Determinants of athletes’ moral competence: the role of demographic characteristics and sport-related perceptions

References

• Beller, J. M., and S. K. Stoll. 1995. “Moral Reasoning of High School Student Athletes and General Students: An Empirical Study versus Personal Testimony.” Pediatric Exercise Science 7: 352–363.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boixadós, M., J. Cruz, M. Torregrosa, and L. Valiente. 2004. “Relationships among Motivational Climate, Satisfaction, Perceived Ability, and Fair Play Attitudes in Young Soccer Players.” Journal of Applied Sport Psychology 16: 301–317.10.1080/10413200490517977
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bredemeier, B. J. 1985. “Moral Reasoning and the Perceived Legitimacy of Intentionally Injurious Sport Acts.” Journal of Sport Psychology 7: 110–124.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bredemeier, B. J. 1994. “Children’s Moral Reasoning and Their Assertive, Aggressive and Submissive Tendencies in Sport and Daily Life.” Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 16: 1–14.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bredemeier, B. J., and D. L. Shields. 1984. “The Utility of Moral Stage Analysis in the Investigation of Athletic Aggression.” Sociology of Sport Journal 1: 138–149.
   Google Scholar
• Bredemeier, B., M. Weiss, D. Shields, and B. Cooper. 1986. “The Relationship of Sport Involvement with Children’s Moral Reasoning and Aggression Tendencies.” Journal of Sport Psychology 8: 304–318.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calmeiro, L., S. K. Stoll, and P. Davis. 2015. “Moral Reasoning in Sport: Validation of the Portuguese Version of the RSBH Value-judgment Inventory in Adolescents.” Sport Science Review 24 (5–6): 285–304.
   Google Scholar
• Doty, J. 2006. “Sports Build Character?!” Journal of College and Character 7 (3): 1–9.
   Google Scholar
• Doty, J. P., and A. Lumpkin. 2010. “Do Sports Build or Reveal Character? An Exploratory Study at One Service Academy.” Physical Educator 67 (1): 18–32.
   Google Scholar
• Dunn, J. G., and J. C. Causgrove-Dunn. 1999. “Goal Orientations, Perceptions of Aggression and Sportspersonship in Elite Male Youth Ice Hockey Players.” The Sport Psychologist 13: 183–200.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fry, M. D., and M. Newton. 2003. “Application of Achievement Goal Theory in an Urban Youth Tennis Setting.” Journal of Applied Sport Psychology 15: 50–66.10.1080/10413200305399
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gardner, R. E., and C. M. Janelle. 2002. “Legitimacy Judgments of Perceived Aggression and Assertion by Contact and Non-Contact Sport Participants.” International Journal of Sport Psychology 33: 290–306.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guivernau, M., and J. L. Duda. 2002. “Moral Atmosphere and Athletic Aggressive Tendencies in Young Soccer Players.” Journal of Moral Education 31: 67–85.10.1080/03057240120111445
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gürpınar, B. 2014. “Attitudes to Moral Decision Making of the Student Athletes in Secondary and High School according to Gender, Education Level and Sport Variables.” Education and Science 39 (176): 413–424.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hodge, K., and L. Petlichkoff. 2000. “Goal Profiles in Sport Motivation: A Cluster Analysis.” Journal of Sport and Exercice Psychology 22: 256–272.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holowchak, M. A. 2003. “Aggression, Gender, and Sport: Reflections on Sport as a Means of Moral Education.” Journal of Social Philosophy 34 (3): 387–399.10.1111/1467-9833.00189
   Google Scholar
• Karamavrou, S., K. Mouratidou, S. Vlachopoulos, and C. Christofidi. 2004. “The Representation of Moral Maturity Level through Stage Preference: A Comparative Study in Higher Educational Level.” Hellenic Journal of Sport Psychology 15: 47–60.
   Google Scholar
• Kavussanu, M., C. G. Roberts, and N. Ntoumanis. 2002. “Contextual Influences on Moral Functioning of College Basketball Players.” The Sport Psychologist 16: 347–367.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kavussanu, M. A., Alistair R. Seal, and D. R. Phillips. 2006. “Observed Prosocial and Antisocial Behaviors in Male Soccer Teams: Age Differences across Adolescence and the Role of Motivational Variables.” Journal of Applied Sport Psychology 18: 326–344.10.1080/10413200600944108
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kavussanu, M., R. Stamp, G. Slade, and C. Ring. 2009. “Observed Prosocial and Antisocial Behaviors in Male and Female Soccer Players.” Journal of Applied Sport Psychology 21 (sup1): S62–S76.10.1080/10413200802624292
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kohlberg, L. 1964. “Development of Moral Character and Moral Ideology.” In Review of Child Development Research, edited by M. L. Hoffman and L. W. Hoffman, 381–431. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
   Google Scholar
• Kohlberg, L. 1976. “Moral Stages and Moralization: Cognitive – Developmental Approach.” In Moral Development and Behavior: Theory, Research and Social Issues, edited by T. Lickona, 31–53. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
   Google Scholar
• Kohlberg, L. 1984. Essays on Moral Development: Vol. 2. the Psychology of Moral Development. San Francisco, CA: Harper and Row.
   Google Scholar
• Kohlberg, L. 2004. “The Cognitive-Developmental Approach to Moral Education.” In Psychology of Education, edited by P. K. Smith and A. D. Pellegrini, 597–614. London: Routledge Falmer.
   Google Scholar
• Kohlberg, L., and R. H. Hersh. 1977. “Moral Development: A Review of the Theory.” Theory into Practice 16 (2): 53–59.10.1080/00405847709542675
   Google Scholar
• Lemyre, P. N., Glyn C. Roberts, and Y. Ommundsen. 2002. “Achievement Goal Orientations, Perceived Ability, and Sportspersonship in Youth Soccer.” Journal of Applied Sport Psychology 14: 120–136.10.1080/10413200252907789
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lemyre, P. N., C. G. Roberts, Y. Ommundsen, and B. Miller. 2001. “Sportspersonship in Soccer: The Role of Achievement Goals and Gender.” Proceedings of the 10th World Congress of Sport Psychology, Skiathos Greece, May–June, 28–2.
   Google Scholar
• Lind, G. 1978. “Wie miβt man moralisches Urteil? Probleme und alternative Moeglichkeiten der Messung eines komplexen Konstrukts.” [How to Measure Moral Judgment? Problems and Alternative Ways of Measuring a Complex Construct.] In Sozialisation und Moral [Socialisation and Morality], edited by G. Portele, 171–201. Weinheim: Beltz.
   Google Scholar
• Lind, G. 2002a. Introduction to the Moral Judgment Test (MJT). Measurement of Moral Judgment Competence and Moral Attitudes for Research and Evaluation. Accessed November 12, 2002. www.uni-konstanz.de/ag-moral/mut/ΕΗΚ-intro.htm
   Google Scholar
• Lind, G. 2002b. The Meaning and Measurement of Moral Judgment Competence. A Dual-aspect Model. Accessed November 12, 2002. www.uni-konstanz.de/ag-moral/mut/ΕΗΚ-engl.htm
   Google Scholar
• Miller, B., G. C. Roberts, and Y. Ommundsen. 2005. “Effect of Perceived Motivational Climate on Moral Functioning, Team Moral Atmosphere Perceptions, and the Legitimacy of Intentionally Injurious Acts among Competitive Youth Football Players.” Psychology of Sport and Exercise 6: 461–477.10.1016/j.psychsport.2004.04.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mouratidou, K., V. Barkoukis, and S. Rizos. 2012. “Achievement Goals and Moral Competence in Sport.” European Psychologist 17 (1): 34–43.10.1027/1016-9040/a000043
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mouratidou, Κ., D. Chatzopoulos, S. Goutza, and S. Karamavrou. 2003. “Έλεγχος της εγκυρότητας του Ερωτηματολογίου Ηθικής Κρίσης (ΕΗΚ) του Lind στην Ελλάδα.” [Validity study of Lind’s Moral Judgment Test (ΜJT) in Greece.] Hellenic Journal of Physical Education and Sports 50: 47–59.
   Google Scholar
• Mouratidou, K., D. Chatzopoulos, and S. Karamavrou. 2007. “Moral Development in Sport Context: Utopia or Reality?” Hellenic Journal of Psychology 4: 163–184.
   Google Scholar
• Nunner-Winkler, G. 2007. “Development of Moral Motivation from Childhood to Early Adulthood.” Journal of Moral Education 36 (4): 399–414.10.1080/03057240701687970
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pensgaard, A., and G. Roberts. 2000. “The Relationship between Motivational Climate, Perceived Ability and Sources of Distress among Elite Athletes.” Journal of Sports Sciences 18: 191–200.10.1080/026404100365090
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piaget, J. 1952. The Origins of Intelligence in Children. New York: International Universities Press.10.1037/11494-000
   Google Scholar
• Priest, R. F., J. V. Krause, and J. Beach. 1999. “Four-year Changes in College Athletes’ Ethical Value Choices in Sports Situations.” Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 70 (2): 170–178.10.1080/02701367.1999.10608034
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rudd, A., and S. Stoll. 2004. “What Type of Character Do Athletes Possess? An Empirical Examination of College Athletes versus College Non-athletes with the RSBH Value Judgment Inventory.” The Sport Journal 7 (2): 1–10.
   Google Scholar
• Sage, L., and M. Kavussanou. 2007. “The Effects of Goal Involvement on Moral Behaviour Experimentally Manipulated Competitive Setting.” Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology 29: 190–207.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sage, L., M. Kavussanu, and J. Duda. 2006. “Goal Orientations and Moral Identity as Predictors of Prosocial and Antisocial Functioning in Male Association Football Players.” Journal of Sports Sciences 24: 455–466.10.1080/02640410500244531
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shields, D. L., N. M. LaVoi, B. L. Bredemeier, and F. C. Power. 2007. “Predictors of Poor Sportspersonship in Youth Sports: Personal Attitudes and Social Influences.” Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 29: 747–762.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stephens, D. E. 2001. “Predictors of Aggressive Tendencies in Girls’ Basketball: An Examination of Beginning and Advanced Participants in a Summer Skills Camp.” Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 72: 257–266.10.1080/02701367.2001.10608958
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stephens, D. E., and B. J. Bredemeier. 1996. “Moral Atmosphere and Judgments about Aggression in Girls’ Soccer: Relationships among Moral and Motivational Variables.” Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 18: 158–173.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stoll, J. M., and S. K. Beller. 1993. “Sportsmanship: An Antiquated Concept?” Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance 64 (6): 74–79.
   Google Scholar
• Tucker, L. W., and J. B. Parkis. 2001. “Effects of Gender and Sport Type on Intercollegiate Athletes’ Perceptions of the Legitimacy of Aggressive Behaviors in Sport.”Sociology Sport Journal 18: 403–413.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vallerand, R. L., P. Deshaies, and J. P. Cuerrier. 1997. “On the Effects of the Social Context on Behavioral Intentions of Sportsmanship.” International Journal Sport Psychology 28: 126–140.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiss, M. R., L. E. Kipp, and D. Goodman. 2015. “Unsportsmanlike Play in Youth Ice Hockey: Gender and Age Differences in Attitudes and Perceived Social Approval.” International Journal of Sport Psychology 46 (1): 1–17.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar