On the road to the Olympics: a phenomenological approach of national identity in South Korean national short-track speed skaters

References

• Akhter, Syed H. 2007. “Globalization, Expectations Model of Economic Nationalism, and Consumer Behavior.” Journal of Consumer Marketing 24 (3): 142–150.10.1108/07363760710746148
   Google Scholar
• An, Sang-mi. 2004. “A Study of the History of the Development of the Games of Daegu Short Track Speed Skating.” Master’s thesis, Keimyung University, South Korea.
   Google Scholar
• Association Press. 2017. “South Korea Wins 2 Golds in Short Track Speed Skating.” Association Press, February 20. https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/olympics/2017/02/20/south-korea-wins-2-golds-in-short-track-speed-skating/98146096/.
   Google Scholar
• Bairner, A. 2001. Sport, Nationalism, and Globalization: European and North American Perspectives. Albany: SUNY Press.
   Google Scholar
• Barrington, Lowell W. 1997. “‘Nation’ and ‘Nationalism’: The Misuse of Key Concepts in Political Science.” PS: Political Science & Politics 30 (4): 712–716.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bejar, Matthew P., Leslie A. Fisher, Benjamin H. Nam, Leslie K. Larsen, Jamie M. Fynes, and Rebecca A. Zakrajsek. 2016. “High-level South Korean Athletes’ Experiences of Injury and Rehabilitation.” The Sport Psychologist 31 (1): 16–29.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borgatta, Edgar F., and Marie L. Borgatta. 1992. Encyclopedia of Sociology. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Brewer, Britton W., Judy L. Van Raalte, and Darwyn E. Linder. 1993. “Athletic Identity: Hercules’ Muscles or Achilles Heel?” International Journal of Sport Psychology 24 (2): 237–254.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brustad, Robert J. 1993. “Who Will Go out and Play? Parental and Psychological Influences on Children’s Attraction to Physical Activity.” Pediatric Exercise Science 5 (3): 210–223.10.1123/pes.5.3.210
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chalip, Laurence. 1996. “Introduction: Thinking about National Sports Policies.” In National Sports Policies: An International Handbook, edited by Laurence Chalip, Arthur T. Johnson, and Lisa Stachura, vii–xiv. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Cho, Younghan. 2009. “Unfolding Sporting Nationalism in South Korean Media Representations of the 1968, 1984 and 2000 Olympics.” Media, Culture & Society 31 (3): 347–364.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cho, Ji-Hyun, and Alan Bairner. 2012. “The Sociocultural Legacy of the 1988 Seoul Olympic Games.” Leisure Studies 31 (3): 271–289.10.1080/02614367.2011.636178
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Côté, Jean. 1999. “The Influence of the Family in the Development of Talent in Sport.” The Sport Psychologist 13 (4): 395–417.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Creswell, John W. 2013. Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design: Choosing among Five Approaches. 3rd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Darby, Paul. 2017. “Football and Identity Politics in Ghana.” In Routledge Handbook of Sport and Politics, edited by Alan Bairner, John Kelly, and Jung Woo Lee, 137–149. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Denzin, Norman K. 1994. “The Art and Politics of Interpretation.” In Handbook of Qualitative Research, edited by Norman K. Denzin and Yvonna S. Lincoln, 500–515. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• DeSensi, Joy T., and Danny Rosenberg. 2010. Ethics and Morality in Sport Management. 3rd ed. Morgan Town, WV: Fitness Information Technology.
   Google Scholar
• Fletcher, D., and Christopher R. D. Wagstaff. 2009. “Organizational Psychology in Elite Sport: Its Emergence, Application and Future.” Psychology of Sport and Exercise 10 (4): 427–434.10.1016/j.psychsport.2009.03.009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geraniosova, Kristina, and Noora Ronkainen. 2014. “The Experience of Dual Career through Slovak Athletes’ Eyes.” Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research 66 (1): 53–64.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giorgi, Amedeo. 2009. The Descriptive Phenomenological Method in Psychology: A Modified Husserlian Approach, 2009. Pittsburg, PA: Duquesne University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Giuliano, Traci A., Kelly L. Turner, James C. Lundquist, and Jennifer L. Knight. 2007. “Gender and the Selection of Public Athletic Role Models.” Journal of Sport Behavior 30 (2): 161–198.
   Google Scholar
• Godfrey, Michael. 2013. “The Academic versus Athletic Experience for Intercollegiate Football Athletes.” Global Journal of Human-Social Science Research 13 (7): 27–35.
   Google Scholar
• Gould, Daniel, Diane Guinan, Christy Greenleaf, Russ Medbery, and Kirsten Peterson. 1999. “Factors Affecting Olympic Performance: Perceptions of Athletes and Coaches from More and Less Successful Teams.” The Sport Psychologist 13 (4): 371–394.10.1123/tsp.13.4.371
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guibernau, Montserrat. 2004. “Anthony D. Smith on Nations and National Identity: A Critical Assessment.” Nations and Nationalism 10 (1–2): 125–141.10.1111/nana.2004.10.issue-1-2
   Google Scholar
• Ha, Jae-Pil, Karam Lee, and Gwang Ok. 2015. “From Development of Sport to Development through Sport: A Paradigm Shift for Sport Development in South Korea.” The International Journal of the History of Sport 32 (10): 1262–1278.10.1080/09523367.2015.1062756
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han, Kyung-Koo. 2003. “The Anthropology of the Discourse on the Koreanness of Koreans.” Korea Journal 43 (1): 5–31.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hong, Eunah. 2011. “Elite Sport and Nation-Building in South Korea: South Korea as the Dark Horse in Global Elite Sport.” International Journal of the History of Sport 28 (7): 977–989.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hong, Eunah. 2012. “Applying a Western-based Policy Community Framework to the Analysis of South Korean Elite Sport Policy: The Role of Business and Armed Forces.” International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics 4 (1): 23–37.10.1080/19406940.2011.630012
   Google Scholar
• Jarvie, G. 2017. “Sport, the 2014 Commonwealth Games and the Scottish Referendum.” In Routledge Handbook of Sport and Politics, edited by Alan Bairner, John Kelly, and Jung Woo Lee, 209–221. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• JTBC. 2012. “Lee Sang-Hwa Slump Goback, ‘Boodamgam Ehyunagi Himdeulutda’.” [Confession of Sang-Hwa Lee, ‘It Was Difficult to Overcome the Societal Expectation’.] JTBC, February 18.
   Google Scholar
• Keating, James W. 1964. “Sportsmanship as a Moral Category.” Ethics 75 (1): 25–35.10.1086/291517
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Key Chekar, Choon, and Jenny Kitzinger. 2007. “Science, Patriotism and Discourses of Nation and Culture: Reflections on the South Korean Stem Cell Breakthroughs and Scandals.” New Genetics and Society 26 (3): 289–307.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, Jongyoung. 2011. “Aspiration for global cultural capital in the stratified realm of global higher education: Why do Korean students go to US graduate school?” British Journal of Sociology of Education 32 (1): 109–126.10.1080/01425692.2011.527725
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koh, Eunha. 2005. “South Korea and the Asian Games: The First Step to the World.” Sport in Society 8 (3): 468–478.10.1080/17430430500260511
   Google Scholar
• Korea Skating Union. 2014. Hankkoksunsoo Medal Heoikdeuk Hyunhwang (Bingsang) [Medal Counts of Korean Athletes (Ice Skating)]. http://www.skating.or.kr/about/results.do?m_lnb=0&s_lnb=3.
   Google Scholar
• Korea Sports and Olympic Committee. 2017. Int’l Games. https://www.sports.or.kr/home/020501/0000/main.do.
   Google Scholar
• Korea University Sport Federation. 2015. 2015 KUSF Daehak Sports Unyoung Gyujung [2015 University sports regulations]. http://kusf.or.kr/news/pds_view.html?page=7&seq=288&board=etc.
   Google Scholar
• Lee, Jung Woo. 2015. “Examining Korean Nationalisms, Identities, and Politics through Sport.” Asia Pacific Journal of Sport and Social Science 4 (3): 179–185.10.1080/21640599.2016.1139533
   Google Scholar
• Lee, Jung Woo. 2016. “A Game for the Global North: The 2018 Winter Olympic Games in Pyeongchang and South Korean Cultural Politics.” The International Journal of the History of Sport 33 (12): 1411–1426.10.1080/09523367.2017.1280469
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levermore, Roger. 2004. “Sport’s Role in Constructing the ‘Inter-state’ Worldview.” In Sport and International Relations: An Emerging Relationship, edited by Roger Levermore and Budd Adrian, 16–30. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Lim, Seungyup, Adam Love, and Hyun-Chin Lim. 2015. “Minseok Ahn and Public Sociology of Sport.” Quest 67 (1): 30–43.10.1080/00336297.2014.985318
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lincoln, Yvonna S., Susan A. Lynham, and Egon G. Guba. 2011. “Paradigmatic Controversies, Contradictions, and Emerging Confluences.” In The Sage Handbook of Qualitative Research, edited by Norman K. Denzin and Yvonna S. Lincoln, 97–128. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• MacAloon, John J. 1984. “Olympic Games and the Theory of Spectacle in Modern Societies.” In Rite, Drama, Festival, Spectacle: Rehearsals toward a Theory of Cultural Performance, edited by John J. MacAloon, 241–280. Philadelphia, PA: Institute for the Study of Human Issues.
   Google Scholar
• Merriam, Sharan B., and Elizabeth J. Tisdell. 2016. Qualitative Research: A Guide to Design and Implementation. San Francisco, CA: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Merriam, Sharan B., and Elizabeth J. Tisdell. 2015. Qualitative Research: A Guide to Design and Implementation. John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Moustakas, Clark. 1994. Phenomenological Research Methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.10.4135/9781412995658
   Google Scholar
• Nam, Benjamin H. 2015. “Fostering Global Leaders: A Case Study of the Korea Foundation for the Next Generation Sports Talent and Its Partnership with the University of Tennessee, Knoxville.” Master’s thesis, the University of Tennessee, Knoxville.
   Google Scholar
• Nam, Benjamin H., Adam Love, and Seungyup Lim. 2017. “Tong-Gu Chung and the Development of Elite Sport in South Korea: A Biographical Study.” Asia Pacific Journal of Sport and Social Science: 1–17.
   Google Scholar
• Nathanson, Stephen. 1989. “In Defense of ‘Moderate Patriotism’.” Ethics 99 (3): 535–552.10.1086/293096
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nazemi, Yahya, and Aziz H. Khoshemehr. 2012. “Media and Its Impact on Sports.” International Journal of Sport Studies 2 (12): 624–630.
   Google Scholar
• Nieswiadomy, R. Marie. 1993. Foundations of Nursing Research. 2nd ed. Norwalk, CT: Appleton & Lange.
   Google Scholar
• Park, Jae-Woo, and Seungyup Lim. 2015. “A Chronological Review of the Development of Elite Sport Policy in South Korea.” Asia Pacific Journal of Sport and Social Science 4 (3): 198–210.10.1080/21640599.2015.1127941
   Google Scholar
• Park, Jae-Woo, Seung-Yup Lim, and Paul Bretherton. 2012. “Exploring the Truth: A Critical Approach to the Success of Korean Elite Sport.” Journal of Sport and Social Issues 36 (3): 245–267.10.1177/0193723511433864
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peck, Soojin. 2016. “1 Deung Mothangae Joeinga … ‘Musi Mianhundi?’” [Is it Sinful if Athletes Do Not Win … ‘Why Is It Sinful?’] Korea Joongang Daily, August 11. http://news.joins.com/article/20435811.
   Google Scholar
• Rozman, Gilbert. 2010. “ South Korea’s National Identity Sensitivity: Evolution, Manifestations, Prospects.” In Academic Paper Series on Korea, 67–80. South Korea: Korea Economic Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Ryan, Christina, Holly Thorpe, and Clive Pope. 2017. “The Policy and Practice of Implementing a Student–Athlete Support Network: A Case Study.” International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics 9 (3): 415–430.10.1080/19406940.2017.1320301
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryu, Kiung, and Ronald M. Cervero. 2011. “The Role of Confucian Cultural Values and Politics in Planning Educational Programs for Adults in Korea.” Adult Education Quarterly 61 (2): 139–160.10.1177/0741713610380440
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sage, George H. 2016. Globalizing Sport: How Organizations, Corporations, Media, and Politics Are Changing Sports. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Salehani, Maryam K., Hasan K. Hajioghlou, Samira S. Moghdam, and Farshid T. Pour. 2015. “Study of Athletic Identity Differences of National Athletes in Team and Individual Athletic Field.” Indian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Life Sciences 5 (S2): 490–496.
   Google Scholar
• Seth, Michael J. 2006. A Concise History of Korea, from the Neolithic Period through the Nineteenth Century. Oxford: Roman & Littlefield.
   Google Scholar
• Shaffer, Kay, and Sidonie Smith. 2000. “The Olympics of the Everyday.” In The Olympics at the Millennium: Power, Politics, and the Games, edited by Kay Shaffer and Sidonie Smith, 213–233. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, Anthony D. 1991. National Identity. Reno: University of Nevada Press.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, Jonathan A., Paul Flower, and Michael Larkin. 2009. Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis: Theory, Method and Research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Stambulova, Natalia, Dorothee Alfermann, Traci Statler, and J. E. A. N. Côté. 2009. “ISSP Position Stand: Career Development and Transitions of Athletes.” International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 7 (4): 395–412.10.1080/1612197X.2009.9671916
   Google Scholar
• Stambulova, Natalia, Yannick Stephan, and Ulf Jäphag. 2007. “Athletic Retirement: A Cross-national Comparison of Elite French and Swedish Athletes.” Psychology of Sport and Exercise 8 (1): 101–118.10.1016/j.psychsport.2006.05.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomlinson, Alan. 1996. “Olympic Spectacle: Opening Ceremonies and Some Paradoxes of Globalization.” Media, Culture & Society 18 (4): 583–602.10.1177/016344396018004005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Triandafyllidou, Anna. 1998. “National Identity and The’other’.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 21 (4): 593–612.10.1080/014198798329784
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaczi, Marriam. 2017. “Their Skin in the Game: The Basques, the Catalands and the ‘Body Politic’ of the Spanish National Football Team.” In Routledge Handbook of Sport and Politics, edited by Alan Bairner, John Kelly, and Jung Woo Lee, 174–186. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Vallerand, Robert J., Paul Deshaies, Jean-Pierre Cuerrier, Nathalie M. BriÈre, and Luc G. Pelletier. 1996. “Toward a Multidimensional Definition of Sportsmanship.” Journal of Applied Sport Psychology 8 (1): 89–101.10.1080/10413209608406310
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Manen, Max. 1990. Researching Lived Experiences. Albany: State University of New York Press.
   Google Scholar
• Woolger, Christi, and Thomas G. Power. 1993. “Parent and Sport Socialization: Views from the Achievement Literature.” Journal of Sport Behavior 16 (3): 171–189.
   Google Scholar
• Yao, Xinzhong. 2000. An Introduction to Confucianism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511800887
   Google Scholar
• Yoon, Young-Hyun. 2016. “‘Guem Motta Joeisonghapnida’ … Medal Ttagodo Saguearanyo?” [‘I am Sorry I Could Not Win a Gold Medal’ … Why Do You Apologize Even If You Earned a Medal?] SBS News, August 20. http://news.sbs.co.kr/news/endPage.do?news_id=N1003741149.
   Google Scholar