitalisation and death in England. Nature Med. 2022;28(4):831–837. DOI:10.1038/s41591-022-01699-1
- Organization WH. WHO-convened global study of origins of SARS-CoV-2: China part joint WHO-China study 14 January-10 February 2021 joint report. 2021.
- Zhou P, Yang XL, Wang XG, et al. A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature. 2020 Mar;579(7798):270±.
- Xiao KP, Zhai JQ, Feng YY, et al. Isolation of SARS-CoV-2-related coronavirus from Malayan pangolins. Nature. 2020 Jul;583(7815):286±.
- Nishiura H, Linton NM, Akhmetzhanov AR. Initial cluster of novel coronavirus (2019-nCov) infections in Wuhan, China is consistent with substantial human-to-human transmission. J Clin Med. 2020;9(2). DOI:10.3390/jcm9020488
- Basavaraju SV, Patton ME, Grimm K, et al. Serologic testing of US blood donations to identify severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-reactive antibodies: december 2019-January 2020. Clinl Infect Dis. 2021 Jun;72(12):E1004–1009.
- La Rosa G, Mancini P, Ferraro GB, et al. SARS-CoV-2 has been circulating in northern Italy since December 2019: evidence from environmental monitoring. Sci Total Environ. 2021 Jan;750. DOI:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141711
- Organization WH. Transmission of SARS-CoV-2: implications for infection prevention precautions. 2020. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/commentaries/detail/transmission-of-sars-cov-2-implications-for-infection-prevention-precautions
- Asadi S, Wexler AS, Cappa CD, et al. Aerosol emission and superemission during human speech increase with voice loudness. Sci Rep. 2019 Feb;9. DOI:10.1038/s41598-019-38808-z
- Thomas RJ. Particle size and pathogenicity in the respiratory tract. Virulence. 2013 Nov;4(8):847–858.
- Inhaled Product Characterization [Internet]. 2011. Accessed Nov 23 2022. Available from: https://www.pharmtech.com/view/inhaled-product-characterization.
- Port JR, Yinda CK, Owusu IO, et al. SARS-CoV-2 disease severity and transmission efficiency is increased for airborne compared to fomite exposure in Syrian hamsters. Nat Commun. 2021 Aug;12(1). DOI:10.1038/s41467-021-25156-8
- Karimzadeh S, Bhopal R, Tien HN. Review of infective dose, routes of transmission and outcome of COVID-19 caused by the SARS-COV-2: comparison with other respiratory viruses. Epidemiol Infect. 2021 Apr;149. DOI:10.1017/S0950268821001084.
- Ge XY, Li JL, Yang XL, et al. Isolation and characterization of a bat SARS-like coronavirus that uses the ACE2 receptor. Nature. 2013 Nov;503(7477):535±.
- Andersen KG, Rambaut A, Lipkin WI, et al. The proximal origin of SARS-CoV-2. Nature Med. 2020;26(4):450–452. DOI:10.1038/s41591-020-0820-9
- Zhang QQ, Xiang R, Huo SS, et al. Molecular mechanism of interaction between SARS-CoV-2 and host cells and interventional therapy. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2021 Jun;6(1). DOI:10.1038/s41392-021-00653-w
- Boopathi S, Poma AB, Kolandaivel P. Novel 2019 coronavirus structure, mechanism of action, antiviral drug promises and rule out against its treatment. J Biomol Struct Dyn. 2021 Jun;39(9):3409–3418.
- Knoops K, Kikkert M, Shevd W, et al. SARS-Coronavirus replication is supported by a reticulovesicular network of modified endoplasmic reticulum. PLoS Biol. 2008;6(9):e226. DOI:10.1371/journal.pbio.0060226.
- Wolff G, Limpens Ronald WAL, Zevenhoven-Dobbe Jessika C, et al. A molecular pore spans the double membrane of the coronavirus replication organelle. Science. 2020;369(6509):1395–1398. DOI:10.1126/science.abd3629
- Wolff G, Melia CE, Snijder EJ, et al. Double-membrane vesicles as platforms for viral replication. Trends Microbiol. 2020;28(12):1022–1033. DOI:10.1016/j.tim.2020.05.009
- Masters PS. The molecular biology of coronaviruses. Adv Virus Res. 2006;66:193–292.
- Taylor MP, Koyuncu OO, Enquist LW. Subversion of the actin cytoskeleton during viral infection. Nature Rev Microbiol. 2011;9(6):427–439.
- Caldas LA, Carneiro FA, Higa LM, et al. Ultrastructural analysis of SARS-CoV-2 interactions with the host cell via high resolution scanning electron microscopy. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1).
- Bouhaddou M, Memon D, Meyer B, et al. The global phosphorylation landscape of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Cell. 2020;182(3):685–712.e19. DOI:10.1016/j.cell.2020.06.034.
- Coperchini F, Chiovato L, Croce L, et al. The cytokine storm in COVID-19: an overview of the involvement of the chemokine/chemokine-receptor system. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 2020 Jun;53:25–32.
- Ehsanifar M. Airborne aerosols particles and COVID-19 transition. Environ Res. 2021 Sep;200. DOI:10.1016/j.envres.2021.111752.
- Riddell S, Goldie S, Hill A, et al. The effect of temperature on persistence of SARS-CoV-2 on common surfaces. Virol J. 2020 Oct;17(1). DOI:10.1186/s12985-020-01418-7
- Aboubakr HA, Sharafeldin TA, Goyal SM. Stability of SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviruses in the environment and on common touch surfaces and the influence of climatic conditions: a review. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2021 Mar;68(2):296–312.
- Chin AWH, Chu JTS, Perera MRA, et al. Stability of SARS-CoV-2 in different environmental conditions. Lancet Microbe. 2020 May;1(1):E10.
- Becker NG. INFECTIOUS-DISEASES of HUMANS - DYNAMICS and CONTROL - ANDERSON,rm, MAY,RM. Aus J Public Health. 1992 Jun;16(2):208–209.
- Viceconte G, Petrosillo N. COVID-19 R0: magic number or conundrum? Infect Dis Rep. 2020;12(1):1–2.
- Elsaid M, Nasef MA, Huy NT. R-0 of COVID-19 and its impact on vaccination coverage: compared with previous outbreaks. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2021 Nov;17(11):3850–3854.
- Mueller AL, McNamara MS, Sinclair DA. Why does COVID-19 disproportionately affect older people? Aging-Us. 2020 May;12(10):9959–9981.
- Franceschi C, Garagnani P, Vitale G, et al. Inflammaging and ‘Garb-aging’. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2017 Mar;28(3):199–212.
- Ganji R, Reddy PH. Impact of COVID-19 on mitochondrial-based immunity in aging and age-related diseases. Front Aging Neurosci. 2021 Jan;12. DOI:10.3389/fnagi.2020.614650.
- Urano E, Okamura T, Ono C, et al. COVID-19 cynomolgus macaque model reflecting human COVID-19 pathological conditions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2021;118(43):e2104847118.
- Han XJ, Li XM, Xiao YA, et al. Distinct characteristics of COVID-19 infection in children. Front Pediatr. 2021 Mar;9. DOI:10.3389/fped.2021.619738
- Bekkering S, Dominguez-Andres J, Joosten LAB, et al. Trained immunity: reprogramming innate immunity in health and disease. Annu Rev Immunol. 2021;39:667–693.
- Dufort EM, Koumans EH, Chow EJ, et al. Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children in New York State. N Engl J Med. 2020 Jul;383(4):347–358.
- Gottlieb M, Bridwell R, Ravera J, et al. Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children with COVID-19. Am J Emerg Med. 2021 Nov;49:148–152.
- Whittaker E, Bamford A, Kenny J, et al. Clinical characteristics of 58 children with a pediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome temporally associated with SARS-CoV-2. J Am Med Assoc. 2020 Jul;324(3):259–269.
- Diaz GA, Parsons GT, Gering SK, et al. Myocarditis and pericarditis after vaccination for COVID-19. J Am Med Assoc. 2021 Sep;326(12):1210–1212.
- Witberg G, Barda N, Hoss S, et al. Myocarditis after Covid-19 vaccination in a large health care organization. N Engl J Med. 2021;385(23):2132–2139. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa2110737
- Bilotta C, Perrone G, Adelfio V, et al. COVID-19 vaccine-related thrombosis: a systematic review and exploratory analysis. Front Immunol. 2021 Nov; 12. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.729251
- Cari L, Fiore P, Alhosseini MN, et al. Blood clots and bleeding events following BNT162b2 and ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine: an analysis of European data. J Autoimmun. 2021 Aug;122. DOI:10.1016/j.jaut.2021.102685
- Schultz NH, Sorvoll IH, Michelsen AE, et al. Thrombosis and Thrombocytopenia after ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccination. N Engl J Med. 2021 Jun;384(22):2124–2130.
- Agency EM AstraZeneca’s COVID-19 vaccine: benefits and risks in context 2021. Accessed Nov 23 2022. Available from: https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/news/astrazenecas-covid-19-vaccine-benefits-risks-context
- Hekmat AS, Javanmardi K, Komatsu H. Possible risk of thrombotic events following oxford-AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccination in women receiving estrogen. Bio Med Res Int. 2021 Oct;2021:1–4.
- Sessa M, Kragholm K, Hviid A, et al. Thromboembolic events in younger women exposed to Pfizer-BioNTech or moderna COVID-19 vaccines. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2021 Nov;20(11):1451–1453.
- Wise J. Covid-19: European countries suspend use of Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine after reports of blood clots. BMJ. 2021 Mar;372. DOI:10.1136/bmj.n699.
- Kemmeren JM, Algra A, Meijers JCM, et al. Effects of second and third generation oral contraceptives and their respective progestagens on the coagulation system in the absence or presence of the factor V Leiden mutation. Thromb Haemost. 2002 Feb;87(2):199–205.
- Vanschoonbeek K, Feijge MAH, Paquay M, et al. Variable hypocoagulant effect of fish oil intake in humans - Modulation of fibrinogen level and thrombin generation. Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis Vasc Biol. 2004 Sep;24(9):1734–1740.
- CDC. CDC: waning 2-Dose and 3-dose effectiveness of mRNA vaccines against COVID-19–associated Emergency department and urgent care encounters and hospitalizations among adults during periods of delta and omicron variant predominance 2022. Accessed Nov 23 2022. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/71/wr/mm7107e2.htm
- FDA. Coronavirus (COVID-19) update: fDA authorizes moderna, Pfizer-BioNTech bivalent COVID-19 vaccines for use as a booster dose. 2022. Available from: https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/coronavirus-covid-19-update-fda-authorizes-moderna-and-pfizer-biontech-bivalent-covid-19-vaccines