Pharmacokinetic considerations for use of artemisinin-based combination therapies against falciparum malaria in different ethnic populations

References

• Davis TM, Karunajeewa HA, Ilett KF. Artemisinin-based combination therapies for uncomplicated malaria. Med J Aust. 2005;182:181–185.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adjuik M, Babiker A, Garner P, et al. International Artemisinin Study Group. Artesunate combinations for treatment of malaria: meta-analysis. Lancet. 2004;363:9–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. WHO Global Malaria Programme. Guidelines for the treatment of malaria. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2015.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. World Malaria Report. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Chen ML. Ethnic or racial differences revisited: impact of dosage regimen and dosage form on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2006;45:957–964.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramamoorthy A, Pacanowski MA, Bull J, et al. Racial/ethnic differences in drug disposition and response: review of recently approved drugs. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2015;97:263–273.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green JA, Mohamed K, Goyal N, et al. Pharmacokinetic interactions between tafenoquine and dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine or artemether-lumefantrine in healthy adult subjects. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2016;60:7321–7332.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hietala SF, Bhattarai A, Msellem M, et al. Population pharmacokinetics of amodiaquine and desethylamodiaquine in pediatric patients with uncomplicated falciparum malaria. J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn. 2007;34:669–686.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Staehli Hodel EM, Guidi M, Zanolari B, et al. Population pharmacokinetics of mefloquine, piperaquine and artemether-lumefantrine in Cambodian and Tanzanian malaria patients. Malar J. 2013;12: 235. Epub 2013/ 07/12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang L, Parikh S, Rosenthal PJ, et al. Concomitant efavirenz reduces pharmacokinetic exposure to the antimalarial drug artemether-lumefantrine in healthy volunteers. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2012;61:310–316.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hatz C, Soto J, Nothdurft HD, et al. Treatment of acute uncomplicated falciparum malaria with artemether-lumefantrine in non-immune populations: a safety, efficacy, and pharmacokinetic study. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2008;78:241–247.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis TM, England M, Dunlop AM, et al. Assessment of the effect of mefloquine on artesunate pharmacokinetics in healthy male volunteers. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2007;51:1099–1101.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charles BG, Blomgren A, Nasveld PE, et al. Population pharmacokinetics of mefloquine in military personnel for prophylaxis against malaria infection during field deployment. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2007;63:271–278.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orrell C, Little F, Smith P, et al. Pharmacokinetics and tolerability of artesunate and amodiaquine alone and in combination in healthy volunteers. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2008;64:683–690.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• German P, Parikh S, Lawrence J, et al. Lopinavir/ritonavir affects pharmacokinetic exposure of artemether/lumefantrine in HIV-uninfected healthy volunteers. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2009;51:424–429.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Na Bangchang K, Karbwang J, Thomas CG, et al. Pharmacokinetics of artemether after oral administration to healthy Thai males and patients with acute, uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1994;37:249–253.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karbwang J, Na-Bangchang K, Congpuong K, et al. Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of oral and intramuscular artemether. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1997;52:307–310.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Binh TQ, Ilett KF, Batty KT, et al. Oral bioavailability of dihydroartemisinin in Vietnamese volunteers and in patients with falciparum malaria. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2001;51:541–546.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Batty KT, Ilett KF, Powell SM, et al. Relative bioavailability of artesunate and dihydroartemisinin: investigations in the isolated perfused rat liver and in healthy Caucasian volunteers. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2002;66:130–136.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGready R, Stepniewska K, Ward SA, et al. Pharmacokinetics of dihydroartemisinin following oral artesunate treatment of pregnant women with acute uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2006;62:367–371.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Onyamboko MA, Meshnick SR, Fleckenstein L, et al. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of artesunate and dihydroartemisinin following oral treatment in pregnant women with asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum infections in Kinshasa DRC. Malar J. 2011;10:49.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Obua C, Hellgren U, Ntale M, et al. Population pharmacokinetics of chloroquine and sulfadoxine and treatment response in children with malaria: suggestions for an improved dose regimen. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2008;65:493–501.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarikabhuti B, Keschamrus N, Noeypatimanond S, et al. Plasma concentrations of sulfadoxine in healthy and malaria infected Thai subjects. Acta Trop. 1988;45:217–224.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bustos DG, Lazaro JE, Gay F, et al. Pharmacokinetics of sequential and simultaneous treatment with the combination chloroquine and sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine in acute uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in the Philippines. Trop Med Int Health. 2002;7:584–591.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salman S, Griffin S, Kose K, et al. Pharmacokinetic properties of conventional and double-dose sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine given as intermittent preventive treatment in infancy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2011;55:1693–1700.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nyunt MM, Adam I, Kayentao K, et al. Pharmacokinetics of sulfadoxine and pyrimethamine in intermittent preventive treatment of malaria in pregnancy. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2010;87:226–234.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Odongo CO, Bisaso KR, Ntale M, et al. Trimester-specific population pharmacokinetics and other correlates of variability in sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine disposition among Ugandan pregnant women. Drugs R D. 2015;15:351–362.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bell DJ, Nyirongo SK, Mukaka M, et al. Population pharmacokinetics of sulfadoxine and pyrimethamine in Malawian children with malaria. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2011;89:268–275.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gbotosho GO, Happi CT, Sijuade A, et al. Pharmacokinetic disposition of sulfadoxine in children with acute uncomplicated falciparum malaria treated with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine in South West Nigeria. Am J Thers. 2012;19:338–345.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dzinjalamala FK, Macheso A, Kublin JG, et al. Association between the pharmacokinetics and in vivo therapeutic efficacy of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine in Malawian children. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2005;49:3601–3606.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnes KI, Little F, Smith PJ, et al. Sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine pharmacokinetics in malaria: pediatric dosing implications. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2006;80:582–596.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Souza JM, Heizmann P, Schwartz DE. Single-dose kinetics of mefloquine in Brazilian male subjects. Bull WHO. 1987;65:353–356.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gbotosho GO, Happi CT, Lawal O, et al. A high performance liquid chromatographic assay of mefloquine in saliva after a single oral dose in healthy adult Africans. Malar J. 2012;11:59.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green M, Otieno K, Katana A, et al. Pharmacokinetics of mefloquine and its effect on sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim steady-state blood levels in intermittent preventive treatment (IPTp) of pregnant HIV-infected women in Kenya. Malar J. 2016;15:7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roshammar D, Hai TN, Friberg Hietala S, et al. Pharmacokinetics of piperaquine after repeated oral administration of the antimalarial combination CV8 in 12 healthy male subjects. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2006;62:335–341.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mansor SM, Navaratnam V, Mohamad M, et al. Single dose kinetic study of the triple combination mefloquine/sulphadoxine/pyrimethamine (Fansimef) in healthy male volunteers. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1989;27:381–386.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birgersson S, Van Toi P, Truong NT, et al. Population pharmacokinetic properties of artemisinin in healthy male Vietnamese volunteers. Malar J. 2016;15:90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hietala SF, Martensson A, Ngasala B, et al. Population pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of artemether and lumefantrine during combination treatment in children with uncomplicated falciparum malaria in Tanzania. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2010;54:4780–4788.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mosha D, Guidi M, Mwingira F, et al. Population pharmacokinetics and clinical response for artemether-lumefantrine in pregnant and nonpregnant women with uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Tanzania. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2014;58:4583–4592.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoglund RM, Byakika-Kibwika P, Lamorde M, et al. Artemether-lumefantrine co-administration with antiretrovirals: population pharmacokinetics and dosing implications. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2015;79:636–649.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ezzet F, Mull R, Karbwang J. Population pharmacokinetics and therapeutic response of CGP 56697 (artemether + benflumetol) in malaria patients. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1998;46:553–561.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoglund RM, Workman L, Edstein MD, et al. Population Pharmacokinetic properties of piperaquine in falciparum malaria: an individual participant data meta-analysis. PLoS Med. 2017;14:e1002212.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lefevre G, Bindschedler M, Ezzet F, et al. Pharmacokinetic interaction trial between co-artemether and mefloquine. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2000;10:141–151.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ezzet F, Van Vugt M, Nosten F, et al. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of lumefantrine (benflumetol) in acute falciparum malaria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2000;44:697–704.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lefevre G, Looareesuwan S, Treeprasertsuk S, et al. A clinical and pharmacokinetic trial of six doses of artemether-lumefantrine for multidrug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Thailand. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2001;64:247–256.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lefevre G, Carpenter P, Souppart C, et al. Pharmacokinetics and electrocardiographic pharmacodynamics of artemether-lumefantrine (Riamet) with concomitant administration of ketoconazole in healthy subjects. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2002;54:485–492.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lefevre G, Carpenter P, Souppart C, et al. Interaction trial between artemether-lumefantrine (Riamet) and quinine in healthy subjects. J Clin Pharmacol. 2002;42:1147–1158.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashley EA, Stepniewska K, Lindegardh N, et al. Pharmacokinetic study of artemether-lumefantrine given once daily for the treatment of uncomplicated multidrug-resistant falciparum malaria. Trop Med Int Health. 2007;12:201–208.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kredo T, Mauff K, Workman L, et al. The interaction between artemether-lumefantrine and lopinavir/ritonavir-based antiretroviral therapy in HIV-1 infected patients. BMC Infecti Dis. 2016;16:30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byakika-Kibwika P, Lamorde M, Mayito J, et al. Significant pharmacokinetic interactions between artemether/lumefantrine and efavirenz or nevirapine in HIV-infected Ugandan adults. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2012;67:2213–2221.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kloprogge F, Piola P, Dhorda M, et al. Population pharmacokinetics of lumefantrine in pregnant and nonpregnant women with uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Uganda. CPT Pharmacometrics Syst Pharmacol. 2013;2:e83.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tarning J, Kloprogge F, Dhorda M, et al. Pharmacokinetic properties of artemether, dihydroartemisinin, lumefantrine, and quinine in pregnant women with uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Uganda. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2013;57:5096–5103.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lefevre G, Bhad P, Jain JP, et al. Evaluation of two novel tablet formulations of artemether-lumefantrine (Coartem) for bioequivalence in a randomized, open-label, two-period study. Malar J. 2013;12:312.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kakuda TN, DeMasi R, van Delft Y, et al. Pharmacokinetic interaction between etravirine or darunavir/ritonavir and artemether/lumefantrine in healthy volunteers: a two-panel, two-way, two-period, randomized trial. HIV Med. 2013;14:421–429.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Minzi OM, Marealle IA, Shekalaghe S, et al. Comparison of bioavailability between the most available generic tablet formulation containing artemether and lumefantrine on the Tanzanian market and the innovator’s product. Malar J. 2013;12:174.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nyunt MM, Nguyen VK, Kajubi R, et al. Artemether-lumefantrine pharmacokinetics and clinical response are minimally altered in pregnant Ugandan women treated for uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2015;60:1274–1282.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parikh S, Fehintola F, Huang L, et al. Artemether-lumefantrine exposure in hiv-infected Nigerian subjects on nevirapine-containing antiretroviral therapy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2015;59:7852–7856.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGready R, Stepniewska K, Lindegardh N, et al. The pharmacokinetics of artemether and lumefantrine in pregnant women with uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Eur J Clin Pharmacoll. 2006;62:1021–1031.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tarning J, McGready R, Lindegardh N, et al. Population pharmacokinetics of lumefantrine in pregnant women treated with artemether-lumefantrine for uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2009;53:3837–3846.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kloprogge F, McGready R, Hanpithakpong W, et al. Lumefantrine and desbutyl-lumefantrine population pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationships in pregnant women with uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria on the Thailand-Myanmar border. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2015;59:6375–6384.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mwesigwa J, Parikh S, McGee B, et al. Pharmacokinetics of artemether-lumefantrine and artesunate-amodiaquine in children in Kampala, Uganda. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2010;54:52–59.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Djimde AA, Tekete M, Abdulla S, et al. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics of a new pediatric formulation of artemether-lumefantrine in African children with uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2011;55:3994–3999.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salman S, Page-Sharp M, Griffin S, et al. Population pharmacokinetics of artemether, lumefantrine, and their respective metabolites in Papua New Guinean children with uncomplicated malaria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2011;55:5306–5313.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tchaparian E, Sambol NC, Arinaitwe E, et al. Population pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of lumefantrine in young Ugandan children treated with artemether-lumefantrine for uncomplicated malaria. J Infect Dis. 2016;214:1243–1251.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hung TY, Davis TM, Ilett KF, et al. Population pharmacokinetics of piperaquine in adults and children with uncomplicated falciparum or vivax malaria. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2004;57:253–262.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hai TN, Hietala SF, Van Huong N, et al. The influence of food on the pharmacokinetics of piperaquine in healthy Vietnamese volunteers. Acta Trop. 2008;107:145–149.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chinh NT, Quang NN, Thanh NX, et al. Pharmacokinetics and bioequivalence evaluation of two fixed-dose tablet formulations of dihydroartemisinin and piperaquine in Vietnamese subjects. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2009;53:828–831.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tarning J, Ashley EA, Lindegardh N, et al. Population pharmacokinetics of piperaquine after two different treatment regimens with dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine in patients with Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Thailand. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2008;52:1052–1061.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nguyen DV, Nguyen QP, Nguyen ND, et al. Pharmacokinetics and ex vivo pharmacodynamic antimalarial activity of dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine in patients with uncomplicated falciparum malaria in Vietnam. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2009;53:3534–3537.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rijken MJ, McGready R, Phyo AP, et al. Pharmacokinetics of dihydroartemisinin and piperaquine in pregnant and nonpregnant women with uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2011;55:5500–5506.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Annerberg A, Lwin KM, Lindegardh N, et al. A small amount of fat does not affect piperaquine exposure in patients with malaria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2011;55:3971–3976.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoglund RM, Adam I, Hanpithakpong W, et al. A population pharmacokinetic model of piperaquine in pregnant and non-pregnant women with uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Sudan. Malar J. 2012;11:398.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adam I, Tarning J, Lindegardh N, et al. Pharmacokinetics of piperaquine in pregnant women in Sudan with uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2012;87:35–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tarning J, Rijken MJ, McGready R, et al. Population pharmacokinetics of dihydroartemisinin and piperaquine in pregnant and nonpregnant women with uncomplicated malaria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2012;56:1997–2007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanboonkunupakarn B, Ashley EA, Jittamala P, et al. Open-label crossover study of primaquine and dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine pharmacokinetics in healthy adult Thai subjects. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2014;58:7340–7346.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lon C, Manning JE, Vanachayangkul P, et al. Efficacy of two versus three-day regimens of dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine for uncomplicated malaria in military personnel in northern Cambodia: an open-label randomized trial. PLoS One. 2014;9:e93138.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benjamin JM, Moore BR, Salman S, et al. Population pharmacokinetics, tolerability, and safety of dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine and sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine-piperaquine in pregnant and nonpregnant Papua New Guinean women. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2015;59:4260–4271.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reuter SE, Evans AM, Shakib S, et al. Effect of food on the pharmacokinetics of piperaquine and dihydroartemisinin. Clin Drug Investig. 2015;35:559–567.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karunajeewa HA, Ilett KF, Mueller I, et al. Pharmacokinetics and efficacy of piperaquine and chloroquine in Melanesian children with uncomplicated malaria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2008;52:237–243.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salman S, Page-Sharp M, Batty KT, et al. Pharmacokinetic comparison of two piperaquine-containing artemisinin combination therapies in Papua New Guinean children with uncomplicated malaria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2012;56:3288–3297.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tarning J, Zongo I, Some FA, et al. Population pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of piperaquine in children with uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2012;91:497–505.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore BR, Benjamin JM, Salman S, et al. Effect of coadministered fat on the tolerability, safety, and pharmacokinetic properties of dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine in Papua New Guinean children with uncomplicated malaria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2014;58:5784–5794.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Navaratnam V, Ramanathan S, Wahab MS, et al. Tolerability and pharmacokinetics of non-fixed and fixed combinations of artesunate and amodiaquine in Malaysian healthy normal volunteers. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2009;65:809–821.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sinou V, Malaika LT, Taudon N, et al. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a new ACT formulation: artesunate/amodiaquine (TRIMALACT) following oral administration in African malaria patients. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. 2009;34:133–142.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fortin A, Verbeeck RK, Jansen FH. Comparative oral bioavailability of non-fixed and fixed combinations of artesunate and amodiaquine in healthy Indian male volunteers. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2011;67:267–275.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu Y, Hu C, Liu G, et al. A replicate designed bioequivalence study to compare two fixed-dose combination products of artesunate and amodiaquine in healthy chinese volunteers. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2014;58:6009–6015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scarsi KK, Fehintola FA, Ma Q, et al. Disposition of amodiaquine and desethylamodiaquine in HIV-infected Nigerian subjects on nevirapine-containing antiretroviral therapy. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2014;69:1370–1376.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adedeji ON, Bolaji OO, Falade CO, et al. Validation and pharmacokinetic application of a high-performance liquid chromatographic technique for determining the concentrations of amodiaquine and its metabolite in plasma of patients treated with oral fixed-dose amodiaquine-artesunate combination in areas of malaria endemicity. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2015;59:5114–5122.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rathod DM, Patel KR, Mistri HN, et al. Application of an LC-MS/MS method for reliable determination of amodiaquine, N-desethylamodiaquine, artesunate and dihydroartemisinin in human plasma for a bioequivalence study in healthy Indian subjects. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2016;124:67–78.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ogutu B, Juma E, Obonyo C, et al. Fixed dose artesunate amodiaquine - a phase IIb, randomized comparative trial with non-fixed artesunate amodiaquine. Malar J. 2014;13:498.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adjei GO, Kristensen K, Goka BQ, et al. Effect of concomitant artesunate administration and cytochrome P4502C8 polymorphisms on the pharmacokinetics of amodiaquine in Ghanaian children with uncomplicated malaria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2008;52:4400–4406.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stepniewska K, Taylor W, Sirima SB, et al. Population pharmacokinetics of artesunate and amodiaquine in African children. Malar J. 2009;8:200.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chanthap L, Tsuyuoka R, Na-Bangchang K, et al. Investigation of bioavailability, pharmacokinetics and safety of new pediatric formulations of artesunate and mefloquine. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2005;36:34–43.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ashley EA, Stepniewska K, Lindegardh N, et al. Population pharmacokinetic assessment of a new regimen of mefloquine used in combination treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2006;50:2281–2285.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gutman J, Green M, Durand S, et al. Mefloquine pharmacokinetics and mefloquine-artesunate effectiveness in Peruvian patients with uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Malar J. 2009;8:58.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krudsood S, Looareesuwan S, Tangpukdee N, et al. New fixed-dose artesunate-mefloquine formulation against multidrug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum in adults: a comparative phase IIb safety and pharmacokinetic study with standard-dose nonfixed artesunate plus mefloquine. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2010;54:3730–3737.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jullien V, Valecha N, Srivastava B, et al. Population pharmacokinetics of mefloquine, administered as a fixed-dose combination of artesunate-mefloquine in Indian patients for the treatment of acute uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Malar J. 2014;13:187.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valea I, Tinto H, Traore-Coulibaly M, et al. Pharmacokinetics of co-formulated mefloquine and artesunate in pregnant and non-pregnant women with uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum infection in Burkina Faso. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2014;69:2499–2507.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reuter SE, Upton RN, Evans AM, et al. Population pharmacokinetics of orally administered mefloquine in healthy volunteers and patients with uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2015;70:868–876.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rattanapunya S, Cressey TR, Rueangweerayut R, et al. Pharmacokinetic interactions between artesunate-mefloquine and ritonavir-boosted lopinavir in healthy Thai adults. Malar J. 2015;14:400.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simpson JA, Price R, Ter Kuile F, et al. Population pharmacokinetics of mefloquine in patients with acute falciparum malaria. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1999;66:472–484.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Price R, Simpson JA, Teja-Isavatharm P, et al. Pharmacokinetics of mefloquine combined with artesunate in children with acute falciparum malaria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1999;43:341–346.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Minzi OM, Gupta A, Haule AF, et al. Lack of impact of artesunate on the disposition kinetics of sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine when the two drugs are concomitantly administered. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2007;63:457–462.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu YM, Zhang KE, Liu Y, et al. Pharmacokinetic properties and bioequivalence of two sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine fixed-dose combination tablets: a parallel-design study in healthy Chinese male volunteers. Clin Ther. 2012;34:2212–2220.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tekete MM, Toure S, Fredericks A, et al. Effects of amodiaquine and artesunate on sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine pharmacokinetic parameters in children under five in Mali. Malar J. 2011;10:275.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sim IK, Davis TM, Ilett KF. Effects of a high-fat meal on the relative oral bioavailability of piperaquine. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2005;49:2407–2411.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Agtmael MA, Van Der Graaf CA, Dien TK, et al. The contribution of the enzymes CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 in the demethylation of artemether in healthy subjects. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. 1998;23:429–436.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ali S, Najmi MH, Tarning J, et al. Pharmacokinetics of artemether and dihydroartemisinin in healthy Pakistani male volunteers treated with artemether-lumefantrine. Malar J. 2010;9:275.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kajubi R, Huang L, Were M, et al. Parasite clearance and artemether pharmacokinetics parameters over the course of artemether-lumefantrine treatment for malaria in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected and HIV-uninfected Ugandan children. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2016;3:ofw217.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tarning J, Kloprogge F, Piola P, et al. Population pharmacokinetics of Artemether and dihydroartemisinin in pregnant women with uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Uganda. Malar J. 2012;11:293.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fehintola FA, Scarsi KK, Ma Q, et al. Nevirapine-based antiretroviral therapy impacts artesunate and dihydroartemisinin disposition in HIV-infected Nigerian adults. AIDS Res Treat. 2012;2012:703604.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Matar KM, Awad AI, Elamin SB. Pharmacokinetics of artesunate alone and in combination with sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine in healthy Sudanese volunteers. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2014;90:1087–1093.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WorldWide Antimalarial Resistance Network Lumefantrine PK/PD Study Group. Artemether-lumefantrine treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria: a systematic review and meta-analysis of day 7 lumefantrine concentrations and therapeutic response using individual patient data. BMC Med. 2015;13:227.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dondorp AM, Nosten F, Yi P, et al. Artemisinin resistance in Plasmodium falciparum malaria. N Engl J Med. 2009;361:455–467.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar