Small patients, big challenges: navigating pediatric drug manipulations to prevent medication errors - a comprehensive review

References

• Bowles A, Keane J, Ernest T, et al. Specific aspects of gastro-intestinal transit in children for drug delivery design. Int J Pharmaceut. 2010;395(1–2):37–43. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2010.04.048
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawcutt DB, Cooney L, Oni L, et al. Precision dosing in children. Expert Rev Precis Med Drug Dev. 2016;1(1):69–78. doi: 10.1080/23808993.2016.1138845
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunne J, Rodriguez WJ, Murphy MD, et al. Extrapolation of adult data and other data in pediatric drug-development programs. Pediatrics. 2011;128:e1242–9. doi: 10.1542/peds.2010-3487
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• European Medicines Agency. Reflection paper: formulation of choice for the paediatric population (EMEA/CHMP/PEG/194810/2005). European Medicines Agency 2006; EMEA/CHMP/:p. 1–45. [Accessed 30 May, 2023]
   Google Scholar
• Barker CIS, Standing JF, Kelly LE, et al. Pharmacokinetic studies in children: recommendations for practice and research. Archives Of Disease In Childhood 2018. 2018;archdischild-2017–314506.
   Google Scholar
• Committee on Human Medicinal Products (CHMP). Guideline on pharmaceutical development of medicines for paediatric use. European Medicines Agency 2013. [Accessed 3 Jun, 2023]
   Google Scholar
• Field MJ, Boat TF. Safe and effective medicines for children: pediatric studies conducted under the best Pharmaceuticals for children Act and the pediatric research equity Act. 2012. doi: 10.17226/13311
   Google Scholar
• Boosting the development of medicines for children. [Accessed 2023 Aug 30]. Document available at: https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/report/boosting-development-medicines-children-closing-report-european-medicines-agency-european-commission_en.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Commission E. State of Paediatric Medicines in the EU. 10 years of the EU paediatric Regulation. Report from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Strickley RG, Iwata Q, Wu S, et al. Pediatric drugs-A review of commercially available oral formulations. J Pharmaceut sci. 2008;97(5):1731–1774. doi: 10.1002/jps.21101
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kölch M, Schnoor K, Fegert JM. The EU-regulation on medicinal products for paediatric use: impacts on child and adolescent psychiatry and clinical research with minors. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2007;16:229–235. doi: 10.1007/s00787-006-0594-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomsen MDT. Global pediatric drug development. Curr Ther Res Clin Exp. 2019;90:135–142. doi: 10.1016/j.curtheres.2019.02.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rei Bolislis W, Bejeuhr G, Benzaghou F, et al. Optimizing pediatric medicine developments in the European union through pragmatic approaches. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2021;110:871–879. doi: 10.1002/cpt.2152
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO Expert Committee on Specifications for Pharmaceutical Preparations. Annex 5 development of paediatric medicines: points to consider in formulation. Expert Committee on Specifications for Pharm Prep. 2012;197–225.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Shaping the global innovation and access landscape for better paediatric medicines: global accelerator for paediatric formulations 2022-2024 business plan. 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Chaudri NA. Adherence to long-term therapies evidence for action. Ann Saudi Med. 2004;24(3):221–222. doi: 10.5144/0256-4947.2004.221
   Google Scholar
• Tomlin S, Cockrill H, Costello I, et al. Making medicines safer for children— guidance for the use of unlicensed medicines in paediatric patients. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2009 [Accessed 30 May, 2023];211(1):1–4. doi: 10.1097/NMD.0000000000001606
   Google Scholar
• Carmack M, Berde C, Monuteaux MC, et al. Off-label use of prescription analgesics among hospitalized children in the United States. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2020;29(4):474–481. doi: 10.1002/pds.4978
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lajoinie A, Henin E, Nguyen KA, et al. Oral drug dosage forms administered to hospitalized children: analysis of 117,665 oral administrations in a French paediatric hospital over a 1-year period. Int J Pharmaceut. 2016;500(1–2):336–344. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.01.048
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karavasili C, Gkaragkounis A, Fatouros DG. Patent landscape of pediatric-friendly oral dosage forms and administration devices. Expert Opin Ther Patents. 2021;31:663–686. doi: 10.1080/13543776.2021.1893691
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walsh J, Bickmann D, Breitkreutz J, et al. Delivery devices for the administration of paediatric formulations: overview of current practice, challenges and recent developments. Int J Pharmaceut. 2011;415(1–2):221–231. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.05.048
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strickley RG. Pediatric oral formulations: an updated review of commercially available pediatric oral formulations since 2007. J Pharmaceut sci. 2019;108:1335–1365. doi: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.11.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen HC, Garbe MC, Lees J, et al. Off-label medication use in children, more common than we think: a systematic review of the literature. J Oklahoma State Med Assoc. 2018;111:776–783. PMID: 31379392; PMCID: PMC6677268.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lee J-H, Byon H-J, Choi S, et al. Safety and efficacy of off-label and unlicensed medicines in children. J Korean Med Sci. 2018;33:e227. doi: 10.3346/jkms.2018.33.e227
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beatriz GC, María José O, Inés JL, et al. Medication errors in children visiting pediatric emergency departments. Farmacia Hospitalaria. 2023;47(4):141–147. doi: 10.1016/j.farma.2023.03.006
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Panagioti M, Khan K, Keers RN, et al. Prevalence, severity, and nature of preventable patient harm across medical care settings: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2019;366:l4185. doi: 10.1136/bmj.l4185
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hodkinson A, Tyler N, Ashcroft DM, et al. Preventable medication harm across health care settings: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Med. 2020;18:313. doi: 10.1186/s12916-020-01774-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tariq RA, Vashisht R, Sinha A, et al. Medication dispensing errors and prevention. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 Jan. [Updated 2023 May 2]InternetAvailable from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519065/
   Google Scholar
• Ghaleb MA, Wong ICK. Medication errors in paediatric patients. Arch Dis Child Educ Pract Ed. 2006;91(1):ep20–ep20. doi: 10.1136/adc.2005.073379
   Google Scholar
• Ferner RE, Aronson JK. Clarification of terminology in medication errors: definitions and classification. Drug Saf. 2006;29:1011–1022. doi: 10.2165/00002018-200629110-00001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Errico SD, Zanon M, Radaelli D, et al. Medication errors in Pediatrics: proposals to improve the quality and safety of care through clinical risk management. 2022;8:1–7. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2021.814100
   Google Scholar
• Benjamin L, Frush K, Shaw K, Medicine AAOFPC on PE, et al. Pediatric medication safety in the emergency department. Pediatrics. 2018;141:e20174066. doi: 10.1542/peds.2017-4066
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manias E, Kinney S, Cranswick N, et al. Medication errors in hospitalised children. J Paediatr Child Health. 2014;50(1):71–77. doi: 10.1111/jpc.12412
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaw KN, Lillis KA, Ruddy RM, et al. Reported medication events in a paediatric emergency research network: sharing to improve patient safety. Emerg Med J. 2013;30(10):815–819. doi: 10.1136/emermed-2012-201642
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grissinger M. Your high-alert medication list is relatively useless without associated risk-reduction strategies. P & T. A Peer-Reviewed Journal For Formulary Management. 2016;41:598–600.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Alghamdi AA, Keers RN, Sutherland A, et al. Prevalence and nature of medication errors and preventable adverse drug events in paediatric and neonatal intensive care settings: a systematic review. Drug Saf. 2019;42:1423–1436. doi: 10.1007/s40264-019-00856-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prot S, Fontan JE, Alberti C, et al. Drug administration errors and their determinants in pediatric in-patients. Int J Qual Health Care. 2005;17:381–389. doi: 10.1093/intqhc/mzi066
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beatriz G, José OM, Inés J, et al. Medication errors in children visiting pediatric emergency departments. Farmacia Hospitalaria. 2023;47(4):141–147. doi: 10.1016/j.farma.2023.03.006
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Al-Ramahi R, Al-Zabadi H, Al-Shareef G. Drug dosing errors in outpatient paediatric patients at primary health-care centres in Nablus: a cross-sectional study. Lancet (London, England). 2018;391(Suppl):S38. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30404-5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Feleke Y, Girma B. Medication administration errors involving paediatric in-patients in a hospital in Ethiopia. Trop J Pharm Res. 2010;9(4):401–407. doi: 10.4314/tjpr.v9i4.58942
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor JA, Winter L, Geyer LJ, et al. Oral outpatient chemotherapy medication errors in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Cancer. 2006;107:1400–1406. doi: 10.1002/cncr.22131
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weingart SN, Toro J, Spencer J, et al. Medication errors involving oral chemotherapy. Cancer. 2010;116:2455–2464. doi: 10.1002/cncr.25027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Otero P, Leyton A, Mariani G, et al. Medication errors in pediatric inpatients: prevalence and results of a prevention program. Pediatrics. 2008;122:e737–43. doi: 10.1542/peds.2008-0014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feyissa D, Kebede B, Zewudie A, et al. Medication error and its contributing factors among pediatric patients diagnosed with infectious diseases admitted to Jimma University Medical Center, Southwest Ethiopia: prospective observational study. Integrated Pharmacy Research And Practice. 2020;9:147–153. doi: 10.2147/IPRP.S264941
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sutherland A, Phipps DL, Tomlin S, et al. Mapping the prevalence and nature of drug related problems among hospitalised children in the United Kingdom: a systematic review. BMC Pediatr. 2019;19:486. doi: 10.1186/s12887-019-1875-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gates PJ, Meyerson SA, Baysari MT, et al. Preventable adverse drug events among inpatients: a systematic review. Pediatrics. 2018;142:e20180805. doi: 10.1542/peds.2018-0805
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller MR, Robinson KA, Lubomski LH, et al. Medication errors in paediatric care: a systematic review of epidemiology and an evaluation of evidence supporting reduction strategy recommendations. Qual Saf Health Care. 2007;16:116–126. doi: 10.1136/qshc.2006.019950
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross LM, Wallace J, Paton JY. Medication errors in a paediatric teaching hospital in the UK: five years operational experience. Arch Dischildhood. 2000;83(6):492–497. doi: 10.1136/adc.83.6.492
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simpson JH, Lynch R, Grant J, et al. Reducing medication errors in the neonatal intensive care unit. Archives Of Disease In Childhood Fetal And Neonatal Edition. 2004;89(6):F480–2. doi: 10.1136/adc.2003.044438
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eslami K, Aletayeb F, Aletayeb SMH, et al. Identifying medication errors in neonatal intensive care units: a two-center study. BMC Pediatr. 2019;19:365. doi: 10.1186/s12887-019-1748-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Truter A, Schellack N, Meyer JC. Identifying medication errors in the neonatal intensive care unit and paediatric wards using a medication error checklist at a tertiary academic hospital in Gauteng, South Africa. SAJCH South African Journal Of Child Health. 2017;11(1):5–10. doi: 10.7196/SAJCH.2017.v11i1.1101
   Google Scholar
• Gates PJ, Baysari MT, Gazarian M, et al. Prevalence of medication errors among paediatric inpatients: systematic review and meta-analysis. Drug Saf. 2019;42:1329–1342. doi: 10.1007/s40264-019-00850-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bante A, Mersha A, Aschalew Z, et al. Medication errors and associated factors among pediatric inpatients in public hospitals of gamo zone, southern Ethiopia. Heliyon. 2023;9(4):e15375. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15375
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bifftu BB, Mekonnen BY. The magnitude of medication administration errors among nurses in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Caring Sci. 2020;9(1):1–8. doi: 10.34172/jcs.2020.001
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ghaleb MA, Barber N, Franklin BD, et al. Systematic review of medication errors in pediatric patients. Ann Pharmacother. 2006;40:1766–1776. doi: 10.1345/aph.1G717
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaushal R, Bates DW, Landrigan C, et al. Medication errors and adverse drug events in pediatric inpatients. JAMA. 2001;285(16):2114–2120. doi: 10.1001/jama.285.16.2114
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yin HS, Parker RM, Sanders LM, et al. Liquid medication errors and dosing tools: a randomized controlled experiment. Pediatrics. 2016;138(4):138. doi: 10.1542/peds.2016-0357
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joshi P, Bavdekar SB. Liquid drug dosage measurement errors with different dosing devices. Indian J Pediatr. 2019;86:382–385. doi: 10.1007/s12098-019-02894-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christopherson J, Ambrose P, Corelli RL. Accuracy of oral liquid measuring devices: comparison of dosing cup and oral dosing syringe. Ann Pharmacother. 2008;42(1):46–52. doi: 10.1345/aph.1K420
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hyam E, Brawer M, Herman J, et al. What’s in a teaspoon? Underdosing with acetaminophen in family practice. Fam Pract. 1989;6:221–223. doi: 10.1093/fampra/6.3.221
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beckett VL, Tyson LD, Carroll D, et al. Accurately administering oral medication to children isn’t child’s play. 2012;p. 838–841. doi: 10.1136/archdischild-2012-301850
   Google Scholar
• Statement P. Metric units and the preferred dosing of orally administered liquid medications. 2015;135:3–7. doi: 10.1542/peds.2015-0072
   Google Scholar
• Leibovitch ER, Fujiwara AS, Chun IKH, et al. Ibuprofen dosing measurement accuracy using infants’ versus children’s ibuprofen: a randomized crossover comparison. Pediat Res. 2023;94(3):1145–1150. doi: 10.1038/s41390-023-02573-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Honey BL, Condren M, Phillips C, et al. Evaluation of oral medication delivery devices provided by community pharmacies 2013. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2013;52(5):418–422. doi: 10.1177/0009922813479160
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu L, Zhou Q. Nurses should not always be blamed for medication administration errors in pediatric inpatient care. J Pediatr Nurs. 2022;64:176–177. doi: 10.1016/j.pedn.2022.02.019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elder E, Johnston ANB, Wallis M, et al. The demoralisation of nurses and medical doctors working in the emergency department: a qualitative descriptive study. Int Emerg Nurs. 2020;52:100841. doi: 10.1016/j.ienj.2020.100841
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rasooly IR, Kern-Goldberger AS, Xiao R, et al. Physiologic monitor alarm burden and nurses’ subjective workload in a children’s hospital. Hosp Pediatr. 2021;11:703–710. doi: 10.1542/hpeds.2020-003509
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Solano M, Jeannin M, Anxionnat R, et al. Impact of pharmacist medication review for paediatric patients: an observational study. Int J Pharm Pract. 2022;30:420–426. doi: 10.1093/ijpp/riac037
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rautamo M, Kvarnström K, Sivén M, et al. A focus group study about oral drug administration practices at hospital wards—aspects to consider in drug development of age-appropriate formulations for children. Pharmaceutics. 2020;12(2):109–113. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12020109
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burlo F, Zanon D, Passone E, et al. Impact of compounded drugs on the caregivers’ burden of home therapy management in pediatric palliative care: a descriptive study. Palliat Med. 2023;37(3):384–390. doi: 10.1177/02692163231151733
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patidar P, Mathur A, Pathak A. Can use of pictograms reduce liquid medication administration errors by mothers? An interventional study. BMC Psychol. 2021;9:1–10. doi: 10.1186/s40359-021-00584-9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Williams TA, Wolf MS, Parker RM, et al. Parent dosing tool use, beliefs, and access: a Health literacy perspective. J Paediatr. 2019;215:244–251.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2019.08.017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Machongo RB, Mipando ALN. “I don’t hesitate to use the left-over antibiotics for my child” practices and experiences with antibiotic use among caregivers of paediatric patients at Zomba central hospital in Malawi. BMC Pediatr. 2022;22:1–10. doi: 10.1186/s12887-022-03528-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Apaydin KÇ, Çaǧatay S, Ö Ö, et al. Competency of mothers of 0-12 year old children in preparing and scaling oral powder antibiotics. Marmara Medical Journal. 2011;24:114–118. doi: 10.5472/MMJ.2010.01670.1
   Google Scholar
• Cullen SM, Osorio SN, Abramson EA, et al. Improving caregiver understanding of liquid acetaminophen administration at primary care visits. Pediatrics. 2022;150(2):150. doi: 10.1542/peds.2021-054807
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campino A, Lopez-Herrera MC, Lopez-de-Heredia I, et al. Educational strategy to reduce medication errors in a neonatal intensive care unit. Acta Paediatr. 2009;98:782–785. doi: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2009.01234.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu H, Wu FL, Hu F, et al. Effectiveness of education programs about oral antibiotic suspensions in pediatric outpatient services 2013 p. 34–42. doi: 10.1016/j.pedneo.2012.10.002
   Google Scholar
• Budnitz ADS, Maribeth C, Rose KO. Adherence to label and device recommendations for over-the-counter pediatric liquid medications. Pediatrics. 2014;133(2):e283–e290. doi: 10.1542/peds.2013-2362
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walsh KE, Mazor KM, Roblin D, et al. Multisite parent-centered risk assessment to reduce pediatric oral chemotherapy errors. J Oncol Pract. 2013;9(1):e1–e7. doi: 10.1200/JOP.2012.000601
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tan L, Chen W, He B, et al. A survey of prescription errors in paediatric outpatients in multi-primary care settings: the implementation of an electronic pre-prescription system. 2022;10:1–10. doi: 10.3389/fped.2022.880928
   Google Scholar
• Schilling S, Koeck JA, Kontny U, et al. High-alert medications for hospitalised paediatric patients - a two-step survey among paediatric clinical expert pharmacists in Germany. Pharmazie. 2022;77:207–215. doi: 10.1691/ph.2022.12025
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hohmann C, Eickhoff C, Klotz JM, et al. Development of a classification system for drug-related problems in the hospital setting (APS-Doc) and assessment of the inter-rater reliability. J Clin Pharm Therapeutics. 2012;37(3):276–281. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2710.2011.01281.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walsh K, Daraiseh N, Daraiseh N. Errors and nonadherence in pediatric oral chemotherapy use. Oncology. 2016;45229(4):231–236. doi: 10.1159/000447700
   Google Scholar
• Balit CR, Lynch A-M, Gilmore SP, et al. Lignocaine and chlorhexidine toxicity in children resulting from mouth paint ingestion: a bottling problem. J Paediatr Child Health. 2006;42(6):350–353. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1754.2006.00871.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lajoinie A, Valla FV, Kassai B. Risk of medication error administering ciprofloxacin oral suspension in children. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2015;71:769–770. doi: 10.1007/s00228-015-1842-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glatstein MM, Rimon A, Koren L, et al. Unintentional oral beta agonist overdose: case report and review of the literature. Am J Ther. 2013;20:311–314. doi: 10.1097/MJT.0b013e3182002f2d
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henry Basil J, Premakumar CM, Mhd Ali A, et al. Prevalence, causes and severity of medication administration errors in the neonatal intensive care unit: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Drug Saf. 2022;45:1457–1476. doi: 10.1007/s40264-022-01236-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moulis F, Durrieu G, Masmoudi K, et al. Medication errors with tramadol drops in children. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2018;74(2):247–248. doi: 10.1007/s00228-017-2367-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grynnerup A, Fernández IS, Hernández JC, et al. A severe valproate overdose with complete recovery in a newborn. J Child Neurol. 2012;27:1072–1076. doi: 10.1177/0883073811431497
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haslund-Krog SS, Jørgensen IM, Dalhoff K, et al. Acceptability of prednisolone in an open-label randomised cross-over study—focus on formulation in children. Children. 2022;9(8):1236–1239. doi: 10.3390/children9081236
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shetty K, Thakkar H. Development of paediatric formulation of baclofen for improved safety and palatability. J Pharm Innov. 2023. doi: 10.1007/s12247-023-09715-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lam MSH. Extemporaneous compounding of oral liquid dosage formulations and alternative drug delivery methods for anticancer drugs. Pharmacotherapy. 2011;31:164–192. doi: 10.1592/phco.31.2.164
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nyeko R, Otim F, Obiya EM, et al. Anti-malarial drug use, appropriateness and associated factors among children under-five with febrile illnesses presenting to a tertiary health facility: a cross sectional study. Malaria j. 2023;22:1–10. doi: 10.1186/s12936-023-04534-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li S, Huang L, Zeng L, et al. Potentially inappropriate prescribing in hospitalised children: a retrospective, cross-sectional study at a tertiary children’s hospital in China. BMJ Open. 2023;13:e068680. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-068680
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King C, Dudley J, Mee A, et al. For children admitted to hospital, what interventions improve medication safety on ward rounds? A systematic review. Arch Dischildhood. 2023;2023(7):583–588. doi: 10.1136/archdischild-2022-324772
   Google Scholar
• Mittal R, Hamilton M. Parental calculation of pediatric paracetamol dose : a randomized trial comparing the Parental analgesia Slide with product information leaflets. 2010;p. 612–619. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-9592.2010.03332.x
   Google Scholar
• Damiani G, Altamura G, Zedda M, et al. Potentiality of algorithms and artificial intelligence adoption to improve medication management in primary care: a systematic review. BMJ Open. 2023;13:e065301. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-065301
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang NG, You MA. The effects of a smartphone-based education program designed to help mothers safely administer medication to their children. CIN - Computers Informatics Nursing. 2023;41(2):77–85. doi: 10.1097/CIN.0000000000000859
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King WJ, Paice N, Rangrej J, et al. The effect of computerized physician order entry on medication errors and adverse drug events in pediatric inpatients. Pediatrics. 2003;112:506–509. doi: 10.1542/peds.112.3.506
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sutherland A, Gerrard WS, Patel A, et al. The impact of drug error reduction software on preventing harmful adverse drug events in England: a retrospective database study. BMJ Open Qual. 2022;11:1–9. doi: 10.1136/bmjoq-2021-001708
   Google Scholar
• Bledsoe S, Van Buskirk A, RJ F, et al. Errors detected in pediatric oral liquid medication doses prepared in an automated workflow management system. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2018;75(3):127–131. doi: 10.2146/ajhp160902
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Satir AN, Pfiffner M, Meier CR, et al. Prescribing errors in children: what is the impact of a computerized physician order entry? Eur J Pediatr. 2023;182(6):2567–2575. doi: 10.1007/s00431-023-04894-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herziger B, Jeschke S, Melinda R, et al. Drug-handling problems and expectations of the ideal pediatric drug—reported by children and their parents. Eur J Pediatr. 2022;2022(5):2161–2171. doi: 10.1007/s00431-022-04419-6
   Google Scholar
• Levy-Loboda T, Sheetrit E, Liberty IF, et al. Personalized insulin dose manipulation attack and its detection using interval-based temporal patterns and machine learning algorithms. J Biomed Informat. 2022;132: doi: 10.1016/j.jbi.2022.104129
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ameer A, Dhillon S, Peters MJ, et al. Systematic literature review of hospital medication administration errors in children. Integrated Pharmacy Research And Practice. 2015;4:153–165. doi: 10.2147/IPRP.S54998
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Siebert JN, Ehrler F, Combescure C, et al. A mobile device application to reduce medication errors and time to drug delivery during simulated paediatric cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a multicentre, randomised, controlled, crossover trial. The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health. 2019;3(5):303–311. doi: 10.1016/S2352-4642(19)30003-3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nguyen M-N, Mosel C, Grzeskowiak LE. Interventions to reduce medication errors in neonatal care: a systematic review. Ther Adv Drug Saf. 2018;9(2):123–155. doi: 10.1177/2042098617748868
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keers RN, Williams SD, Cooke J, et al. Impact of interventions designed to reduce medication administration errors in hospitals: a systematic review. Drug Saf. 2014;37:317–332. doi: 10.1007/s40264-014-0152-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Federal U, Paulo DS, Paulo S. Medication reconciliation in pediatrics: a validation of instruments to prevent medication errors. Rev Bras Enferm. 2023;76(2):1–8. doi: 10.1590/0034-7167-2021-0755
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waltuch T, Munjal K, Loo GT, et al. AiRDose: developing and validating an augmented reality smartphone application for weight estimation and dosing in children. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2022;38(5):e1257–e1261. doi: 10.1097/PEC.0000000000002587
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Engels MJ, Ciarkowski SL, Rood J, et al. Standardization of compounded oral liquids for pediatric patients in Michigan. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2016;73:981–990. doi: 10.2146/150471
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chedoe I, Molendijk HA, Dittrich STAM, et al. Incidence and nature of medication errors in neonatal intensive care with strategies to improve safety. Drug Saf. 2007;30:503–513. doi: 10.2165/00002018-200730060-00004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conroy S, Sweis D, Planner C, et al. Interventions to reduce dosing errors in children: a systematic review of the literature. Drug Saf. 2007;30:1111–1125. doi: 10.2165/00002018-200730120-00004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sam T, Ernest TB, Walsh J, et al. A benefit/risk approach towards selecting appropriate pharmaceutical dosage forms – an application for paediatric dosage form selection. Int J Pharmaceut. 2012;435(2):115–123. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.05.024
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jm M, Vermeulen H, Apampa B, et al. Interventions to reduce medication dispensing, administration, and monitoring errors in pediatric professional healthcare settings: a systematic review. Front Pediatr. 2021;26:633064. doi: 10.3389/fped.2021.633064
   Google Scholar
• Devarajan V, Nadeau NL, Creedon JK, et al. Reducing pediatric emergency department prescription errors. 2022p. 149. doi: 10.1542/peds.2020-014696
   Google Scholar
• Abeln K, Cox K, Haggerty L, et al. Acceptability of multiparticulate dosing using sympfiny® delivery system with children (age 1–12). Pharmaceutics. 2022;14(11):14. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14112524
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Venables R, Batchelor H, Hodson J, et al. Determination of formulation factors that affect oral medicines acceptability in a domiciliary paediatric population. Int J Pharmaceut. 2015;480(1–2):55–62. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.01.023
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Somasiri UL, Thillainathan S, Fernandopulle R, et al. Antiepileptic drugs for children: availability, suitability and acceptability. Sri Lanka Journal of Child Health. 2013;42(1):38–39. doi: 10.4038/sljch.v42i1.5293
   Google Scholar
• Carvalho M, Almeida IF. The role of pharmaceutical compounding in promoting medication adherence. Pharmaceuticals. 2022;15(9):1091. doi: 10.3390/ph15091091
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heitman T, Day AJ, Bassani AS. Pediatric compounding pharmacy: taking on the responsibility of providing quality customized prescriptions. Children (Basel). 2019;6(5):66. doi: 10.3390/children6050066
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner S, Longworth A, Nunn AJ, et al. Unlicensed and off label drug use in paediatric wards: prospective study. Br Med J. 1998;316:343–345. doi: 10.1136/bmj.316.7128.343
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giam JA, McLachlan AJ. Extemporaneous product use in paediatric patients: a systematic review. Int J Pharm Pract. 2010;16:3–10. doi: 10.1211/ijpp.16.1.0002
   Google Scholar
• Richey RH, Shah UU, Peak M, et al. Manipulation of drugs to achieve the required dose is intrinsic to paediatric practice but is not supported by guidelines or evidence. BMC Pediatr. 2013 13;13(1). doi: 10.1186/1471-2431-13-81
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brion F, Nunn AJ, Rieutord A. Extemporaneous (magistral) preparation of oral medicines for children in European hospitals. Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway: 1992). 2003;92(4):486–490. doi: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2003.tb00583.x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Eileen Kairuz T, Gargiulo D, Bunt C, et al. Quality, safety and efficacy in the ‘off-label’ use of medicines. Curr Drug Saf. 2008;2(1):89–95. doi: 10.2174/157488607779315471
   Google Scholar
• Vallet T, Elhamdaoui O, Berraho A, et al. Medicines acceptability in hospitalized children: an ongoing need for age-appropriate formulations. Pharmaceutics. 2020;12(8):12. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12080766
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romano MJ, Dinh A. A 1000-fold overdose of clonidine caused by a compounding error in a 5-year-old child with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Pediatrics. 2001;108:471–472. doi: 10.1542/peds.108.2.471
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kato Z, Nakamura M, Yamagishi Y, et al. Pediatric thioridazine poisoning as a result of a pharmacy compounding error. Pediatr Rep. 2009;1(1):e9. doi: 10.4081/pr.2009.e9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Martir J, Flanagan T, Mann J, et al. Impact of food and drink administration vehicles on paediatric formulation performance: part 1-effects on solubility of poorly soluble drugs. AAPS Pharm Sci Tech. 2020;21:177. doi: 10.1208/s12249-020-01722-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Held MR, Begier EM, Beardsley DS, et al. Life-threatening sepsis caused by Burkholderia cepacia from contaminated intravenous flush solutions prepared by a compounding pharmacy in another state. Pediatrics. 2006;118:e212–5. doi: 10.1542/peds.2005-2617
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selenic D, Dodson DR, Jensen B, et al. Enterobacter cloacae bloodstream infections in pediatric patients traced to a hospital pharmacy. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2003;60:1440–1446. doi: 10.1093/ajhp/60.14.1440
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerrard SE, Walsh J, Bowers N, et al. Innovations in pediatric drug formulations and administration technologies for low resource settings. Pharmaceutics. 2019;11(10):11. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11100518
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sosnik A, Seremeta KP, Imperiale JC, et al. Novel formulation and drug delivery strategies for the treatment of pediatric poverty-related diseases. Expert Opin Drug Delivery. 2012;9:303–323. doi: 10.1517/17425247.2012.655268
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Venables R, Stirling H, Batchelor H, et al. Problems with oral formulations prescribed to children: a focus group study of healthcare professionals. Int J Clin Pharm. 2015;37(6):1057–1067. doi: 10.1007/s11096-015-0152-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuliani SH, Putri DC, Virginia DM, et al. Prevalence, risk, and challenges of extemporaneous preparation for pediatric patients in developing nations: a review. Pharmaceutics. 2023;15(3):15. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15030840
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watson CJ, Whitledge JD, Siani AM, et al. Pharmaceutical compounding: a history, Regulatory overview, and systematic review of compounding errors. J Med Toxicol. 2021;17(2):197–217. doi: 10.1007/s13181-020-00814-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Annereau M, Hinterlang M, Bienayme H, et al. Development of a hospital compounded, taste-masked, temozolomide oral suspension and 5-year real-life experience in treating paediatric patients. Pharmaceuticals. 2022;15(5):555. doi: 10.3390/ph15050555
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cabaleiro J. New England compounding center indictment. Int J Pharm Compd. 2015;19(2):94–102.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• El-Rachidi S, LaRochelle JM, Morgan JA. Pharmacists and pediatric medication adherence: bridging the gap. Hosp Pharm. 2017;52(2):124–131. doi: 10.1310/hpj5202-124
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• van der Vossen AC, Al-Hassany L, Buljac S, et al. Manipulation of oral medication for children by parents and nurses occurs frequently and is often not supported by instructions. Acta Paediatr Int J Paediatr. 2019;108(8):1475–1481. doi: 10.1111/apa.14718
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martir J, Flanagan T, Mann J, et al. Co-administration of paediatric medicines with food and drinks in the context of their physicochemical properties—a global perspective on practices and recommendations. AAPS J. 2020;22:1–12. doi: 10.1208/s12248-020-0432-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lovell AG, Protus BM, Dickman JR, et al. Palatability of crushed over-the-counter medications. J Pain Sympt Manage. 2021;61(4):755–762. doi: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2020.09.020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Binson G, Sanchez C, Waton K, et al. Accuracy of dose administered to children using off-labelled or unlicensed oral dosage forms. Pharmaceutics. 2021;13(7):1014–1019. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13071014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brustugun J, Notaker N, Paetz LH, et al. Adjusting the dose in paediatric care: dispersing four different aspirin tablets and taking a proportion. Eur J Hosp Pharm. 2021;28:76–82. doi: 10.1136/ejhpharm-2019-001903
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Watson C, Webb EA, Kerr S, et al. How close is the dose? Manipulation of 10 mg hydrocortisone tablets to provide appropriate doses to children. International Journal Of Pharmaceutics. 2018;545(1–2):57–63. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.04.054
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murshed M, Salim M, Boyd BJ. Existing and emerging mitigation strategies for the prevention of accidental overdose from oral pharmaceutical products. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2022;180:201–211. doi: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2022.10.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bjerknes K, Bøyum S, Kristensen S, et al. Manipulating tablets and capsules given to hospitalised children in Norway is common practice. Acta Paediatr Int J Paediatr. 2017;106(3):503–508. doi: 10.1111/apa.13700
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nunn A, Richey R, Shah U, et al. Estimating the requirement for manipulation of medicines to provide accurate doses for children. Eur J Hosp Pharm. 2013;20(1):3–7. doi: 10.1136/ejhpharm-2012-000133
   Google Scholar
• Andersson ÅC, Eksborg S, Förberg U, et al. Manipulated oral and rectal drugs in a paediatric Swedish University Hospital, a registry-based study comparing two study-years, Ten years apart. Pharmaceuticals. 2023 16;16(1):8. doi: 10.3390/ph16010008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zahn J, Hoerning A, Trollmann R, et al. Manipulation of medicinal products for oral administration to paediatric patients at a German university hospital: an observational study. Pharmaceutics. 2020;12(6):583. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12060583
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johannesson J, Hansson P, Bergström CAS, et al. Manipulations and age-appropriateness of oral medications in pediatric oncology patients in Sweden: need for personalized dosage forms. Biomed Pharmacother. 2022;146:112576. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112576
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okamoto GG, dos Santos KM, de Lira Nogueira L, et al. Medicine manipulation: an alternative to mitigate therapeutic gaps in the Brazilian unified Health system? PLoS One. 2022;17(11):1–18. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0276785
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saito J, Akabane M, Ishikawa Y, et al. Retrospective survey of compounded medications for children in Japan. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2020;155:122–127. doi: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.08.016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nderitu, H. Prevalence of drug manipulation to obtain prescribed dose in the paediatric in-patient units in Kenyatta National hospital. Post Graduate Diploma In Biomedical Research Methodology. 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Alessandrini E, Brako F, Scarpa M, et al. Children’s preferences for oral dosage forms and their involvement in formulation research via EPTRI (European paediatric translational research infrastructure). Pharmaceutics. 2021 13;13(5):730. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13050730
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nadeshkumar A, Sathiadas G, Sri Ranganathan S. Rational dispensing of oral dosage forms of medicines to children at a teaching hospital in Sri Lanka. BMC Health Serv Res. 2020;20(1). doi: 10.1186/s12913-020-05246-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teigen A, Wang S, Truong BT, et al. Off-label and unlicensed medicines to hospitalised children in Norway. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2017;69:432–438. doi: 10.1111/jphp.12581
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richey RH, Hughes C, Craig JV, et al. A systematic review of the use of dosage form manipulation to obtain required doses to inform use of manipulation in paediatric practice. Int J Pharmaceut. 2017;518:155–166. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.12.032
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuchenbuch M, Chemaly N, Henniene KM, et al. Off-label use and manipulations of antiepileptic drugs in children: analysis of the outpatient prescriptions in a tertiary center. Epilepsy Behav. 2018;82:133–139. doi: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2018.03.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kader R, Liminga G, Ljungman G, et al. Manipulations of oral medications in paediatric neurology and oncology care at a Swedish University Hospital: health professionals’ attitudes and sources of information. Pharmaceutics. 2021;13(10):1676. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13101676
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walch AC, Henin E, Berthiller J, et al. Oral dosage form administration practice in children under 6 years of age: a survey study of paediatric nurses. Int J Pharmaceut. 2016;511:855–863. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.07.076
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pandolfini C, Bonati M. A literature review on off-label drug use in children. Eur J Pediatr. 2005;164(9):552–558. doi: 10.1007/s00431-005-1698-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Litalien C, Autmizguine J, Carli A, et al. Providing suitable pediatric formulations for Canadian children: a call for action. Canadian Journal Of Hospital Pharmacy. 2020;73(4). doi: 10.4212/CJHP.V73I4.3023
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manipulation of drugs required in children (MODRIC) – a Guide for Health professionals n.d. [Accessed 30 Aug, 2023]
   Google Scholar
• UNICEF. Paediatric antiretroviral medicines: market & supply update. Paediatric Antiretroviral Medicines : Market & Supply Update 2020:p. 0–13. [Accessed 30 Aug, 2023]
   Google Scholar
• Münch J, Meissner T, Mayatepek E, et al. Acceptability of small-sized oblong tablets in comparison to syrup and mini-tablets in infants and toddlers: a randomized controlled trial. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2021;166:126–134. doi: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2021.06.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tse J, Wada K, Wang Y, et al. Impact of oscillating positive expiratory pressure device use on post-discharge hospitalizations: a retrospective cohort study comparing patients with COPD or chronic bronchitis using the Aerobika(®) and Acapella(®) devices. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2020;15:2527–2538. doi: 10.2147/COPD.S256866
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaneria NS, Tuleu C, Ernest T. Opportunities for enteral drug delivery for neonates, infants, and toddlers: a critical exploration. Expert Opin Drug Delivery. 2022;19:475–519. doi: 10.1080/17425247.2022.2064449
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mfoafo KA, Omidian M, Bertol CD, et al. Neonatal and pediatric oral drug delivery: hopes and hurdles. Int J Pharmaceut. 2021;597:120296. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120296
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kozakiewicz-Latała M, Nartowski KP, Dominik A, et al. Binder jetting 3D printing of challenging medicines: from low dose tablets to hydrophobic molecules. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2022;170:144–159. doi: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2021.11.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chatzitaki A-T, Mystiridou E, Bouropoulos N, et al. Semi-solid extrusion 3D printing of starch-based soft dosage forms for the treatment of paediatric latent tuberculosis infection. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2021;74(10):1498–1506. doi: 10.1093/jpp/rgab121
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chachlioutaki K, Karavasili C, Mavrokefalou E-E, et al. Quality control evaluation of paediatric chocolate-based dosage forms: 3D printing vs mold-casting method. Int J Pharmaceut. 2022;624:624. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121991
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quodbach J, Bogdahn M, Breitkreutz J, et al. Quality of FDM 3D printed medicines for Pediatrics: considerations for formulation development, filament extrusion, printing process and printer design. Ther Innov Regul Sci. 2022;56(6):910–928. doi: 10.1007/s43441-021-00354-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu X, Awad A, Robles-Martinez P, et al. Vat photopolymerization 3D printing for advanced drug delivery and medical device applications. JControlled Release. 2021;329:743–757. doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.10.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Racaniello GF, Pistone M, Meazzini C, et al. 3D printed mucoadhesive orodispersible films manufactured by direct powder extrusion for personalized clobetasol propionate based paediatric therapies. Int J Pharmaceut. 2023;643:123214. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123214
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pistone M, Racaniello GF, Rizzi R, et al. Direct cyclodextrin based powder extrusion 3D printing of budesonide loaded mini-tablets for the treatment of eosinophilic colitis in paediatric patients. Int J Pharmaceut. 2023;632:122592. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.122592
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lafeber I, Ruijgrok EJ, Guchelaar HJ, et al. 3D printing of pediatric medication: the end of bad tasting oral liquids?—A scoping review. Pharmaceutics. 2022;14(2):416–423. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14020416
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scoutaris N, Ross SA, Douroumis D. 3D printed “starmix” drug loaded dosage forms for paediatric applications. Pharm Res. 2018;35(2):1–11. doi: 10.1007/s11095-017-2284-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Öblom H, Sjöholm E, Rautamo M, et al. Towards printed pediatric medicines in hospital pharmacies: comparison of 2d and 3d-printed orodispersible warfarin films with conventional oral powders in unit dose sachets. Pharmaceutics. 2019;11(7):11. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11070334
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jamróz W, Kurek M, Łyszczarz E, et al. 3D printed orodispersible films with aripiprazole. Int J Pharmaceut. 2017;533:413–420. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.05.052
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krause J, Müller L, Sarwinska D, et al. 3D printing of mini tablets for pediatric use. Pharmaceuticals. 2021;14:1–16. doi: 10.3390/ph14020143
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tabriz AG, Fullbrook DHG, Vilain L, et al. Personalised tasted masked chewable 3d printed fruit-chews for paediatric patients. Pharmaceutics. 2021;13(8):1301. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13081301
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fortescue EB, Kaushal R, Landrigan CP, et al. Prioritizing strategies for preventing medication errors and adverse drug events in pediatric inpatients. Pediatrics. 2003;111:722–729. doi: 10.1542/peds.111.4.722
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bates DW, Boyle DL, Vander VM, et al. Relationship between medication errors and adverse drug events. J Gen Intern Med. 1995;10(4):199–205. doi: 10.1007/BF02600255
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watanabe JH, McInnis T, Hirsch JD. Cost of prescription drug–related morbidity and mortality. Ann Pharmacother. 2018;52:829–837. doi: 10.1177/1060028018765159
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alessandrini E, Walsh J, Hermans E, et al. Putting children first: understanding caregivers’ and children’s perspectives on the usability of oral and respiratory administration devices for paediatric medication. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2023;190:35–46. doi: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2023.07.006
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sajogo M, Teoh SWK, Lebedevs T. Pharmacist clinical interventions: five years’ experience of an efficient, low-cost, and future-proofed tool. Research In Social And Administrative Pharmacy. 2023;19(3):541–546. doi: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2022.12.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yin HS, Parker RM, Sanders LM, et al. Liquid medication errors and dosing tools: a randomized controlled experiment. Pediatrics. 2016;138: doi: 10.1542/peds.2016-0357
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belayneh A, Tessema Z. A systematic review of the stability of extemporaneous pediatric oral formulations. Sci World J. 2021;2021:8523091. doi: 10.1155/2021/8523091
   Google Scholar
• Sosnowska K, Winnicka K, Czajkowska-Kośnik A. Stability of extemporaneous enalapril maleate suspensions for pediatric use prepared from commercially available tablets. Acta Poloniae Pharmaceutica. 2009;66:321–326.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kasahun AE, Sendekie AK. Are pediatrics taking the prescribed tablet dosage form? Practices of off-label tablet modification in pediatric wards: a prospective observational study. Heliyon. 2023;9(4):e15109. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15109
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar