An update on the latest strategies in retinal drug delivery

References

• Davies NM. Biopharmaceutical considerations in topical ocular drug delivery. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2000;27(7):558–562. doi: 10.1046/j.1440-1681.2000.03288.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ranta V-P, Mannermaa E, Lummepuro K, et al. Barrier analysis of periocular drug delivery to the posterior segment. J Controlled Release. 2010;148(1):42–48. doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2010.08.028
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knop E, Knop N. Anatomy and immunology of the ocular surface. 2007.
   Google Scholar
• Newell FW. Ophthalmology: principles and concepts. 1982.
   Google Scholar
• Cunha-Vaz JG. The blood–retinal barriers system. Basic concepts and clinical evaluation. Exp Eye Res. 2004;78(3):715–721. doi: 10.1016/S0014-4835(03)00213-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cunha-Vaz J. Blood–Retinal Barrier. Encycl Eye. 2010:209–215.
   Google Scholar
• Kim HM, Woo SJ. Ocular drug delivery to the retina: current innovations and future perspectives. Pharmaceutics. 2021;13(1):108. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13010108
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loftsson T. Topical drug delivery to the retina: obstacles and routes to success. Expert Opin Drug Delivery. 2022;19(1):9–21. doi: 10.1080/17425247.2022.2017878
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramsay E, Lajunen T, Bhattacharya M, et al. Selective drug delivery to the retinal cells: biological barriers and avenues. J Controlled Release. 2023 Sep 1;361:1–19. doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.07.028
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han H, Li S, Xu M, et al. Polymer- and lipid-based nanocarriers for ocular drug delivery: current status and future perspectives. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2023 May;196:114770. doi: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.114770
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lang JC. Ocular drug delivery conventional ocular formulations. Adv Drug Delivery Rev. 1995;16(1):39–43. doi: 10.1016/0169-409X(95)00012-V
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes P, Mitra A. Overview of ocular drug delivery and iatrogenic ocular cytopathologies. Drugs Pharm Sci. 1993;58:1–27.
   Google Scholar
• Barar J, Javadzadeh AR, Omidi Y. Ocular novel drug delivery: impacts of membranes and barriers. Expert Opin Drug Delivery. 2008;5(5):567–581. doi: 10.1517/17425247.5.5.567
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang W, Sasaki H, Chien DS, et al. Lipophilicity influence on conjunctival drug penetration in the pigmented rabbit: a comparison with corneal penetration. Curr Eye Res. 1991 Jun;10(6):571–579. doi: 10.3109/02713689109001766
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Löscher M, Seiz C, Hurst J, et al. Topical drug delivery to the posterior segment of the eye. Pharmaceutics. 2022 Jan 6;14(1):134. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14010134
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hämäläinen K-M, Kananen K, Auriola S, et al. Characterization of paracellular and aqueous penetration routes in cornea, conjunctiva, and sclera. Invest Ophthalmol Visual Sci. 1997;38(3):627–634.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yadav D, Varma LT, Yadav K. Drug Delivery to Posterior Segment of the Eye: Conventional Delivery Strategies, Their Barriers, and Restrictions. In: Patel J, Sutariya V, Kanwar J, Pathak Y, editors. Drug Delivery for the Retina and Posterior Segment Disease. Cham: Springer; 2018. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-95807-1_3
   Google Scholar
• Samoilă L, Voștinaru O, Dinte E, et al. Topical treatment for retinal degenerative pathologies: a systematic review. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24(9):8045. doi: 10.3390/ijms24098045
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindstrom R, Kim T. Ocular permeation and inhibition of retinal inflammation: an examination of data and expert opinion on the clinical utility of nepafenac. Curr Med Res Opin. 2006 Feb 01;22(2):397–404. doi: 10.1185/030079906X89775
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chastain JE, Sanders ME, Curtis MA, et al. Distribution of topical ocular nepafenac and its active metabolite amfenac to the posterior segment of the eye. Exp Eye Res. 2016 Apr 01;145:58–67. doi: 10.1016/j.exer.2015.10.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hussain RM, Shaukat BA, Ciulla LM, et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor antagonists: promising players in the treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Drug Design Develop Therapy. 2021;15:2653–2665. doi: 10.2147/DDDT.S295223
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duvvuri S, Majumdar S, Mitra AK. Drug delivery to the retina: challenges and opportunities. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2003;3(1):45–56. doi: 10.1517/14712598.3.1.45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duffy AG, Ma C, Ulahannan SV, et al. Phase I and preliminary phase II study of TRC105 in combination with Sorafenib in hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res. 2017;23(16):4633–4641. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-16-3171
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tian H, Huang JJ, Golzio C, et al. Endoglin interacts with VEGFR2 to promote angiogenesis. FASEB J. 2018;32(6):2934–2949. doi: 10.1096/fj.201700867RR
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nolan-Stevaux O, Zhong W, Culp S, et al. Endoglin requirement for BMP9 signaling in endothelial cells reveals new mechanism of action for selective anti-endoglin antibodies. PLOS ONE. 2012;7(12):e50920. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050920
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gordon MS, Robert F, Matei D, et al. An Open-Label Phase Ib Dose-Escalation Study of TRC105 (anti-endoglin antibody) with Bevacizumab in patients with advanced cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2014;20(23):5918–5926. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-14-1143
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosen LS, Hurwitz HI, Wong MK, et al. A phase I first-in-human study of TRC105 (anti-endoglin antibody) in patients with advanced cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2012;18(17):4820–4829. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-12-0098
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonzalez VH, Berger B, Goldberg R, et al. Safety and tolerability of intravitreal carotuximab (DE-122) in patients with persistent exudative age-related macular degeneration: a phase i study. Trans Vision Sci Technol. 2021;10(14):27–27. doi: 10.1167/tvst.10.14.27
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wells JA, Gonzales CR, Berger BB, et al. A Phase 1, Open-Label, Dose-Escalation Trial to Investigate Safety and Tolerability of Single Intravitreous Injections of ICON-1 Targeting Tissue Factor in Wet AMD. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina. 2018;49(5):336–345. doi: 10.3928/23258160-20180501-07
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samanta A, Aziz AA, Jhingan M, et al. Emerging therapies in Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration in 2020. Asia-Pac J Ophthalmol. 2020;9(3):250–259. doi: 10.1097/APO.0000000000000291
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iconic Therapeutics I. Open-Label Study of Intravitreal ICON-1 in Patients with Choroidal Neovascularization Secondary to Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD) (DECO). 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Al-Khersan H, Hussain RM, Ciulla TA, et al. Innovative therapies for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2019 Oct 13;20(15):1879–1891. doi: 10.1080/14656566.2019.1636031
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chandrasekaran PR, Madanagopalan VG. KSI-301: antibody biopolymer conjugate in retinal disorders. Ther Adv Ophthalmol. 2021;13:251584142110277. doi: 10.1177/25158414211027708
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liang h, Huang X, Ngo W, et al. KSI-301: an anti-VEGF antibody biopolymer conjugate with extended half-life for treatment of neovascular retinal diseases. Invest Ophthalmol Visual Sci. 2018;59(9):211–211.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel SS, Naor J, Qudrat A, et al. Phase 1 first-in-human study of KSI-301: a novel anti-VEGF antibody biopolymer conjugate with extended durability. Invest Ophthalmol Visual Sci. 2019;60(9):3670–3670.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lucas Kim BB, Shah VA, Sharma P, et al. CMV Retinitis. 2023.
   Google Scholar
• Dugel PU, Boyer DS, Antoszyk AN, et al. Phase 1 Study of OPT-302 Inhibition of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors C and D for Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Ophthalmol Retina. 2020 Mar 01;4(3):250–263. doi: 10.1016/j.oret.2019.10.008
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jackson TL, Slakter J, Buyse M, et al. A randomized controlled trial of OPT-302, a VEGF-C/D inhibitor for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmol. 2023;130(6):588–597. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2023.02.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baum U, Peyman GA, Barza M. Intravitreal administration of antibiotic in the treatment of bacterial endophthalmitis. III. Consensus. Survey Of Ophthalmology. 1982;26(4):204–206. doi: 10.1016/0039-6257(82)90080-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peynshaert K, Vanluchene H, De Clerck K, et al. ICG-mediated photodisruption of the inner limiting membrane enhances retinal drug delivery. J Controlled Release. 2022 Sep 01;349:315–326. doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.07.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Käsdorf Benjamin T, Arends F, Lieleg O. Diffusion Regulation in the Vitreous Humor. Biophys J. 2015 Nov 17;109(10):2171–2181. doi: 10.1016/j.bpj.2015.10.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marmor MF, Negi A, Maurice DM. Kinetics of macromolecules injected into the subretinal space. Exp Eye Res. 1985;40(5):687–696. doi: 10.1016/0014-4835(85)90138-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarao V, Veritti D, Boscia F, et al. Intravitreal Steroids for the Treatment of Retinal Diseases. Sci World J. 2014 Jan 08;2014:989501. doi: 10.1155/2014/989501
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castellarin A, Pieramici DJ. Anterior segment complications following periocular and intraocular injections. Ophthalmol Clini North Am. 2004;17(4):583–590, vii. doi: 10.1016/j.ohc.2004.06.010
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ebner R, Devoto M, Weil D, et al. Treatment of thyroid associated ophthalmopathy with periocular injections of triamcinolone. Br J Ophthalmol. 2004;88(11):1380–1386. doi: 10.1136/bjo.2004.046193
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van den Berg A. An audit of peribulbar blockade using 15 mm, 25 mm and 37.5 mm needles, and sub‐Tenon’s injection*. Anaesthesia. 2004;59(8):775–780. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2044.2004.03799.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watkins R, Beigi B, Yates M, et al. Intraocular pressure and pulsatile ocular blood flow after retrobulbar and peribulbar anaesthesia. Br J Ophthalmol. 2001;85(7):796–798. doi: 10.1136/bjo.85.7.796
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein ML, Jampol L, Condon P, et al. Central retinal artery occlusion without retrobulbar hemorrhage after retrobulbar anesthesia. Am J Ophthalmol. 1982;93(5):573–577. doi: 10.1016/S0002-9394(14)77371-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roman SJ, Sit DAC, Boureau CM, et al. Sub-Tenon’s anaesthesia: an efficient and safe technique. Br J Ophthalmol. 1997;81(8):673–676. doi: 10.1136/bjo.81.8.673
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wylie J, Henderson M, Doyle M, et al. Persistent binocular diplopia following cataract surgery: aetiology and management. Eye. 1994;8(5):543–546. doi: 10.1038/eye.1994.134
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Trivedi H, Todkar H, Arbhave V, et al. Ocular anaesthesia for cataract surgery. Lancet. 2003;3:1312–1313.
   Google Scholar
• Hyndiuk RA, Reagan MG. Radioactive depot-corticosteroid penetration into monkey ocular tissue: I. Retrobulbar and systemic administration. Arch Ophtalmol. 1968;80(4):499–503. doi: 10.1001/archopht.1968.00980050501019
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Canavan K, Dark A, Garrioch M. Sub-Tenon’s administration of local anaesthetic: a review of the technique. Br J Anaesth. 2003;90(6):787. doi: 10.1093/bja/aeg105
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tyagi P, Kadam RS, Kompella UB, et al. Comparison of suprachoroidal drug delivery with subconjunctival and intravitreal routes using noninvasive fluorophotometry. PLOS ONE. 2012;7(10):e48188. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048188
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campochiaro PA, Wykoff CC, Brown DM, et al. Suprachoroidal Triamcinolone Acetonide for Retinal Vein Occlusion: Results of the Tanzanite Study. Ophthalmol Retina. 2018 Apr 01;2(4):320–328. doi: 10.1016/j.oret.2017.07.013
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wykoff CC, Khurana RN, Lampen SIR, et al. Suprachoroidal Triamcinolone Acetonide for Diabetic Macular Edema: The HULK Trial. Ophthalmol Retina. 2018 Aug;2(8):874–877. doi: 10.1016/j.oret.2018.03.008
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yeh S, Khurana RN, Shah M, et al. Efficacy and safety of suprachoroidal CLS-TA for Macular Edema Secondary to noninfectious uveitis. Ophthalmol. 2020;127(7):948–955. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2020.01.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim TW, Lindsey JD, Aihara M, et al. Intraocular distribution of 70-kDa dextran after subconjunctival injection in mice. Invest Ophthalmol Visual Sci. 2002;43(6):1809–1816.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bito L, Baroody R. The penetration of exogenous prostaglandin and arachidonic acid into, and their distribution within, the mammalian eye. Curr Eye Res. 1981;1(11):659–669. doi: 10.3109/02713688109001870
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weijtens O, Schoemaker RC, Romijn FP, et al. Intraocular penetration and systemic absorption after topical application of dexamethasone disodium phosphate. Ophthalmol. 2002;109(10):1887–1891. doi: 10.1016/S0161-6420(02)01176-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yasukawa T, Ogura Y, Sakurai E, et al. Intraocular sustained drug delivery using implantable polymeric devices. Adv Drug Delivery Rev. 2005;57(14):2033–2046. doi: 10.1016/j.addr.2005.09.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bourges J, Bloquel C, Thomas A, et al. Intraocular implants for extended drug delivery: therapeutic applications. Adv Drug Delivery Rev. 2006;58(11):1182–1202. doi: 10.1016/j.addr.2006.07.026
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yohe S, Maass KF, Horvath J, et al. In-vitro characterization of ranibizumab release from the Port Delivery System. JControlled Release. 2022;345:101–107. doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.03.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ranade SV, Wieland MR, Tam T, et al. The Port Delivery System with ranibizumab: a new paradigm for long-acting retinal drug delivery. Drug Deliv. 2022 Dec;29(1):1326–1334. doi: 10.1080/10717544.2022.2069301
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuppermann BD, Patel SS, Boyer DS, et al. PHASE 2 STUDY of the SAFETY and EFFICACY of BRIMONIDINE DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM (BRIMO DDS) GENERATION 1 in PATIENTS with GEOGRAPHIC ATROPHY SECONDARY to AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION. Retina. 2021;41(1):144–155. doi: 10.1097/IAE.0000000000002789
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hori T, Ito Y, Raut B, et al. Three-dimensional-printed refillable drug delivery device for long-term sustained drug delivery to Retina. Sens Mater. 2023;35(4):1301–1313. doi: 10.18494/SAM4167
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barratt GM. Therapeutic applications of colloidal drug carriers. Pharm Sci Technol Today. 2000;3(5):163–171. doi: 10.1016/S1461-5347(00)00255-8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhang L, Li Y, Zhang C, et al. Pharmacokinetics and tolerance study of intravitreal injection of dexamethasone-loaded nanoparticles in rabbits. Int J Nanomed. 2009;4:175. doi: 10.2147/IJN.S6428
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luo L, Yang J, Oh Y, et al. Controlled release of corticosteroid with biodegradable nanoparticles for treating experimental autoimmune uveitis. J Controlled Release. 2019;296:68–80. doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.01.018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kicková E, Sadeghi A, Puranen J, et al. Pharmacokinetics of Pullulan–Dexamethasone Conjugates in Retinal Drug Delivery. Pharmaceutics. 2021;14(1):12–12. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14010012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu J, Zhang X, Li G, et al. Anti-Angiogenic Activity of Bevacizumab-Bearing Dexamethasone-Loaded PLGA Nanoparticles for Potential Intravitreal Applications. Int J Nanomed. 2019;14:8819–8834. doi: 10.2147/IJN.S217038
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pandit J, Sultana Y, Aqil M. Chitosan coated nanoparticles for efficient delivery of bevacizumab in the posterior ocular tissues via subconjunctival administration. Carbohydr Polym. 2021;267:118217–118217. doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118217
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luis de Redín I, Boiero C, Martínez-Ohárriz MC, et al. Human serum albumin nanoparticles for ocular delivery of bevacizumab. Int J Pharmaceut. 2018;541(1–2):214–223. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.02.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsu X-L, Wu L-C, Hsieh J-Y, et al. Nanoparticle-Hydrogel Composite Drug Delivery System for Potential Ocular Applications. Polymers. 2021;13(4):642–642. doi: 10.3390/polym13040642
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qiu F, Meng T, Chen Q, et al. Fenofibrate-Loaded Biodegradable Nanoparticles for the Treatment of Experimental Diabetic Retinopathy and Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Mol Pharmaceut. 2019;16(5):1958–1970. doi: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b01319
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lorenzo‐Soler L, Praphanwittaya P, Olafsdottir OB, et al. Topical noninvasive retinal drug delivery of a tyrosine kinase inhibitor: 3% cediranib maleate cyclodextrin nanoparticle eye drops in the rabbit eye. Acta Ophthalmol. 2022;100(7):788–796. doi: 10.1111/aos.15101
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Y, Liu C-H, Ji T, et al. Intravenous treatment of choroidal neovascularization by photo-targeted nanoparticles. Nat Commun. 2019;10(1):804–804. doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-08690-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhatt P, Narvekar P, Lalani R, et al. An in vitro Assessment of Thermo-Reversible Gel Formulation Containing Sunitinib Nanoparticles for Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration. AAPS Pharm Sci Tech. [2019 Aug 9];20(7):281. doi: 10.1208/s12249-019-1474-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramazani F, Hiemstra C, Steendam R, et al. Sunitinib microspheres based on [PDLLA-PEG-PDLLA]-b-PLLA multi-block copolymers for ocular drug delivery. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2015 Sep;95(Pt B):368–377. doi: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2015.02.011
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dib E, Maia M, Lima Ade S, et al. In vivo, in vitro toxicity and in vitro angiogenic inhibition of sunitinib malate. Curr Eye Res. 2012 Jul;37(7):567–574. doi: 10.3109/02713683.2011.635916
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li Q, Weng J, Wong SN, et al. Nanoparticulate Drug Delivery to the Retina. Mol Pharmaceut. 2021 Feb 01;18(2):506–521. doi: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00224
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mainardes RM, Silva LP. Drug delivery systems: past, present, and future. Curr Drug Targets. 2004;5(5):449–455. doi: 10.2174/1389450043345407
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaur IP, Garg A, Singla AK, et al. Vesicular systems in ocular drug delivery: an overview. Int J Pharmaceut. 2004;269(1):1–14. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2003.09.016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peyman GA, Ganiban GJ. Delivery systems for intraocular routes. Adv Drug Delivery Rev. 1995;16(1):107–123. doi: 10.1016/0169-409X(95)00018-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mu H, Wang Y, Chu Y, et al. Multivesicular liposomes for sustained release of bevacizumab in treating laser-induced choroidal neovascularization. Drug Delivery. 2018;25(1):1372–1383. doi: 10.1080/10717544.2018.1474967
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tavakoli S, Puranen J, Bahrpeyma S, et al. Liposomal sunitinib for ocular drug delivery: a potential treatment for choroidal neovascularization. Int J Pharmaceut. 2022;620:121725–121725. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121725
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li J, Cheng T, Tian Q, et al. A more efficient ocular delivery system of triamcinolone acetonide as eye drop to the posterior segment of the eye. Drug Delivery. 2019;26(1):188–198. doi: 10.1080/10717544.2019.1571122
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asasutjarit R, Managit C, Phanaksri T, et al. Formulation development and in vitro evaluation of transferrin-conjugated liposomes as a carrier of ganciclovir targeting the retina. Int J Pharmaceut. 2020;577:119084–119084. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119084
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeng S, Chen Y, Zhou F, et al. Recent advances and prospects for lipid-based nanoparticles as drug carriers in the treatment of human retinal diseases. Adv Drug Delivery Rev. 2023 Aug 01;199:114965. doi: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.114965
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wadhwa S, Paliwal R, Paliwal SR, et al. Nanocarriers in ocular drug delivery: an update review. Curr Pharm Des. 2009;15(23):2724–2750. doi: 10.2174/138161209788923886
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kattar A, Quelle-Regaldie A, Sánchez L, et al. Formulation and Characterization of Epalrestat-Loaded Polysorbate 60 Cationic Niosomes for Ocular Delivery. Pharmaceutics. 2023;15(4):1247. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15041247
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta J, Felner EI, Prausnitz MR. Minimally invasive insulin delivery in subjects with type 1 diabetes using hollow microneedles. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2009;11(6):329–337. doi: 10.1089/dia.2008.0103
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiang J, Moore JS, Edelhauser HF, et al. Intrascleral drug delivery to the eye using hollow microneedles. Pharm Res. 2009;26(2):395–403. doi: 10.1007/s11095-008-9756-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roy G, Garg P, Venuganti VVK. Microneedle scleral patch for minimally invasive delivery of triamcinolone to the posterior segment of eye. Int J Pharmaceut. 2022;612:121305–121305. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121305
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parkinson TM, Ferguson E, Febbraro S, et al. Tolerance of ocular iontophoresis in healthy volunteers. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 2003;19(2):145–151. doi: 10.1089/108076803321637672
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myles ME, Neumann DM, Hill JM. Recent progress in ocular drug delivery for posterior segment disease: emphasis on transscleral iontophoresis. Adv Drug Delivery Rev. 2005;57(14):2063–2079. doi: 10.1016/j.addr.2005.08.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roy P. La iontoforesis en la administración ocular de fármacos: alcanzando la madurez. Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol. 2007;82(10):601–606. doi: 10.4321/S0365-66912007001000002
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Molokhia SA, Jeong E-K, Higuchi WI, et al. Transscleral iontophoretic and intravitreal delivery of a macromolecule: study of ocular distribution in vivo and postmortem with MRI. Exp Eye Res. 2009;88(3):418–425. doi: 10.1016/j.exer.2008.10.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jung JH, Chiang B, Grossniklaus HE, et al. Ocular drug delivery targeted by iontophoresis in the suprachoroidal space using a microneedle. J Control Release. 2018 May 10;277:14–22. doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.03.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molokhia S, Papangkorn K, Butler C, et al. Transscleral Iontophoresis for Noninvasive Ocular Drug Delivery of Macromolecules. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 2020;36(4):247–256. doi: 10.1089/jop.2019.0081
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pepic I, Hafner A, Lovric J, et al. A nonionic surfactant/chitosan micelle system in an innovative eye drop formulation. J Pharm Sci. 2010 Oct;99(10):4317–4325. doi: 10.1002/jps.22137
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Velagaleti P, Anglade E, Khan J, et al. Topical Delivery of Hydrophobic Drugs Using a Novel Mixed Nanomicellar Technology to Treat Diseases of the Anterior & Posterior Segments of the Eye. Drug Delivery Technol. 2010;10(4):42–47.
   Google Scholar
• Gao ZG, Fain HD, Rapoport N. Controlled and targeted tumor chemotherapy by micellar-encapsulated drug and ultrasound [Comparative Study Research Support, U.S. Gov’t, P.H.S.]. J Control Release. 2005 Jan 20;102(1):203–222. doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2004.09.021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li L, Tan YB. Preparation and properties of mixed micelles made of pluronic polymer and PEG-PE. J Colloid Interface Sci. 2008;317(1):326–331. doi: 10.1016/j.jcis.2007.09.053
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiao J. Polyoxyethylated nonionic surfactants and their applications in topical ocular drug delivery. Adv Drug Delivery Rev. 2008;60(15):1663–1673. doi: 10.1016/j.addr.2008.09.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uchegbu IF, Vyas SP. Non-ionic surfactant based vesicles (niosomes) in drug delivery. Int J Pharmaceut. 1998;172(1):33–70. doi: 10.1016/S0378-5173(98)00169-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar GP, Rajeshwarrao P. Nonionic surfactant vesicular systems for effective drug delivery—an overview. Acta Pharm Sin B. 2011;1(4):208–219. doi: 10.1016/j.apsb.2011.09.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cable C. An examination of the effect of surface modifications on the physicochemical and biological properties of non-ionic surfactant vesicles. University of Strathclyde; 1990.
   Google Scholar
• Trivedi R, Kompella UB. Nanomicellar formulations for sustained drug delivery: strategies and underlying principles. Nanomedicine. 2010;5(3):485–505. doi: 10.2217/nnm.10.10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang D, Luo M, Huang B, et al. Localized co-delivery of CNTF and FK506 using a thermosensitive hydrogel for retina ganglion cells protection after traumatic optic nerve injury. Drug Delivery. 2020;27(1):556–564. doi: 10.1080/10717544.2020.1748759
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li C, Chen R, Xu M, et al. Hyaluronic acid modified MPEG-b-PAE block copolymer aqueous micelles for efficient ophthalmic drug delivery of hydrophobic genistein. Drug Delivery. 2018;25(1):1258–1265. doi: 10.1080/10717544.2018.1474972
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu X, Sun L, Zhou L, et al. Functional chitosan oligosaccharide nanomicelles for topical ocular drug delivery of dexamethasone. Carbohydr Polym. 2020;227:115356–115356. doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115356
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inokuchi Y, Hironaka K, Fujisawa T, et al. Physicochemical properties affecting retinal drug/coumarin-6 delivery from nanocarrier systems via eyedrop administration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2010 Jun;51(6):3162–3170. doi: 10.1167/iovs.09-4697
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gemayel MC, Bhatwadekar AD, Ciulla T. RNA therapeutics for retinal diseases. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2021 May;21(5):603–613. doi: 10.1080/14712598.2021.1856365
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar