#SheBelieves: the use of Instagram to frame the US Women’s Soccer Team during #FIFAWWC

References

• Angelini, J. R., and A. C. Billings. 2010. “An Agenda that Sets the Frames: Gender, Language, and NBC’s Americanized Olympic Telecast.” Journal of Language and Social Psychology 29: 363–385. doi:10.1177/0261927X10368831.10.1177/0261927X10368831
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Angelini, J. R., P. J. MacArthur, and A. C. Billings. 2012. “What’s the Gendered Story? Vancouver’s Prime Time Olympic Glory on NBC.” Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 56 (2): 261–279. doi:10.1080/08838151.2012.678515.10.1080/08838151.2012.678515
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antil, J. H., E. Burton, and M. Robinson. 2012. “Exploring the Challenges Facing Female Athletes as Endorsers.” Journal of Brand Strategy 1 (3): 292–307.
   Google Scholar
• Billings, A. C., and J. R. Angelini. 2007. “Packaging the Games for Viewer Consumption: Gender, Ethnicity, and Nationality in NBC's Coverage of the 2004 Summer Olympics.” Communication Quarterly 55 (1): 95–111. doi:10.1080/01463370600998731.10.1080/01463370600998731
   Google Scholar
• Billings, A. C., C. L. Brown, J. H. Crout III, K. E. McKenna, B. A. Rice, M. E. Timanus, and J. Ziegler. 2008. “The Games Through the NBC Lens: Gender, Ethnic, and National Equity in the 2006 Torino Winter Olympics.” Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 52 (2): 215–230. doi:10.1080/08838150801992003.10.1080/08838150801992003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Billings, A. C., and S. T. Eastman. 2002. “Selective Representation of Gender, Ethnicity, and Nationality in American Television Coverage of the 2000 Summer Olympics.” International Review for the Sociology of Sport 37 (3–4): 351–370. doi:10.1177/101269020203700302.10.1177/101269020203700302
   Google Scholar
• Billings, A. C., K. K. Halone, and B. E. Denham. 2002. “‘Man That Was a Pretty Shot’: An Analysis of Gendered Broadcast Commentary of the 2000 Men’s and Women’s NCAA Final Four Basketball Tournaments.” Mass Communication & Society 5 (3): 295–315. doi:10.1207/S15327825MCS0503_4.10.1207/S15327825MCS0503_4
   Google Scholar
• Bissell, K. L., and A. M. Duke. 2007. “Bump, Set, Spike: An Analysis of Commentary and Camera Angles of Women’s Beach Volleyball during the 2004 Summer Olympics.” Journal of Promotion Management 13 (1/2): 35–53. doi: 10.1300/J057v13n01_04.10.1300/J057v13n01_04
   Google Scholar
• Boyle, E., B. Millington, and P. Vertinsky. 2006. “Representing the Female Pugilist: Narratives of Race, Gender, and Disability in Million Dollar Baby.” Sociology of Sport Journal 23: 99–116. doi:10.1123/ssj.23.2.99.10.1123/ssj.23.2.99
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruce, T. 2016. “New Rules for New Times: Sportswomen and Media Representation in the Third Wave.” Sex Roles, 74: 361–376. doi:10.1007/s11199-015-0497-6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burch, L. M., E. L. Frederick, and A. Pegoraro. 2015. “Kissing in the Carnage: An Examination of Framing on Twitter During the Vancouver Riots.” Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 59 (3): 399–415. doi:10.1080/08838151.2015.1054999.10.1080/08838151.2015.1054999
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bystrom, D. G., T. A. Robertson, and M. A. Banwart. 2001. “Framing the Fight: An Analysis of Media Coverage of Female and Male Candidates in Primary Races for Governor and U.S. Senate in 2000.” American Behavioral Scientist 44 (12): 1999–2013.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chittal, J., and K. Harjai. 2015. “Social Media Explodes After U.S. Women’s World Cup Win.” MSNBC, July 6. Accessed June 12, 2016. http://www.msnbc.com/msnbc/social-media-explodes-after-us-womens-world-cup-win
   Google Scholar
• Clavio, G., and A. N. Eagleman. 2011. “Gender and Sexually Suggestive Images in Sports Blogs.” Journal of Sport Management 25: 295–304. doi:10.1123/jsm.25.4.295.10.1123/jsm.25.4.295
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coleman, R. 2010. “Framing the Pictures in Our Heads: Exploring the Framing and Agenda Setting Effects of Visual Images.” In Doing Frame Analysis: Empirical and Theoretical Perspectives, edited by Paul D’Angelo and Jim Kuypers, 233–261. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Cooky, C., M. A. Messner, and M. Musto. 2015. “‘It’s Dude Time!’ A Quarter Century of excluding Women’s Sports in Televised News and Highlight Shows.” Communication & Sport 3 (3): 261–287. doi:10.1177/2167479515588761.10.1177/2167479515588761
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daniels, E., and H. Wartena. 2011. “Athlete or Sex Symbol: What Boys Think of Media Representations of Female Athletes.” Sex Roles 65: 566–579. doi:10.1007/s11199-011-9959-7.10.1007/s11199-011-9959-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Devitt, J. 1999. Framing Gender on the Campaign Trail: Women’s Executive Leadership and the Press. Washington, DC: The Women’s Leadership Fund.
   Google Scholar
• Duggan, M., N.B. Ellison, C. Lampe, A. Lenhart, and M. Madden. 2015. “Social Media Update 2014.” Pew Research Center. Accessed June 12, 2016. http://www.pewinternet.org/2015/01/09/social-media-update-2014/
   Google Scholar
• Endres, K. L. 2004. “‘Help-Wanted Female’: Editor & Publisher Frames a Civil Rights Issue.” Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 81 (1): 7–21. doi:10.1177/107769900408100102.10.1177/107769900408100102
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Entman, R. M. 1993. “Framing: Toward Clarification of a Fractured Paradigm.” Journal of Communication 43 (4): 51–58. doi:10.1111/jcom.1993.43.issue-4.10.1111/jcom.1993.43.issue-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fink, J. S., and L. J. Kensicki. 2002. “An Imperceptible Difference: Visual and Textual Constructions of Femininity in Sports Illustrated and Sports Illustrated for Women.” Mass Communication and Society 5 (3): 317–339. doi:10.1207/S15327825MCS0503_5.10.1207/S15327825MCS0503_5
   Google Scholar
• Frederick, E., A. Pegoraro, and L. Burch. 2016. “Echo chambers and the organic: A comparative analysis of traditional and social media framing of the 2014 Sochi Winter Olympic.” Games Online Information Review 40 (6): 798–813.
   Google Scholar
• Geurin-Eagleman, A. N., and L. M. Burch. 2015. “Communicating via photographs: A gendered analysis of Olympic athletes’ visual self-presentation on Instagram.” Sport Management Review 19 (2): 133–145.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hardin, M., Chance, J., Dodd, J. E., and Hardin, B. 2002. Olympic Photo Coverage Fair to Female Athletes. Newspaper Research Journal 23 (2–3): 64–78. doi:10.1177/073953290202300206.10.1177/073953290202300206
   Google Scholar
• Hardin, M., S. Lynn, and K. Walsdorf. 2005. “Challenge and Conformity on “Contested Terrain”: Images of Women in Four Women’s Sport/Fitness Magazines.” Sex Roles 53 (1/2): 105–117. doi:10.1007/s11199-005-4285-6.10.1007/s11199-005-4285-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harwell, D. 2015. “Why Hardly Anyone Sponsored the Most-Watched Soccer Match in U.S. History.” Washington Post, July 6. Accessed June 12, 2016. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2015/07/06/the-sad-gender-economics-of-the-womens-world-cup/
   Google Scholar
• Jones, D. 2006. “The Representation of Female Athletes in Online Images of Successive Olympic Games.” Pacific Journalism Review 12 (1): 108–129.
   Google Scholar
• Jones, D. 2013. “Online Coverage of the 2008 Olympic Games on the ABC, BBC, CBC and TVNZ.” Pacific Journalism Review 19 (1): 244–263.
   Google Scholar
• Kane, M. J., N. M. LaVoi, and J. S. Fink. 2013. “Exploring Elite Female Athletes’ Interpretations of Sport Media Images: A Window into the Construction of Social Identity and ‘Selling Sex’ in Women’s Sports.” Communication & Sport 1 (3): 269–298. doi:10.1177/2167479512473585.10.1177/2167479512473585
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kane, M. J., and H. D. Maxwell. 2011. “Expanding the Boundaries of Sport Media Research: Using Critical Theory to Explore Consumer Responses to Representations of Women’s Sports.” Journal of Sport Management 25: 202–216. doi:10.1123/jsm.25.3.202.10.1123/jsm.25.3.202
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kauer, K., and V. Krane. 2006. “‘Scary Dykes and Feminine Queens’: Stereotypes and Female Athletes.” Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal 15: 43–56.
   Google Scholar
• Kian, E. M., J. Vincent, and M. Mondello. 2008. “Masculine Hegemonic Hoops: An Analysis of Media Coverage of March Madness.” Sociology of Sport Journal 25: 223–242. doi:10.1123/ssj.25.2.223.10.1123/ssj.25.2.223
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knight, J. L., and T.A. Giuliano. 2002. “He’s a Laker, She’s a Looker: The Consequences of Gender-Stereotypical Portrayals of Male and Female Athletes by the Print Media.” Sex Roles 45 (3/4): 217–229. doi:10.1023/A:1013553811620.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knight, J. L., and T.A. Giuliano. 2003. “Blood, Sweat, and Jeers: The Impact of the Media’s Heterosexist Portrayals on Perceptions of Male and Female Athletes.” Journal of Sport Behavior 26 (3): 272–284.
   Google Scholar
• Krane, V., S. R. Ross, M. Miller, J. L. Rowse, K. Ganoe, J. A. Andrzejczyk, and C. B. Lucas. 2010. “Power and Focus: Self-representation of Female College Athletes.” Qualitative Research in Sport and Exercise 2: 175–195. doi:10.1080/19398441.2010.488026.10.1080/19398441.2010.488026
   Google Scholar
• LaVoi, N. M., and M. J. Kane. 2011. “Sociological Aspects of Sport.” In Contemporary Sport Management, edited by P. Pedersen, J. B. Parks, J. Quarterman, and L. Thibault, 372–391. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
   Google Scholar
• Lebel, K., and K. Danylchuk. 2014. “An Audience Interpretation of Professional Athlete Self-presentation on Twitter.” Journal of Applied Sport Management 6 (2): 16–42.
   Google Scholar
• Lewis, B. 2015. “Backlash over Social Media during the Women’s World Cup Final.” Crimson Hexagon, July 6. Accessed June 12, 2016. http://www.crimsonhexagon.com/blog/current-events/backlash-over-social-media-during-the-womens-world-cup-finals/
   Google Scholar
• Meân, L. J., and J. W. Kassing. 2008. “‘I Would Just like to Be Known as an Athlete’: Managing Hegemony, Femininity, and Heterosexuality in Female Sport.” Western Journal of Communication 72: 126–144. doi:10.1080/10570310802038564.10.1080/10570310802038564
   Google Scholar
• Meraz, S., and Z. Papacharissi. 2013. “Networked Gatekeeping and Networked Framing on #Egypt.” The International Journal of Press/Politics 18 (2): 138–166. doi:10.1177/1940161212474472.10.1177/1940161212474472
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Messaris, P., and L. Abraham. 2001. “The Role of Images in Framing News Stories.” In Framing Public Life, edited by S. Reese, et al., 215–226. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Molinaro, J. 2014. “Why Does the World Cup Matter So Much?” Sportsnet, June 11. Accessed November 28, 2016. http://www.sportsnet.ca/soccer/world-cup-2014/2014-fifa-world-cup-brazil-2/
   Google Scholar
• Nisbet, M. C. 2010. “Knowledge into Action: Framing the Debates over Climate Change and Poverty.” In Doing Frame Analysis: Empirical and Theoretical Perspectives, edited by Paul D’Angelo and Jim Kuypers, 43–83. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Pegoraro, A., E. Frederick, L. Burch, and C. Vincent. 2015. “I Am Not Loving It: Examining The Hijacking Of #CheersToSochi.” International Journal of Sport Management and Marketing 15 (3–4): 163–183.
   Google Scholar
• Riffe, D., S. Lacy, and F. Fico. 2005. Analyzing Media Messages: Using Quantitative Content Analysis in Research. 2nd ed. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
   Google Scholar
• Sanderson, J., and M. Hambrick. 2012. “Covering the Scandal in 140 Characters: A Case Study of Twitter’s Role in Coverage of the Penn State Saga.” International Journal of Sport Communication 5: 384–402. doi:10.1123/ijsc.5.3.384.10.1123/ijsc.5.3.384
   Google Scholar
• Smith, L., and J. Sanderson. 2015. “I’m Going to Instagram It! An Analysis of Athlete Self-Presentation on Instagram.” Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 59 (2): 342–358.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• U.S. Soccer. 2015. Wnt Launches #Shebelieves Initiative. May 12. Accessed December 1, 2016. http://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2015/05/12/16/37/150512-shebelieves-community-launch-rel
   Google Scholar
• Weber, J., and N. Barker-Ruchti. 2012. “Bending, Flirting, Floating, Flying: A Critical Analysis of Female Figures in 1970s Gymnastics Photographs.” Sociology of Sport Journal 29: 22–41. doi:10.1123/ssj.29.1.22.10.1123/ssj.29.1.22
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wimmer, Roger D., and Joseph R. Dominick. 2006. Mass Media Research: An Introduction. 8th ed. Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth.
   Google Scholar
• Witt, L., K. Paget, and G. Matthews. 1994. Running as a Woman. New York: Free Press.
   Google Scholar
• Zaharopoulos, T. 2007. “The News Framing of the 2004 Olympic Games.” Mass Communication & Society 10 (2): 235–249. doi:10.1080/15205430701265752.10.1080/15205430701265752
   Google Scholar