References
- Ameh, GI. 2006. Crassulacean acid metabolism in some succulent plants. Plant Prod Res J. 10:16–19.
- Batanouny, KH, Stichler, W, Ziegler, H. 1988. Photosynthetic pathways and ecological distribution of Euphorbia species in Egypt. Oecologia. 87:565–569. 10.1007/BF00320421
- Bolhàr-nordenkampf, HR, Öquist, GO. 1993. Chlorophyll fluorescence as a tool in photosynthesis research. In: Hall DO, Scurlock JMO, Bolhàr-nordenkampf HR, Leegood RC, Long SP, editors. Photosynthesis and production in a changing environment. London: Chapman and Hall; 3–37.
- Borland, AM, Maxwell, K, Griffiths, H. 2000. Ecophysiology of plants with crassulacean acid metabolism. In: Leegood R, Sharkey TD, Von Gaemmerer S, editors. Photosynthesis: physiology and metabolism. Amsterdam: Kluwer Academic; p. 583–605.
- Bushmann, C. 1999. Photochemical and non-photochemical quenching of the chlorophyll fluorescence: comparison of variation and limits. Photosynthetica. 37:217–224. 10.1023/A:1007003921135
- Collenette, S. 1999. Wildflowers of Saudi Arabia. Riyadh: NCWCD.
- Cushman, JC. 2001. Crassulacean acid metabolism. A plastic photosynthetic adaptation to arid environments. Plant Physiol. 127:1439–1448. 10.1104/pp.010818
- Dodd, AN, Borland, AM, Halsam, RP, Griffiths, H, Maxwell, K. 1997. Crassulacean acid metabolism: plastic fantastic. J Exp Bot. 53:569–580. 10.1093/jexbot/53.369.569
- Elhaak, MA, Migahid, MM, Wegmann, K. 1997. Ecophysiological studies on Euphorbia paralias under soil salinity and sea water spray treatments. J Arid Environ. 35:459–471. 10.1006/jare.1995.0151
- Feakins, SJ, Sessions, AL. 2010. Crassulacean acid metabolism influences D/H ratio of leaf wax in succulent plants. Organ Geochem. 41:1269–1276. 10.1016/j.orggeochem.2010.09.007
- Fisher, M, Membery, DA. 1998. Climate. In: Ghazanfar SA, Fisher M, editors. Vegetation of the Arabian Peninsula, p. 5–38. Amsterdam: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
- Herrera, A. 2009. Crassulacean acid metabolism and fitness under water deficit stress: if not for carbon gain, what is facultative CAM good for?. Ann Bot. 103:645–653. 10.1093/aob/mcn145
- Luttge, U. 2002. CO2-concentrating: consequences in crassulacean acid metabolism. J Exp Bot. 53(378), 2131–2142. 10.1093/jxb/erf081
- Luttge, U. 2004. Ecophysiology of crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM). Ann Bot. 93(6), 629–652. 10.1093/aob/mch087
- Lüttge, U. 2007. Clusia: a woody neotropical genus of remarkable plasticity and diversity. Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag.
- Lüttge, U. 2008. Stem CAM in arborescent succulents. Trees. 22(2), 139–148. 10.1007/s00468-007-0198-z
- Martin, CE, Loeschen, VS, Lloyd, LB, Coke, LB. 1990. Crassulacean acid metabolism in selected terrestrial succulents in southeastern Jamaica, including two species in the Commelinaceae. Oecologia. 84:99–102. 10.1007/BF00665601
- Masrahi, YS, Al-Yemeni, MN, Al-Turki, TA, Sayed, OH. 2011. Ecophysiological mechanisms of succulent survival in natural conditions: photosynthetic carbon fixation in Caralluma acutangula (Decne. Ne.Br.) (Asclepiadaceae). Polish J Ecol. 59:381–389.
- Masrahi, YS, Al-Yemeni, MN, Sayed, OH. 2012a. Nurse association of the stem succulent Caralluma acutangula in its natural habitat. Ekologia. 31(1), 46–53. 10.4149/ekol_2012_01_46
- Masrahi, YS, Al-Turki, TA, Sayed, OH. 2012b. Crassulacean acid metabolism permutation and survival of Caralluma Species (Apocynaceae) in arid habitats. Ecol Balkanica. 4:63–71.
- Mattos, EA, Herzog, B, Lüttge, U. 1999. Chlorophyll fluorescence during CAM-phases in Clusia minor L. under drought stress. J Exp Bot. 331:253–261.
- Mies, B, Jiménez, MS, Morales, D. 1996. Ecophysiology and distribution of the endemic leafless spurge Euphorbia aphylla and the introduced E. tirucalli (Euphorbiaceae, Euphorbia sect.Tirucalli) in the Canary Islands. Plant Systemat Evol. 202(1–2), 27–36. 10.1007/BF00985816
- Niewiadomska, E, Borland, AM. 2008. Crassulacean acid metabolism: a cause or consequence of oxidative stress in plants?. Prog Bot. 69:247–266.
- Nobel, PS, De La Barrera, E. 2002. Stem water relations and net CO2 uptake for a hemiepiphytic cactus during short-term drought. J Exp Bot. 48:129–137. 10.1016/S0098-8472(02)00016-3
- Osmond, CB, Adams, WW, Smith, ST. 1991. Crassulacean acid metabolism. In: Pearcy RW, Ehleringer J, Mooney HA, Rundel PW, editors. Plant Physiological Ecology, 255–280. London: Chapman and Hall, London.
- Pearcy, RW, Troughton, J. 1975. C4 photosynthesis in tree form Euphorbia species from Hawaiian rainforest sites. Plant Physiol. 55(6), 1054–1056. 10.1104/pp.55.6.1054
- Robinson, S, Osmond, C. 1994. Internal gradients of chlorophyll and carotenoid pigments in relation to photoprotection in thick leaves of plants with crassulacean acid metabolism. Aust J Plant Physiol. 21:497–506. 10.1071/PP9940497
- Sayed, OH. 1996. Adaptational responses of Zygophyllum qatarense Hadidi to stress conditions in a desert environment. J Arid Environ. 32(4), 445–452. 10.1006/jare.1996.0037
- Sayed, OH. 1998. Phenomorphology and ecophysiology of desert succulents in Eastern Arabia. J Arid Environ. 40(2), 177–189. 10.1006/jare.1998.0434
- Sayed, OH. 2001a. Aridity and plant survival in desert environments. In: I Prakash, editor. Ecology of desert environments. Jodhpur: Scientific Publishers; p. 87–103.
- Sayed, OH. 2001b. Crassulacean acid metabolism 1975–2000: a check list. Photosynthetica. 39(3), 339–352. 10.1023/A:1020292623960
- Sayed, OH. 2003. Chlorophyll fluorescence as a tool in cereal crop research. Review. Photosynthetica. 41(3), 321–330. 10.1023/B:PHOT.0000015454.36367.e2
- Tallman, G. 2004. Are diurnal patterns of stomatal movement the result of alternating metabolism of endogenous guard cell ABA and accumulation of ABA delivered to the apoplast around guard cells by transpiration?. J Exp Bot. 55(405), 1963–1976. 10.1093/jxb/erh212
- Tallman, G, Zhu, J, Mawson, BT, Amodeo, G, Nouhi, Z, Levy, K, Zeiger, E. 1997. Induction of CAM in Mesembryanthemum crystallinum abolishes the stomatal response to blue light and light-dependent zeaxanthin formation in guard cell chloroplasts. Plant Cell Physiol. 38(3), 236–242. 10.1093/oxfordjournals.pcp.a029158
- Ting, IP, Sipes, D. 1985. Metabolic modifications of crassulacean acid metabolism in CAM-idling and CAM-cycling. In: Luden PW, Burris JE, editors. Night fixation and CO2 metabolism; Amsterdam: Elsevier. p. 371–378.
- Van Damme, P. 1991. Plant ecology of the Namib desert. Africa Focus. 7:355–400.
- Walker, RP, Leegood, RC. 1996. Phosphorylation of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase in plants: studies in plants with C4 photosynthesis and Crassulacean acid metabolism and in germinating seeds. Biochem J. 317:653–658.
- Webster, GL, Brown, WV, Smith, BN. 1975. Systematics of photosynthetic carbon fixation pathways in Euphorbia. Taxon. 24(1), 27–33. 10.2307/1218995
- Willert, DJ, Brinckmann, E, Scheitler, B, Eller, BM. 1985. Availability of water controls Crassulacean acid metabolism in succulents of the Richtersveld (Namib Desert, South Africa). Planta. 164(1), 44–55. 10.1007/BF00391024
- Winter, K, Smith, JAC. 1996. An introduction to crassulacean acid metabolism. Biochemical principles and ecological diversity. In: Winter K, Smith JAC, editors. Crassulacean acid metabolism. Biochemistry, ecophysiology and evolution. Berlin: Springer Verlag; p. 1–13.
- Winter, K, Aranda, J, Holtum, JAM. 2005. Carbon isotope composition and water-use efficiency in plants with crassulacean acid metabolism. Funct Plant Biol. 32:381–388. 10.1071/FP04123
- Ziegler, H, Batanouny, KH, Sankhla, N, Vyas, OP, Stichler, W. 1981. The photosynthetic pathway types of some desert plants from India, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, and Iraq. Oecologia. 48:93–99. 10.1007/BF00346993