Exogenous glycinebetaine and humic acid improve growth, nitrogen status, photosynthesis, and antioxidant defense system and confer tolerance to nitrogen stress in maize seedlings

References

• Arnozis PA, Nelemans JA, Findenegg GR. 1988. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase activity in plants grown with either NO3− or NH4+ as inorganic nitrogen source. J Plant Physiol. 132:23–27. 10.1016/S0176-1617(88)80177-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arora A, Sairam RK, Srivastava GC. 2002. Oxidative stress and antioxidative systems in plants. Curr Sci. 82:1227–1238.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashraf M. 2009. Biotechnological approach of improving plant salt tolerance using antioxidants as markers. Biotechnol Adv. 27:84–93. 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2008.09.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashraf M. 2010. Inducing drought tolerance in plants: some recent advances. Biotechnol Adv. 28:169–183. 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2009.11.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashraf M, Foolad MR. 2007. Roles of glycinebetaine and proline in improving plant abiotic stress resistance. Environ Exp Bot. 59:206–216. 10.1016/j.envexpbot.2005.12.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bao SD. 2000. Soil and agricultural chemistry analysis. Beijing: China Agriculture Press.
   Google Scholar
• Böhme M, Thi LH. 1997. Influence of mineral and organic treatments in the rizosphere on the growth of tomato plants. Acta Hort. 450:161–168.
   Google Scholar
• Bowman MS, Rohringer R. 1970. Formate metabolism and betaine formation in healthy and rust-affected wheat. Can J Bot. 48:803–811. 10.1139/b70-110
   Google Scholar
• Bradford MM. 1976. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Anal Biochem. 72:248–254. 10.1016/0003-2697(76)90527-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ciompi S, Gentili E, Guidi L, Soldatini GF. 1996. The effect of nitrogen deficiency on leaf gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters in sunflower. Plant Sci. 118:177–184. 10.1016/0168-9452(96)04442-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chapin FS, Clarkson DT, Lenton JR, Walter CHS. 1988. Effect of nitrogen stress and abscisic acid on nitrate absorption and transport in barley and tomato. Planta. 173:340–351. 10.1007/BF00401021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chapin FS, Walter CHS, Clarkson DT. 1987. Growth response of barley and tomato to nitrogen stress and its control by abscisic acid, water relations and photosynthesis. Planta. 173:352–366. 10.1007/BF00401022
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen Y, Aviad T. 1990. Effect of humic substances on plant growth. In: Mc Carthy P, Clap CE, Malcom RL, Bloom PR, editors. Humic substances in soil and crop sciences: selected readings. Madison, (WI): ASA and SSSA; p. 161–186.
   Google Scholar
• Cimrin KM, Türkmen O, Turan M, Tuncer B. 2010. Phosphorus and humic acid application alleviate salinity stress of pepper seedling. Afr J Biotechnol. 9:5845–5851.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cruz JL, Mosquim PR, Pelacani CR, Araujo WL, DaMatta FM. 2003. Photosynthesis impairment in cassava leaves in response to nitrogen deficiency. Plant Soil. 257:417–423. 10.1023/A:1027353305250
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Demiral T, Turkan I. 2004. Does exogenous glycinebetaine affect antioxidative system of rice seedlings under NaCl treatment? J Plant Physiol. 161:1089–1100. 10.1016/j.jplph.2004.03.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dhindsa RS, Plumb-Dhindsa P, Throne TA. 1981. Leaf senescence: correlation with increased levels of membrane permeability and lipid peroxidation and decreased levels of superoxide dismutase and catalase. J Exp Bot. 32:93–101. 10.1093/jxb/32.1.93
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ding L, Wang KJ, Jiang GM, Biswas DK, Xu H, Li LF, Li YH. 2005. Effects of nitrogen deficiency on photosynthetic traits of maize hybrids released in different years. Ann Bot. 96:925–930. 10.1093/aob/mci244
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gorham J. 1996. Glycinebetaine is a major nitrogen-containing solute in the Malvaceae. Phytochemistry. 43:367–369. 10.1016/0031-9422(96)00312-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grattan SR, Grieve CM. 1985. Betaine status in wheat in relation to nitrogen stress and to transient salinity stress. Plant Soil. 85:3–9. 10.1007/BF02197795
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenwood EAN. 1976. Nitrogen stress in plants. Adv Agron. 28:1–35.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grieve CM, Grattan SR. 1983. Rapid assay for determination of water soluble quarter NRA-amino compounds. Plant Soil. 70:303–307. 10.1007/BF02374789
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hai SM, Mir S. 1998. The lignitic coal derived HA and the prospective utilization in Pakistan's agriculture and industry. Sci Tech Dev. 17:32–40.
   Google Scholar
• Hoagland DR, Arnon DI. 1950. The water culture method for growing plants without soils. Calif Agric Exp Station Circular. 347:1–32.
   Google Scholar
• Hoque MA, Banu MNA, Nakamura Y, Shimoishi Y, Murata Y. 2008. Proline and glycinebetaine enhance antioxidant defense and methylglyoxal detoxification systems and reduce NaCl-induced damage in cultured tobacco cells. J Plant Physiol. 165:813–824. 10.1016/j.jplph.2007.07.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lilley RM, Walker DA. 1974. An improved spectrophotometric assay for ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase. Biochim Biophys Acta. 358:226–229. 10.1016/0005-2744(74)90274-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maranville JW, Madhavan S. 2002. Physiological adaptation for nitrogen use efficiency in sorghum. Plant Soil. 245:25–34. 10.1023/A:1020660504596
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCullough DE, Giradin P, Mihajlovic M, Guilera AA, Tollenaar M. 1994. Influence of N supply on development and dry matter accumulation of an old and new maize hybrid. Can J Plant Sci. 74:471–477. 10.4141/cjps94-087
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meinzer FC, Zhu J. 1998. Nitrogen stress reduces the efficiency of the C4CO2 concentrating system, and therefore quantum yield, in Saccharum (sugarcane) species. J Exp Bot. 49:1227–1234.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pandey RK, Maranville JW, Admou A. 2000. Deficit irrigation and nitrogen effects on maize in a Sahelian environment. I. Grain yield and yield components. Agric Water Manage. 46:1–13. 10.1016/S0378-3774(00)00073-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Putter J. 1974. Peroxidases. In: Bregmeyer HU, editor. Methods of enzymatic analysis. New York: Academic Press; p. 685–690.
   Google Scholar
• Sage RF, Zhu XG. 2011. Exploiting the engine of C4 photosynthesis. J Exp Bot. 62:2989–3000. 10.1093/jxb/err179
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saruhan V, Kusvuran A, Babat S. 2011. The effect of different humic acid fertilization on yield and yield components performances of common millet (Panicum miliaceum L.). Sci Res Essays. 6:663–669.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SAS Institute Inc. 1996. Getting started with PROC ANOVA. Cary (NC): SAS Institute Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Uhart SA, Andrade FH. 1995. Nitrogen deficiency in maize. I. Effects on crop growth, development, dry matter partitioning, and kernel set. Crop Sci. 35:1376–1383. 10.2135/cropsci1995.0011183X003500050020x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang X, Lu C. 2005. Photosynthesis is improved by exogenous glycinebetaine in salt-stressed maize plants. Physiol Plant. 124:343–352. 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2005.00518.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang LX, Gao M, Li SQ, Li SX, Liang ZS. 2011. Modulation of plant growth, water status and antioxidative system of two maize (Zea may L.) cultivars induced by exogenous glycinebetaine under long term mild drought stress. Pak J Bot. 43:1587–1594.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang LX, Li SX, Zhang H, Liang ZS. 2007. Nitrogen rates and water stress effects on production, lipid peroxidation and antioxidative enzyme activities in two maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes. J Agron Crop Sci. 193:387–397. 10.1111/j.1439-037X.2007.00276.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang LX, Li SX, Liang ZS. 2009. Differential plant growth and osmotic effects of two maize (Zea mays L.) cultivars to exogenous glycinebetaine application under drought stress. Plant Growth Regul. 58:297–305.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao D, Raja KR, Kakania VG, Reddyb KR. 2005. Nitrogen deficiency effects on plant growth, leaf photosynthesis, and hyperspectral reflectance properties of sorghum. Europ J Agron. 22:391–403. 10.1016/j.eja.2004.06.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao D, Reddy KR, Kakani VG, Read JJ, Carter GA. 2003. Corn (Zea mays L.) growth, leaf pigment concentration, photosynthesis and leaf hyperspectral reflectance properties as affected by nitrogen supply. Plant Soil. 257:205–217. 10.1023/A:1026233732507
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar