Recent developments in our understanding of the implications of traditional African medicine on drug metabolism

References

• World Health Organization (WHO). Traditional medicine strategy 2014-2023. Geneva: WHO Press; 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Kamsu-Foguem B, Foguem C. Adverse drug reactions in some African herbal medicine: literature review and stakeholders’ interview. Integr Med Res. 2014;3:126–132.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Farombi EO. African indigenous plants with chemotherapeutic potentials and biotechnological approach to the production of bioactive prophylactic agents. Afr J Biotechnol. 2003;2:662–671.
   Google Scholar
• Sibanda M, Naidoo PJ, Nlooto MM. African traditional medicine use amongst people living with HIV/AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa in the era of antiretroviral therapy. Int J Pub Health Safe. 2016;1:110–113.
   Google Scholar
• Ondieki G, Nyagblordzro M, Kikete S, et al. Cytochrome P450 and P-glycoprotein-mediated interactions involving African herbs indicated for common noncommunicable diseases. Evid Complement Altern Med. 2017 cited 2017 Nov 1;18. DOI:10.1155/2017/2582463.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antwi-Baffour SS, Bello AI, Adjei DN, et al. The place of traditional medicine in the African society: the science, acceptance and support. Am J Health Res. 2014;2:49–54.
   Google Scholar
• Cunningham AB. African medicinal plants: setting priorities at the interface between conservation and primary healthcare. People and plants working paper 1. Paris: UNESCO; 1993.
   Google Scholar
• Agbonon A, EkluGadegbeku K, Aklikokou K, et al. In vitro inhibitory effect of West African medicinal and food plants on human cytochrome P450 3A subfamily. J Ethnopharmacol. 2010;128:390–394.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rivera JO, Loya AM, Ceballos R. Use of herbal medicines and implications for conventional drug therapy medical sciences. Altern Integ Med. 2013 cited 2017 Nov 1;7 p. DOI:10.4172/2327-5162.1000130
   Google Scholar
• Patil L, Kulkarni K, Khanvilkar V, et al. In vitro evaluation of herb-drug interactions: a review. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2014;6:9–12.
   Google Scholar
• Na DH, Ji HY, Park EJ, et al. Evaluation of metabolism-mediated herb-drug interactions. Arch Pharmacal Res. 2011;34:1829–1842.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomford NE, Awortwe C, Dzobo K, et al. Inhibition of CYP2B6 by medicinal plant extracts: implication for use of efavirenz and nevirapine-based highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) in resource-limited settings. Molecules. 2016;21:211–226.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou S, Gao Y, Jiang W, et al. Interactions of herbs with cytochrome P450. Drug Metab Rev. 2003;35:35–98.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Awortwe C, Bouic PJ, Masimirembwa CM, et al. Inhibition of major drug metabolizing CYPs by common herbal medicines used by HIV/AIDS patients in Africa – implications for herb-drug interactions. Drug Metab Lett. 2014;7:83–95.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McFadden R, Peterson N. Interactions between drugs and four common medicinal herbs. Nurs Stand. 2011;25:65–68.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• The Joint United Nations Programme on HIV and AIDS (UNAIDS). Fact sheet 2017 Jul, Geneva, Switzerland, 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Van den Bout-van den Beukel CJ, Hamza OJM, Moshi MJ, et al. Evaluation of cytotoxic, genotoxic and CYP450 enzymatic competition effects of Tanzanian plant extracts traditionally used for treatment of fungal infections. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2008;102:515–526.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mogatle S, Skinner M, Mills E, et al. Effect of African potato (Hypoxis hemerocallidea) on the pharmacokinetics of efavirenz. S Afr Med J. 2008;98:945–949.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sibanda M, Nlooto MM, Naidoo P. Concurrent use of Antiretroviral and African traditional medicines amongst people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWA) in the eThekwini metropolitan area of KwaZulu Natal. Afri Health Sci. 2016;16:1118–1130.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mills E, Cooper C, Seely D, et al. African herbal medicines in the treatment of HIV: Hypoxis and Sutherlandia. An overview of evidence and pharmacology. Nutr J. 2005 cited 2017 Nov 2;6 p. DOI:10.1186/1475-2891-4-19.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nair BC, Foster J, Arnason T, et al. In vitro evaluation of human cytochrome P450 and P-glycoprotein-mediated metabolism of some phytochemicals in extracts and formulations of African potato. Phytomedicine. 2007;14:498–507.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fasinu PS, Gutmann H, Schiller H, et al. The potential of Hypoxis hemerocallidea for herb-drug interaction. Pharm Biol. 2013;51:1499–1507.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gwaza L, Aweeka F, Greenblatt R, et al. Co-administration of a commonly used Zimbabwean herbal treatment (African potato) does not alter the pharmacokinetics of lopinavir/ritonavir. Inter J Infecti Dis. 2013;17:e857–e861.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mills E, Foster BC, van Heeswijk R, et al. Impact of African herbal medicines on antiretroviral metabolism. Aids. 2005;19:95–97.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Müller AC, Skinner MF, Kanfer I. Effect of the African traditional medicine, Sutherlandia frutescens, on the bioavailability of the antiretroviral protease inhibitor, Atazanavir. Evid Complement Altern Med. 2013 cited 2017 Nov 1;6 p. DOI:10.1155/2013/324618
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Minocha M, Mandava NK, Kwatra D, et al. Effect of short term and chronic administration of Sutherlandia frutescens on pharmacokinetics of nevirapine in rats. Int J Pharm. 2011 cited 2017 Nov 1;18 p. DOI:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.04.051
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monera-Penduka TG, Maponga CC, Wolfe AR, et al. Effect of Moringa oleifera Lam. Leaf powder on the pharmacokinetics of nevirapine in HIV-infected adults: a one sequence cross-over study. AIDS Res Ther. 2017 cited 2017 Nov 1;7 p. DOI:10.1186/s12981-017-0140-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fasinu PS, Bouic PJ, Rosenkranz B. An overview of the evidence and mechanisms of herb-drug interactions. Front Pharmacol. 2012;3:1–19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Folk WR, Smith A, Song H, et al. Does concurrent use of some botanicals interfere with treatment of tuberculosis? Neuromolecular Med. 2016;18:483–486.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson D, Goggin K, Williams K, et al. Consumption of Sutherlandia frutescens by HIV-seropositive South African adults: an adaptive double-blind randomized placebo controlled trial. PLoS One. 2015 cited 2017 Nov 1;14 p. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0128522.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lala LG, D’Mello PM, Naik SR. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies on interaction of “Trikatu” with diclofenac sodium. J Ethnopharmacol. 2004;91:277–280.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zutshi RK, Singh R, Zutshi U, et al. Influence of piperine on rifampicin blood levels in patients of pulmonary tuberculosis. J Assoc Physicians India. 1985;33:223–224.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tatiraju DV, Bagade VB, Karambelkar PJ, et al. Natural bioenhancers: an overview. J Pharmacogn Phytochem. 2013;2:55–60.
   Google Scholar
• Nwankwo JO, Tahnteng JG, Emerole GO. Inhibition of aflatoxin Bl genotoxicity in human liver-derived HepG2 cells by kolaviron biflavonoids and molecular mechanisms of action. Eurn J Cancer Prev. 2000;9:351–361.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esimone CO. Drug-drug and herb-drug interactions – a comment. Jorind. 2011;9:47–59.
   Google Scholar
• Kazembe T, Munyarari E, Charumbira I. Use of traditional herbal medicines to cure malaria. Bull Environ Pharmacol Life Sci. 2012;1:63–85.
   Google Scholar
• Willcox ML, Bodeker G. Traditional herbal medicines for malaria. Bmj. 2004;329:1156–1159.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agbedahunsi JM, Umeevuruo IF, Elufioye TO, et al. In vivo interaction between extracts of Khaya grandifoliola (Welw) CDC (Meliaceae) and artemisinin in a murine malarial model. Eur J Med Plants. 2013;3:552–560.
   Google Scholar
• Ijarotimi SO, Agbedahunsi JM, Onyeji CO, et al. Chemotherapeutic interaction between Khaya grandifoliola (Welw) CDC stem bark extract and two anti-malarial drugs in mice. Afr J Tradi Complement Altern Med. 2010;7:370–376.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chinwe VU, Obinna IE, Ebele AE, et al. Antimalarial activity of Ageratum conyzoides in combination with chloroquine and artesunate. Asian Pac Jour Trop Med. 2010;3:943–947.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hiben MG, Sibhat GG, Fanta BS, et al. Evaluation of Senna singueana leaf extract as an alternative or adjuvant therapy for malaria. J Trad Complement Med. 2016;6:112–117.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Eseyin OA, Edoho EJ, Godwin NE, et al. Effects of the leaf extract of Telfairia occidentalis on the pharmacokinetics of chloroquine in rats. Int J Biol Chem. 2007;1:256–260.
   Google Scholar
• Igboasoiyia C, Eseyin OA, Udoma NF. The effect of ethanolic extract of Vernonia amygdalina leaves on some pharmacokinetics parameters of chloroquine in rats. Res J Pharmacol. 2008;2:24–27.
   Google Scholar
• Eseyin O, Ebong A, Ubobre A, et al. Changes in some pharmacokinetics parameters of chloroquine by Gnetum africana. Maced J Med Sci. 2012;5:275–279.
   Google Scholar
• Igbinoba SI, Onyeji CO, Akanmu MA, et al. Effect of dehusked Garcinia kola seed on the overall pharmacokinetics of quinine in healthy Nigerian volunteers. J Clin Pharmacol. 2015;55:348–354.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kolade YT, Babalola CP, Olaniyi AA, et al. Effect of kolanut on the pharmacokinetics of the antimalarial drug halofantrine. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2008;64:77–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iwalokun BA. Enhanced antimalarial effects of chloroquine by aqueous Vernonia amygdalina leaf extract in mice infected with chloroquine resistant and sensitive Plasmodium berghei strains. Afr Health Sci. 2008;8:25–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuete V, Efferth T. African flora has the potential to fight multidrug resistance of cancer. BioMed Res Int. 2015 cited 2017 Nov 1;24 p. DOI:10.1155/2015/914813
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fasinu PS, Gutmann H, Schiller H, et al. The potential of Sutherlandia frutescens for herb-drug interaction. Drug Metab Dispos. 2013;41:488–497.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomford NE, Mkhize B, Dzobo K, et al. African lettuce (Launaea taraxacifolia) displays possible anticancer effects and herb-drug interaction potential by CYP1A2, CYP2C9, and CYP2C19 inhibition. OMICS J Integr Biol. 2016;20:528–537.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ogbera AO, Dada O, Adeyeye F, et al. Complementary and alternative medicine use in diabetes mellitus. West Afr J Med. 2010;29:158–162.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Al-Ajmi MF. The effect of fenugreek on the bioavailability of glibenclamide in normal beagle dogs. Afr J Pharm Pharmacol. 2011;5:671–677.
   Google Scholar
• Al-Jenoobi FI, Korashy HM, Ahad A, et al. Potential inhibitory effect of herbal medicines on rat hepatic cytochrome P450 2D gene expression and metabolic activity. Pharmazie. 2014;69:799–803.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Jenoobi FI, Al-Thukair AA, Alametal MA. Effect of Trigonella foenum-graecum L. on metabolic activity of CYP2D6 and CYP3A4. Forsch Komplementarmedizin. 2015;22:180–184.
   Google Scholar
• Korashy HM, Al-Jenoobi FI, Raish M, et al. Impact of herbal medicines like Nigella sativa, Trigonella foenum-graecum, and Ferula asafoetida on cytochrome P450 2C11 gene expression in rat liver. Drug Res. 2014;65:366–372.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Awortwe C, Manda VK, Avonto C, et al. In vitro evaluation of reversible and time-dependent inhibitory effects of Kalanchoe crenata on CYP2C19 and CYP3A4 activities. Drug Metab Lett. 2015;9:48–62.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Appiah-Opong R, Commandeur JNM, Axson C, et al. Interactions between cytochromes P450, glutathione S-transferases and Ghanaian medicinal plants. Food Chem Toxicol. 2008;46:3598–3603.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taesotikul T, Dumrongsakulchai W, Wattanachai N, et al. Inhibitory effects of Phyllanthus amarus and its major lignans on human microsomal cytochrome P450 activities: evidence for CYP3A4 mechanism-based inhibition. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. 2011;26:154–161.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wongnawa M, Kaewmeesri P, Sriwiriyajan S, et al. Effect of Phyllanthus amarus extract on the pharmacokinetics of midazolam in rabbits. Songklanakarin J Sci Techn. 2014;36:547–553.
   Google Scholar
• Al-Jenoobi FI, Al-Thukair AA, Alam MA, et al. Effects of garden cress seeds powder and its alcoholic extract on the metabolic activity of CYP2D6 and CYP3A4. Evid Complement Altern Med. 2014 cited 2017 Nov 1;6 p. DOI:10.1155/2014/634592
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Jenoobi FI, Al-Suwayeh SA, Muzaffar I, et al. Effects of Nigella sativa and Lepidium sativum on cyclosporine pharmacokinetics. BioMed Res Int. 2013 cited 2017 Nov 1;6. DOI:10.1155/2013/953520
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poonam T, Prakash GP, Kumar LV. Interaction of Momordica charantia with metformin in diabetic rats. Am J Pharmacol Toxicol. 2013;8:102–106.
   Google Scholar
• Nivitabishekam SN, Asad M, Prasad VS. Pharmacodynamic interaction of Momordica charantia with rosiglitazone in rats. Chemico-Biol Interact. 2009;177:247–253.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adeloye D, Basquill C. Estimating the prevalence and awareness rates of hypertension in Africa: a systematic analysis. PLoS ONE. 2014 cited 2017 Nov 1;17. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0104300
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mansoor GA. Herbs and alternative therapies in the hypertension clinic. Am J Hypertens. 2001;14:971–975.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramulondi M. Toxicology and herb-drug interaction of selected anti-hypertension plants used by lay persons in northern KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa) [master’s dissertation]. KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa): University of Zululand; 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Ndu OO, Nworu CS, Ehiemere CO, et al. Herb-drug interaction between the extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. and hydrochlorothiazide in experimental animals. J Med Food. 2011;14:640–644.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kolawole JA, Maduenyi A. Effect of Zobo drink (Hibiscus sabdariffa water extract) on the pharmacokinetics of acetaminophen in human volunteers. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. 2004;29:25–29.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brantley SJ, Argikar AA, Lin YS, et al. Herb-drug interactions: challenges and opportunities for improved predictions. Drug Metab Dispos. 2014;42:301–317.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta RC, Chang D, Nammi S, et al. Interactions between antidiabetic drugs and herbs: an overview of mechanisms of action and clinical implications. Diabetol Metab Syndr. 2017;9:59–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar