References
- Abdelly C, Barhoumi Z, Ghnaya T, Debez A, Ben Hamed K, Ksouri R, Talbi O, Zribi F, Ouerghi Z, Smaoui A, et al. 2006. Potential utilisation of halophytes for the rehabilitation and valorisation of salt-affected areas in Tunisia. Biosaline Agric Salinity Tolerance in Plants. Birkhäuser Basel, Basel. 163–172. doi:10.1007/3-7643-7610-4_18.
- Abdelly C, Debez A, Smaoui A, Grignon C. 2011. Halophyte-fodder species association may improve nutrient availability and biomass production of the Sabkha ecosystem. In: Öztürk M., Böer B., Barth H.-J., Clüsener-Godt M., Khan M.A., Breckle S.-W., editor. Sabkha ecosystems: volume III: Africa and Southern Europe. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands; p. 85–94. doi: 10.1007/978-90-481-9673-9_10
- Adolf VI, Shabala S, Andersen MN, Razzaghi F, Jacobsen S-E. 2012. Varietal differences of quinoa’s tolerance to saline conditions. Plant Soil. 357:117–129. doi:10.1007/s11104-012-1133-7.
- Aebi H. 1984. [13] Catalase in vitro. Methods in Enzymology. 105:121–126. doi:10.1016/S0076-6879(84)05016-3.
- Apel K, Hirt H. 2004. Reactive oxygen species: metabolism, oxidative stress, and signal transduction. Annu Rev Plant Biol. 55:373–399. doi:10.1146/annurev.arplant.55.031903.141701.
- Arndt SK, Arampatsis C, Foetzki A, Li X, Zeng F, Zhang X. 2004. Contrasting patterns of leaf solute accumulation and salt adaptation in four phreatophytic desert plants in a hyperarid desert with saline groundwater. J Arid Environ. 59:259–270. doi:10.1016/j.jaridenv.2004.01.017.
- Ashraf M, Foolad MR. 2007. Roles of glycine betaine and proline in improving plant abiotic stress resistance. Environ Exp Bot. 59:206–216. doi:10.1016/j.envexpbot.2005.12.006.
- Ashraf M, Harris PJC. 2004. Potential biochemical indicators of salinity tolerance in plants. Plant Sci. 166:3–16. doi:10.1016/j.plantsci.2003.10.024.
- Ashraf M, Harris PJC. 2013. Photosynthesis under stressful environments: An overview. Photosynthetica. 51:163–190. doi:10.1007/s11099-013-0021-6.
- Banerjee K, Gatti RC, Mitra A. 2017. Climate change-induced salinity variation impacts on a stenoecious mangrove species in the Indian Sundarbans. Ambio. 46:492–499. doi:10.1007/s13280-016-0839-9.
- Bano S, Ashraf M, Akram NA. 2014. Salt stress regulates enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidative defense system in the edible part of carrot (Daucus carota L.). J Plant Interact. 9:324–329. doi:10.1080/17429145.2013.832426.
- Bates LS, Waldren RP, Teare ID. 1973. Rapid determination of free proline for water-stress studies. Plant Soil. 39:205–207. doi:10.1007/BF00018060.
- Ben Amor N, Ben Hamed K, Debez A, Grignon C, Abdelly C. 2005. Physiological and antioxidant responses of the perennial halophyte Crithmum maritimum to salinity. Plant Sci. 168:889–899. doi:10.1016/j.plantsci.2004.11.002.
- Bendaly A, Messedi D, Smaoui A, Ksouri R, Bouchereau A, Abdelly C. 2016. Physiological and leaf metabolome changes in the xerohalophyte species Atriplex halimus induced by salinity. Plant Physiol Biochem. 103:208–218. doi:10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.02.037.
- Bertero HD, de la Vega AJ, Correa G, Jacobsen SE, Mujica A. 2004. Genotype and genotype-by-environment interaction effects for grain yield and grain size of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) as revealed by pattern analysis of international multi-environment trials. Field Crops Res. 89:299–318. doi:10.1016/j.fcr.2004.02.006.
- Bradford MM. 1976. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Anal Biochem. 72:248–254. doi:10.1016/0003-2697(76)90527-3.
- Cuartero J, Romero-Aranda R, Yeo AR, Flowers TJ. 2002. Variability for some physiological characters affecting salt tolerance in tomato. Acta Hortic. 573:435–441. doi:10.17660/ActaHortic.2002.573.52.
- Dajié Z, Stajkovié M, Jakovljevié M. 1997. An ecophysiological study of Suaeda maritima (Chenopodiaceae) in Serbia. Bocconea. 5:511–516.
- Debez A, Ben Hamed K, Grignon C, Abdelly C. 2004. Salinity effects on germination, growth, and seed production of the halophyte Cakile maritima. Plant Soil. 262:179–189. doi:10.1023/B:PLSO.0000037034.47247.67.
- Demiral T, Türkan İ. 2005. Comparative lipid peroxidation, antioxidant defense systems and proline content in roots of two rice cultivars differing in salt tolerance. Environ Exp Bot. 53:247–257. doi:10.1016/j.envexpbot.2004.03.017.
- Eisa S, Hussin S, Geissler N, Koyro H. 2012. Effect of NaCl salinity on water relations, photosynthesis and chemical composition of Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) as a potential cash crop halophyte. Aust J Crop Sci. 6:357–368.
- Farhat N, Rabhi M, Falleh H, Lengliz K, Smaoui A, Abdelly C, Lachaâl M, Karray-Bouraoui N. 2013. Interactive effects of excessive potassium and Mg deficiency on safflower. Acta Physiol Plant. 35:2737–2745. doi:10.1007/s11738-013-1306-x.
- Flowers TJ, Colmer TD. 2008. Salinity tolerance in halophytes. New Phytol. 179:945–963. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02531.x.
- Flowers TJ, Colmer TD. 2015. Plant salt tolerance: adaptations in halophytes. Ann Bot. 115:327–331. doi:10.1093/aob/mcu267.
- Flowers TJ, Munns R, Colmer TD. 2015. Sodium chloride toxicity and the cellular basis of salt tolerance in halophytes. Ann Bot. 115:419–431. doi:10.1093/aob/mcu217.
- Foyer CH, Noctor G. 2005. Oxidant and antioxidant signalling in plants: a re-evaluation of the concept of oxidative stress in a physiological context. Plant Cell Environ. 28:1056–1071. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3040.2005.01327.x.
- Gagneul D, Aïnouche A, Duhazé C, Lugan R, Larher FR, Bouchereau A. 2007. A reassessment of the function of the so-called compatible solutes in the halophytic Plumbaginaceae Limonium latifolium. Plant Physiol. 144:1598–1611. doi:10.1104/pp.107.099820.
- Gill SS, Tuteja N. 2010. Reactive oxygen species and antioxidant machinery in abiotic stress tolerance in crop plants. Plant Physiol Biochem. 48:909–930. doi:10.1016/j.plaphy.2010.08.016.
- Goussi R, Manaa A, Derbali W, Cantamessa S, Abdelly C, Barbato R. 2018. Comparative analysis of salt stress, duration and intensity, on the chloroplast ultrastructure and photosynthetic apparatus in Thellungiella salsuginea. J Photochem Photobiol, B. 183:275–287. doi:10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2018.04.047.
- Hariadi Y, Marandon K, Tian Y, Jacobsen S-E, Shabala S. 2011. Ionic and osmotic relations in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) plants grown at various salinity levels. J Exp Bot. 62:185–193. doi:10.1093/jxb/erq257.
- Harrouni MC, Daoud S, Koyro H-W. 2003. Effect of seawater irrigation on biomass production and ion composition of seven halophytic species in Morocco. In: Lieth H., Mochtchenko M, editor. Cash crop halophytes: recent studies. Tasks for vegetation science, vol 38. Dordrecht: Springer; p. 59–70. doi: 10.1007/978-94-017-0211-9_6
- Hewitt EJ. 1966. Sand and water culture methods used in the study of plant nutrition. Tech. Commun., 22, Commonwealth Agric. Bureau, Farnham Royal, 2nd edn, 547 pp.
- Hussain MI, Al- Dakheel AJ, Reigosa MJ. 2018. Genotypic differences in agro-physiological, biochemical and isotopic responses to salinity stress in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) plants: Prospects for salinity tolerance and yield stability. Plant Physiol Biochem. 129:411–420. doi:10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.06.023.
- Iqbal H, Yaning C, Waqas M, Shareef M, Raza ST. 2018. Differential response of quinoa genotypes to drought and foliage-applied H2O2 in relation to oxidative damage, osmotic adjustment and antioxidant capacity. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 164:344–354. doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.08.004.
- Jacobsen S-E. 2014. New climate-proof cropping systems in dry areas of the Mediterranean region. J Agron Crop Sci. 200:399–401. doi:10.1111/jac.12080.
- Jacobsen S-E, Mujica A, Jensen CR. 2003. The resistance of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) to adverse abiotic factors. Food Rev Int. 19:99–109. doi:10.1081/FRI-120018872.
- Jacobsen S-E, Quispe H, Mujica A. 2001. Quinoa: an alternative crop for saline soils in the Andes, Scientists and Farmer-Partners in Research for the 21st Century. CIP Program Report 1999–2000, pp. 403–408.
- Jacobsen S-E, Sørensen M, Pedersen SM, Weiner J. 2013. Feeding the world: genetically modified crops versus agricultural biodiversity. Agron Sustainable Dev. 33:651–662. doi:10.1007/s13593-013-0138-9.
- James RA, Rivelli AR, Munns R, Caemmerer Sv. 2002. Factors affecting CO2 assimilation, leaf injury and growth in salt-stressed durum wheat. Funct Plant Biol. 29:1393–1403. doi:10.1071/FP02069.
- Jamil A, Riaz S, Ashraf M, Foolad MR. 2011. Gene expression profiling of plants under salt stress. Crit Rev Plant Sci. 30:435–458. doi:10.1080/07352689.2011.605739.
- Karyotis T, Iliadis C, Noulas C, Mitsibonas T. 2003. Preliminary research on seed production and nutrient content for certain quinoa varieties in a saline–sodic soil. J Agron Crop Sci. 189:402–408. doi:10.1046/j.0931-2250.2003.00063.x.
- Khan AM, Ungar IA, Showalter AM. 2000. The effect of salinity on the growth, water status, and ion content of a leaf succulent perennial halophyte, Suaeda fruticosa (L.) Forssk. J Arid Environ. 45:73–84. doi:10.1006/jare.1999.0617.
- Koyro H-W. 2003. Study of potential cash crop halophytes by a quick check system: determination of the threshold of salinity tolerance and the ecophysiological demands. In: Lieth H., Mochtchenko M., editor. Cash crop halophytes: recent studies. Tasks for vegetation science, vol 38. Dordrecht: Springer; p. 5–17. doi: 10.1007/978-94-017-0211-9_1
- Koyro HW. 2006. Effect of salinity on growth, photosynthesis, water relations and solute composition of the potential cash crop halophyte Plantago coronopus (L.). Environ Exp Bot. 56:136–146. doi:10.1016/j.envexpbot.2005.02.001.
- Koyro H-W, Eisa SS. 2008. Effect of salinity on composition, viability and germination of seeds of Chenopodium quinoa Willd. Plant Soil. 302:79–90. doi:10.1007/s11104-007-9457-4.
- Koyro H-W, Geissler N, Hussin S, Huchzermeyer B. 2006. Mechanisms of cash crop halophytes to maintain yields and reclaim saline soils in arid areas. In: Khan M.A., Weber D.J, editor. Ecophysiology of high salinity tolerant plants. Tasks for vegetation science, vol 40. Dordrecht: Springer; p. 345–366. doi: 10.1007/1-4020-4018-0_22
- Lichtenthaler HK. 1987. [34] Chlorophylls and carotenoids: pigments of photosynthetic biomembranes. Methods Enzymol. 148:350–382. doi:10.1016/0076-6879(87)48036-1.
- Loreto F, Velikova V. 2001. Isoprene produced by leaves protects the photosynthetic apparatus against ozone damage, quenches ozone products, and reduces lipid peroxidation of cellular membranes. Plant Physiol. 127:1781–1787. doi:10.1104/pp.010497.
- Lutts S, Kinet JM, Bouharmont J. 1996. Effects of salt stress on growth, mineral nutrition and proline accumulation in relation to osmotic adjustment in rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars differing in salinity resistance. Plant Growth Regul. 19:207–218. doi:10.1007/BF00037793.
- Manaa A, Ben Ahmed H, Valot B, Bouchet J-P, Aschi-Smiti S, Causse M, Faurobert M. 2011. Salt and genotype impact on plant physiology and root proteome variations in tomato. J Exp Bot. 62:2797–2813. doi:10.1093/jxb/erq460.
- Manaa A, Gharbi E, Mimouni H, Wasti S, Aschi-Smiti S, Lutts S, Ben Ahmed H. 2014a. Simultaneous application of salicylic acid and calcium improves salt tolerance in two contrasting tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) cultivars. S Afr J Bot. 95:32–39. doi:10.1016/j.sajb.2014.07.015.
- Manaa A, Goussi R, Derbali W, Cantamessa S, Abdelly C, Barbato R. 2019. Salinity tolerance of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) as assessed by chloroplast ultrastructure and photosynthetic performance. Environmental and Experimental Botany. 162:103–114. doi:10.1016/j.envexpbot.2019.02.012.
- Manaa A, Mimouni H, Terras A, Chebil F, Wasti S, Gharbi E, Ben Ahmed H. 2014b. Superoxide dismutase isozyme activity and antioxidant responses of hydroponically cultured Lepidium sativum L. to NaCl stress. J Plant Interact. 9:440–449. doi:10.1080/17429145.2013.850596.
- Mansour MMF, Ali EF. 2017. Evaluation of proline functions in saline conditions. Phytochem. 140:52–68. doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2017.04.016.
- Misra N, Gupta AK. 2005. Effect of salt stress on proline metabolism in two high yielding genotypes of green gram. Plant Sci. 169:331–339. doi:10.1016/j.plantsci.2005.02.013.
- Mittal S, Kumari N, Sharma V. 2012. Differential response of salt stress on Brassica juncea: photosynthetic performance, pigment, proline, D1 and antioxidant enzymes. Plant Physiol Biochem. 54:17–26. doi:10.1016/j.plaphy.2012.02.003.
- Mittler R. 2002. Oxidative stress, antioxidants and stress tolerance. Trends Plant Sci. 7:405–410. doi:10.1016/S1360-1385(02)02312-9.
- Munns R, Termaat A. 1986. Whole-plant responses to salinity. Aust J Plant Physiol. 13:143–160. doi:10.1071/PP9860143.
- Munns R, Tester M. 2008. Mechanisms of salinity tolerance. Annu Rev Plant Biol. 59:651–681. doi:10.1146/annurev.arplant.59.032607.092911.
- Nakano Y, Asada K. 1981. Hydrogen peroxide is scavenged by ascorbate specific peroxidase in spinach chloroplasts. Plant & Cell Physiol. 22:867–888. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.pcp.a076232.
- Negrão S, Schmöckel SM, Tester M. 2017. Evaluating physiological responses of plants to salinity stress. Ann Bot. 119:1–11. doi:10.1093/aob/mcw191.
- Nikalje CG, Nikam TD, Suprasanna P. 2017. Looking at halophytic adaptation to high salinity through genomics Landscape. Curr Genomics. 18:542–552. doi:10.2174/1389202918666170228143007.
- Oukarroum A, Bussotti F, Goltsev V, Kalaji HM. 2015. Correlation between reactive oxygen species production and photochemistry of photosystems I and II in Lemna gibba L. plants under salt stress. Environ Exp Bot. 109:80–88. doi:10.1016/j.envexpbot.2014.08.005.
- Rao MKV, Sresty TVS. 2000. Antioxidative parameters in the seedlings of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millspaugh) in response to Zn and Ni stresses. Plant Sci. 157:113–128. doi:10.1016/S0168-9452(00)00273-9.
- Redondo-Gómez S, Mateos-Naranjo E, Davy AJ, Fernandez-Munoz F, Castellanos EM, Luque T, Figueroa ME. 2007. Growth and photosynthetic responses to salinity of the salt-marsh shrub Atriplex portulacoides. Ann Bot. 100:555–563. doi:10.1093/aob/mcm119.
- Redondo-Gómez S, Mateos-Naranjo E, Figueroa ME, Davy AJ. 2010. Salt stimulation of growth and photosynthesis in an extreme halophyte, Arthrocnemum macrostachyum. Plant Biol. 12:79–87. doi:10.1111/j.1438-8677.2009.00207.x.
- Redondo-Gómez S, Wharmby C, Castillo JM, Mateos-Naranjo E, Luque CJ, de Cires A, Luque T, Davy AJ, Figueroa ME. 2006. Growth and photosynthetic responses to salinity in an extreme halophyte, Sarcocornia fruticosa. Physiol Plant. 128:116–124. doi:10.1111/j.1399-3054.2006.00719.x.
- Rozema J, Flowers T. 2008. Crops for a salinized world. Science. 322:1478–1480. doi:10.1126/science.1168572.
- Ruiz KB, Biondi S, Oses R, Acuña-Rodríguez IS, Antognoni F, Martinez-Mosqueira EA, Coulibaly A, Canahua-Murillo A, Pinto M, Zurita-Silva A, et al. 2014. Quinoa biodiversity and sustainability for food security under climate change. A review. Agron Sustainable Dev. 34:349–359. doi:10.1007/s13593-013-0195-0.
- Shabala S. 2013. Learning from halophytes: physiological basis and strategies to improve abiotic stress tolerance in crops. Ann Bot. 112:1209–1221. doi:10.1093/aob/mct205.
- Shabala S, Hariadi Y, Jacobsen S-E. 2013. Genotypic difference in salinity tolerance in quinoa is determined by differential control of xylem Na+ loading and stomatal density. J Plant Physiol. 170:906–914. doi:10.1016/j.jplph.2013.01.014.
- Song J, Feng G, Tian C-Y, Zhang F-S. 2006. Osmotic adjustment traits of Suaeda physophora, Haloxylon ammodendron and Haloxylon persicum in field or controlled conditions. Plant Sci. 170:113–119. doi:10.1016/j.plantsci.2005.08.004.
- Sosa-Zuniga V, Brito V, Fuentes F, Steinfort U. 2017. Phenological growth stages of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) based on the BBCH scale. Ann Appl Biol. 171:117–124. doi:10.1111/aab.12358.
- Souid A, Bellani L, Magné C, Zorrig W, Smaoui A, Abdelly C, Longo V, Ben Hamed K. 2018. Physiological and antioxidant responses of the sabkha biotope halophyte Limonium delicatulum to seasonal changes in environmental conditions. Plant Physiol Biochem. 123:180–191. doi:10.1016/j.plaphy.2017.12.008.
- Sudhir P, Murthy SDS. 2004. Effects of salt stress on basic processes of photosynthesis. Photosynthetica. 42:481–486. doi:10.1007/S11099-005-0001-6.
- Vineis P, Chan Q, Khan A. 2011. Climate change impacts on water salinity and health. J Epidemiol Glob Health. 1:5–10. doi:10.1016/j.jegh.2011.09.001.
- Vineis P, Khan A. 2012. Climate change-induced salinity threatens health. Science. 338:1028–1029. doi:10.1126/science.338.6110.1028-b.
- Waqas M, Yaning C, Iqbal H, Shareef M, Rehman H, Yang Y. 2017. Paclobutrazol improves salt tolerance in quinoa: Beyond the stomatal and biochemical interventions. J Agron Crop Sci. 203:315–322. doi:10.1111/jac.12217.
- Waqas M, Yaning C, Iqbal H, Shareef M, ur Rehman H, Iqbal S, Mahmood S. 2019. Soil drenching of paclobutrazol: An efficient way to improve quinoa performance under salinity. Physiol Plant. 165:219–231. doi:10.1111/ppl.12820.
- Willekens H, Chamnongpol S, Davey M, Schraudner M, Langebartels C, Van Montagu M, Van Camp W. 1997. Catalase is a sink for H2O2 and is indispensable for stress defence in C3 plants. EMBO J. 16:4806–4816. doi:10.1093/emboj/16.16.4806.
- Wolf B. 1982. A comprehensive system of leaf analyses and its use for diagnosing crop nutrient status. Commun Soil Sci Plant Anal. 13:1035–1059. doi:10.1080/00103628209367332.
- Yeo A. 1998. Molecular biology of salt tolerance in the context of whole-plant physiology. J Exp Bot. 49:915–929. doi:10.1093/jxb/49.323.915.
- Zhang H, Zhao K. 1998. Effects of salt and water stresses on osmotic adjustment of Suaeda salsa seedlings. Acta Bot Sin. 40:56–61.
- Zhao X, Wang W, Zhang F, Deng J, Li Z, Fu B. 2014. Comparative metabolite profiling of two rice genotypes with contrasting salt stress tolerance at the seedling stage. PLoS One. 9:e108020. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0108020.
- Zurita-Silva A, Fuentes F, Zamora P, Jacobsen S-E, Schwember AR. 2014. Breeding quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.): potential and perspectives. Mol Breed. 34:13–30. doi:10.1007/s11032-014-0023-5.