References
- Adam, S., J. Lammert, and G. Hovemann. 2019a. “Developing a Conceptual Model for Determining Governance Quality in Professional Football Membership Clubs in Germany.” Submitted for Publication.
- Adam, S., J. Lammert, and G. Hovemann. 2019b. “Die Qualität der Club Governance im deutschen Profifußball – Eine empirische Analyse und kritische Reflexion.” [The Quality of Club Governance in German Professional Football – An Empirical Analysis and Critical Reflection]. Submitted for Publication.
- Akerlof, G. A. 1970. “The Market for ‘Lemons’: Quality Uncertainty and the Market Mechanism.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 84 (3): 488–500. doi:10.2307/1879431
- Alchian, A. A., and H. Demsetz. 1972. “Production, Information Costs, and Economic Organization.” American Economic Review 62 (5): 777–795. doi:http://www.jstor.org/stable/1815199
- Anagnostopoulos, C. 2011. “Stakeholder Management in Greek Professional Football: Identification and Salience.” Soccer & Society 12 (2): 249–264. doi:10.1080/14660970.2011.548361
- Baker, H. K., and R. Anderson. 2010. “An Overview of Corporate Governance.” In Corporate Governance: A Synthesis of Theory, Research and Practice, edited by H. K. Baker, and R. Anderson, 3–17. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
- Bauers, S. B., and G. Hovemann. 2019. “Regulation von beherrschendem Einfluss im deutschen Profifußball – Eine empirische Vergleichsanalyse von Faninteressen der Jahre 2011 und 2017.” [Regulation of Controlling Influence in German Professional Football – An Empirical Comparative Analysis of Fan Interests between the Years 2011 and 2017] Sport Und Gesellschaft – Sport and Society. Submitted for publication.
- Bauers, S. B., J. Lammert, and G. Hovemann. 2013. “Regulation von beherrschendem Einfluss im Deutschen Profi-Fußball: Eine Empirische Analyse der Interessen von Fußballklubs.” [Regulation of Controlling Influence in German Professional Football: An Empirical Analysis of the Interests of Football Clubs] Leipziger Sportwissenschaftliche Beiträge [Leipzig Papers on Sports Science] 54 (2): 77–106.
- Bauers, S. B., J. Lammert, and G. Hovemann. 2015. “Beherrschender Einfluss von Investoren im deutschen Profifußball: Eine Bestandsaufnahme und Analyse bestehender Umgehungen der 50 + 1 Regel.” [Controlling Influence of Investors in German Professional Football: A Survey and Analysis of Existing Circumventions of the 50 + 1 Rule] Sciamus – Sport und Management 6 (3): 1–17.
- Bauers, S. B., J. Lammert, and G. Hovemann. 2019. “Club Members in German Professional Football and their Attitude towards the ‘50 + 1 Rule’: A Stakeholder Oriented Analysis.” Working Paper, University of Leipzig.
- Berle, A., and G. Means. 1932. The Modern Corporation and Private Property. New York: Macmillan.
- Brown, A. 2008. “Our Club, Our Rules: Fan Communities at FC United of Manchester.” Soccer & Society 9 (3): 346–358. doi:10.1080/14660970802008967
- Buchheister, H. 2017. “Kinds Kampf.” [Kind’s Fight] Spiegel Online August 19. https://doi.org/http://www.spiegel.de/sport/fussball/hannover-96-chef-martin-kind-im-konfliktgebiet-a-1163358.html
- Cleland, J. A. 2010. “From Passive to Active: The Changing Relationship between Supporters and Football Clubs.” Soccer & Society 11 (5): 537–552. doi:10.1080/14660970.2010.497348
- Critcher, C. 1979. “Football since the War.” In Working Class Culture: Studies in History and Theory, edited by J. Clarke, C. Critcher, and R. Johnson, 161–184. London: Hutchinson.
- Cyert, R. M., and J. G. March. 1963. The Behavioral Theory of the Firm. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
- DFB [German Football Association] 1999., ed. Sicherstellung der ‘Eckwerte’ des DFB bei der Ausgliederung von Kapitalgesellschaften aus Fußballvereinen der Bundesligen, Amtliche Mitteilungen No. 3. [Securing the ‘Basic Values’ of the DFB in the Case of a Spin-Off of Corporations from Bundesliga Football Member’s Associations, Official Notes No. 3]. May 31. Frankfurt am Main: DFB.
- DFB [German Football Association]. 2018. “Mitgliederstatistik.” [Membership Statistics] DFB, September 20. https://www.dfb.de/verbandsstruktur/mitglieder/
- Donaldson, T., and L. E. Preston. 1995. “The Stakeholder Theory of the Corporation: Concepts, Evidence, and Implications.” The Academy of Management Review 20 (1): 65–91. doi:10.2307/258887
- Edensor, T. 2015. “Producing Atmosphere at the Match: Fan Cultures, Commercialisation and Mood Management in English Football.” Emotion, Space and Society 15: 82–89. doi:10.1016/j.emospa.2013.12.010
- Eisenhardt, K. M. 1989. “Agency Theory: An Assessment and Review.” Academy of Management Review 14 (1): 57–74. doi:10.5465/amr.1989.4279003
- European Commission. 2011. Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions: Developing the European Dimension of Sport. COM (2011) 12 final. January 18. Brussels: European Commission.
- FAZ 2018. “Was der DFB nach dem Eklat um Helene Fischer plant.” [What the DFB Plans after the Helene Fischer Scandal] FAZ, May 19. https://www.faz.net/aktuell/sport/fussball/dfb-pokal-finale-in-berlin-2018-ohne-helene-fischer-15592887.html
- FC PlayFair! 2017a. “Fußball-Fankultur soll UNESCO Weltkulturerbe werden.” [Football Fan Culture Should Become UNESCO World Heritage] FC Play Fair!, 30 October. https://www.fcplayfair.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/UNESCO_Pressemitteilung_FC-PlayFair_301017.pdf
- FC PlayFair! 2017b. Situationsanalyse Profifußball 2017: Aktuelle Probleme, Herausforderungen und Lösungsansätze im (deutschen) Profifußball 2017. [Situation Analysis Professional Football 2017: Current Problems, Challenges and Methods of Resolution in (German) Professional Football 2017] Berlin: FC PlayFair!
- Franck, E. 1995. Die ökonomischen Institutionen der Teamsportindustrie: Eine Organisationsbetrachtung. [The Economic Institutions of the Team Sports Industry: A View on Organizations] Wiesbaden: Gabler.
- Franck, E. 2010. “Private Firm, Public Corporation or Member’s Association Governance Structures in European Football.” International Journal of Sport Finance 5 (2): 108–127.
- Freeman, R. E. 1984. Strategic Management: A Stakeholder Approach. Boston, MA: Pitnam.
- Frick, B. 2005. “…Und Geld schießt eben doch Tore’: Die Voraussetzungen sportlichen und wirtschaftlichen Erfolges in der Fußball-Bundesliga.” [‘Buying Success Is Possible’: The Prerequisites of Sporting and Economic Success in the Football Bundesliga] Sportwissenschaft [German Journal of Exercise and Sport Research] 35 (3): 250–270.
- Frick, B., E. Lehmann, and J. Weigand. 1999. “Kooperationserfordernisse und Wettbewerbsintensität im professionellen Team-Sport: Sind exogene Regelungen überflüssig oder verzichtbar?” [The Need for Co-operation and the Intensity of the Competition in Professional Team Sport: Are Exogenous Regulations Dispensable?] In Kooperation Und Wettbewerb – Neue Formen Und Gestaltungskonzepte im Zeichen Von Globalisierung Und Informationstechnologie. [Co-Operation and Competition – New Forms and Design Concepts in the Context of Globalization and Information Technology], edited by J. Engelhard, and E. J. Sinz, 495–523. Wiesbaden: Gabler.
- Galvagno, M., and D. Dalli. 2014. “Theory of Value Co-Creation: A Systematic Literature Review.” Managing Service Quality: An International Journal 24 (6): 643–683. doi:10.1108/MSQ-09-2013-0187
- García, B., and J. Welford. 2015. “Supporters and Football Governance, from Customers to Stakeholders: A Literature Review and Agenda for Research.” Sport Management Review 18 (4): 517–528. doi:10.1016/j.smr.2015.08.006
- Giulianotti, R. 2002. “Supporters, Followers, Fans, and Flaneurs: A Taxonomy of Spectator Identities in Football.” Journal of Sport & Social Issues 26 (1): 25–46. doi:10.1177/0193723502261003
- Göbel, E. 2002. Neue Institutionenökonomik. [New Institutional Economics] Stuttgart: Lucius & Lucius.
- Greene, J. C., V. J. Caracelli, and W. F. Graham. 1989. “Toward a Conceptual Framework for Mixed-Method Evaluation Designs.” Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis 11 (3): 255–274. doi:10.2307/1163620
- Hamil, S., M. Holt, J. Michie, C. Oughton, and L. Shailer. 2004. “The Corporate Governance of Professional Football Clubs.” Corporate Governance: The International Journal of Business in Society 4 (2): 44–51. doi:10.1108/14720700410534967
- Hamil, S., J. Michie, C. Oughton, and S. Warby. 2000. “Recent Developments in Football Ownership.” Soccer & Society 1 (3): 1–10. doi:10.1080/14660970008721275
- Hardin, R. 1982. Collective Action. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press.
- Heermann, P. W. 2011. “Fast alle Fragen zur rechtlichen Zulässigkeit der 50 + 1-Regelung bleiben offen.” [Nearly All Questions concerning the Lawfulness of the 50 + 1 Rule Remain Unanswered] Causa Sport 8 (4): 339–343.
- Heinemann, K., and H.-D. Horch. 1981. “Soziologie Der Sportorganisation.” [Sociology of Sport Organizations] German Journal of Exercise and Sport Research 11 (2): 123–150. doi:10.1007/BF03177039.
- Hirschman, A. O. 1970. Exit, Voice, and Loyalty: Responses to Declines in Firms, Organizations, and States. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- Horch, H.-D. 1994. “On the Socio-Economics of Voluntary Organisations.” Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations 5 (2): 219–230. doi:10.1007/BF02353987
- Hovemann, G., and C. Wieschemann. 2009. “Regulierung von Investitionen in der Fußball-Bundesliga: Eine Diskussion des Streitstandes.” [Regulating Investments in the Football Bundesliga: A Discussion of the State of the Proceedings] Zeitschrift für Sport und Recht [Journal of Sport and Law] 16 (5): 234–240.
- Iorwerth, H., P. Tomkins, and G. Riley. 2018. “Financial Doping in the English Premier League.” Sport, Ethics and Philosophy 12 (3): 272–291. doi:10.1080/17511321.2017.1351484
- Joram, D. 2017. “Investorenfußball in Hannover: Erhebliche Zweifel an Kind.” [Investor Football in Hannover: Considerable Doubts about Kind]. taz.de, November 3. http://www.taz.de/!5460099/
- Joyce, M. 2006. “Wimbledon FC – No to Merton!” In Rebellion: The Inside Story of Football’s Protest Movement, edited by D. Brimson, 125–160. London: John Blake.
- Kennedy, D. 2012. “Football Stadium Relocation and the Commodification of Football: The Case of Everton Supporters and Their Adoption of the Language of Commerce.” Soccer & Society 13 (3): 341–358. doi:10.1080/14660970.2012.655504
- Kennedy, D., and P. Kennedy. 2007. “Supporter Trusts and Third Way Politics.” Sport in Society 10 (2): 285–303. doi:10.1080/17430430601147120
- Kennedy, P. 2012. “Supporters Direct and Supporters’ Governance of Football: A Model for Europe?” Soccer & Society 13 (3): 409–425. doi:10.1080/14660970.2012.655509
- Kiernan, A. 2017. “Exit, Voice and Loyalty: The Dislocation of Football Fan Communities.” Soccer & Society 18 (7): 880–895. doi:10.1080/14660970.2015.1067795
- Klees, A. 2008. “Die so genannte ‘50 + 1-Regel’ im deutschen Profifußball im Lichte des europäischen Wettbewerbsrechts.” [The So-called ‘50 + 1 Rule’ in the Light of European Competition Law].” Europäische Zeitschrift für Wirtschaftsrecht [European Journal of Business Law] 19 (13): 391–394.
- Lammert, J. 2008. “Mehrheitliche Kontrolle im deutschen Profi-Fußball – Der Fall Hoffenheim. [Majority Control in German Professional Football – The Case of Hoffenheim] Zeitschrift für Sport und Recht [Journal of Sport and Law] 15 (4): 137–140.
- Lammert, J. 2014. “Beherrschender Einfluss im deutschen Profi-Fußball – Der Fall RB Leipzig.” [Controlling Influence in German Professional Football – The Case of RB Leipzig].” Zeitschrift für Sport und Recht [Journal of Sport and Law] 21 (3): 98–102.
- Lammert, J., S. B. Bauers, and G. Hovemann. 2018. “Die 50 + 1-Regel im deutschen Profifußball – Eine qualitative Evaluation von Lösungsvorschlägen zur Herstellung des regulatorischen Sollzustandes.” [The 50 + 1 Rule in German Professional Football – A Qualitative Evaluation of Proposals for a Solution for Establishing the Regulatory Target State] Sciamus – Sport und Management 9 (2): 21–45.
- Lammert, J., G. Hovemann, C. Wieschemann, and F. Richter. 2009. “Das Spannungsverhältnis von Finanzierungsinteressen und der Vermeidung eines beherrschenden Einflusses im deutschen Profi-Fußball: Notwendigkeit und Vorschläge zur Modifizierung der derzeitigen Regulation.” [The Tension between Financial Interests and Prevention of a Controlling Influence in German Professional Football: Needs and Recommendations for a Modification of the Existing Regulation] Sport und Gesellschaft – Sport and Society 6 (3): 203–233. doi:10.1515/sug-2009-0302
- Madden, P. 2012. “Fan Welfare Maximization as a Club Objective in a Professional Sports League.” European Economic Review 56 (3): 560–578. doi:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2011.12.006
- Madden, P., and T. Robinson. 2012. “Supporter Influence on Club Governance in a Sports League: A ‘Utility Maximization’ Model.” Scottish Journal of Political Economy 59 (4): 339–360. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9485.2012.00584.x
- Martin, P. 2007. “Football, Community and Cooperation: A Critical Analysis of Supporter Trusts in England.” Soccer & Society 8 (4): 636–653. doi:10.1080/14660970701441020
- Michels, R. 1911. Zur Soziologie des Parteienwesens in der modernen Demokratie: Untersuchungen Über die oligarchischen Tendenzen des Gruppenlebens. [Political Parties: A Sociological Study of the Oligarchical Tendencies of Modern Democracy] Leipzig: Klinkhardt.
- Mitchell, R. K., B. R. Agle, and D. J. Wood. 1997. “Toward a Theory of Stakeholder Identification and Salience: Defining the Principle of Who and What Really Counts.” Academy of Management Review 22 (4): 853–886. doi:10.5465/amr.1997.9711022105
- Müller, J. C. 2004. “Wettbewerbsintegrität als Oberziel des Lizenzierungsverfahrens der Deutschen Fußball Liga GmbH.” [Integrity of the Sporting Competition as Major Objective of the German Football League’s Licensing Scheme] In Unternehmensführung im Profifußball: Symbiose von Sport, Fußball und Recht. [Corporate Management in Professional Football: Symbiosis of Sport, Football and Law], edited by K. Zieschang, and C. Klimmer, 19–44. Berlin: Erich Schmidt.
- Müller, J. C., J. Lammert, and G. Hovemann. 2012. “The Financial Fair Play Regulations of UEFA: An Adequate Concept to Ensure the Long-Term Viability and Sustainability of European Club Football?” International Journal of Sport Finance 7 (2): 112–140.
- Olson, M. 1971. The Logic of Collective Action: Public Goods and the Theory of Groups. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- Pawlowski, T. 2012. Mitgliederbefragung für den Hamburger Sport-Verein e.V. [A Member Survey for the Hamburger Sport-Verein e.V.] Cologne: German Sport University Cologne.
- Pilz, G. A. 2011. Zusammenfassung der Einstellungen der Faninitiativen und Interessengemeinschaften der organisierten Fußballfans zur 50 + 1-Regel und gutachterliche Stellungnahme zu den Einstellungen. [A Summary of Attitudes of Fan Initiatives and Interest Groups of Organized Football Fans Towards the 50 + 1 Rule and an Expert’s Opinion on the Attitudes] Hannover: Leibniz University Hannover.
- Punte, J.-H. 2012. Die Kapitalgesellschaft als Rechtsform europäischer Fußballklubs im Spannungsfeld von Verbandsautonomie und Europarecht. [The Corporation as a Legal Form of European Football Clubs between the Conflicting Contexts of Autonomy of Sport and European Law] Edewecht: Oldenburger Verlag für Wirtschaft, Informatik und Recht.
- Raupach, A. 2008. “Fußball – Das Spiel zwischen Idealismus und Kommerz.” [Football – The Game between Idealism and Commerce] Zeitschrift für Sport und Recht [Journal of Sport and Law] 15 (6): 2–7.
- Regierungskommission Deutscher Corporate Governance Kodex [Commission], ed 2012. Deutscher Corporate Governance Kodex. [German Corporate Governance Code] May 15. Berlin: Regierungskommission Deutscher Corporate Governance Kodex.
- Rohde, M., and C. Breuer. 2017. “The Market for Football Club Investors: A Review of Theory and Empirical Evidence from Professional European Football.” European Sport Management Quarterly 17 (3): 265–289. doi:10.1080/16184742.2017.1279203
- Roose, J., and M. S. Schäfer. 2017. “Fans und Partizipation.” [Fans and Participation] In Fans: Soziologische Perspektiven. [Fans: Sociological Perspectives], edited by J. Roose, M. S. Schäfer, and T. Schmidt-Lux, 319–342. Wiesbaden: Springer VS.
- Schäfer, M. S., and J. Roose. 2010. “Emotions in Sport Stadia.” In Stadium Worlds: Football, Space and the Built Environment, edited by S. Frank and S. Steets, 229–244. London: Routledge.
- Schellhaaß, H. M., and G. Enderle. 2000. Wirtschaftliche Organisation von Sportligen in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. [Economic Organization of Sports Leagues in the Federal Republic of Germany] 2nd ed. Cologne: Strauß.
- Schimank, U. 2005. “The Autonomy of Modern Sport: Dangerous and Endangered.” European Journal for Sport and Society 2 (1): 13–23. doi:10.1080/16138171.2005.11687762
- Schubert, M., and T. Könecke. 2015. “Classical Doping’, Financial Doping and beyond: UEFA Financial Fair Play as a Policy of Anti-Doping.” International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics 7 (1): 63–86. doi:10.1080/19406940.2013.854824
- Senaux, B. 2008. “A Stakeholder Approach to Football Club Governance.” International Journal of Sport Management and Marketing 4 (1): 4–17. doi:10.1504/IJSMM.2008.017655.
- Spence, M. 1973. “Job Market Signaling.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 87 (3): 355–374. doi:10.2307/1882010
- Str⊘m, K. 2000. “Delegation and Accountability in Parliamentary Democracies.” European Journal of Political Research 37 (3): 261–289. doi:10.1111/1475-6765.00513
- Wallrodt, L. 2015. “Dietmar Hopp, der erste König der Bundesliga.” [Dietmar Hopp, the First King of the Bundesliga] Die Welt, February 11. https://www.welt.de/sport/fussball/bundesliga/1899-hoffenheim/article137326928/Dietmar-Hopp-der-erste-Koenig-der-Bundesliga.html
- Walsh, A., and R. Giulianotti. 2001. “This Sporting Mammon: A Normative Critique of the Commodification of Sport.” Journal of the Philosophy of Sport 28 (1): 53–77. doi:10.1080/00948705.2001.9714600
- Walters, G. 2011. “The Implementation of a Stakeholder Management Theory during Stadium Development: A Case Study of Arsenal Football Club and the Emirates Stadium.” Managing Leisure 16 (1): 49–64. doi:10.1080/13606719.2011.532600
- Wilkesmann, U., and D. Blutner. 2002. “Going Public: The Organizational Restructuring of German Football Clubs.” Soccer & Society 3 (2): 19–37. doi:10.1080/714004876
- Williams, R. 1961. The Long Revolution. Harmondsworth: Pelican.
- Williamson, O. E. 1975. Markets and Hierarchies: Analysis and Antitrust Implications. New York: Free Press.
- Williamson, O. E. 1981. “The Economics of Organization: The Transaction Cost Approach.” American Journal of Sociology 87 (3): 548–577. doi:10.1086/227496
- Wilson, R., D. Plumley, and G. Ramchandani. 2013. “The Relationship between Ownership Structure and Club Performance in the English Premier League.” Sport, Business and Management: An International Journal 3 (1): 19–36. doi:10.1108/20426781311316889
- Ziebs, A. 2004. “Ist sportlicher Erfolg käuflich? Eine diskriminanzanalytische Untersuchung der zentralen Erfolgsfaktoren in der Fußball-Bundesliga.” [Can Sporting Success Be Bought? A Discriminant Analytical Study of the Critical Success Factors of the Football Bundesliga]. Sport Und Gesellschaft – Sport and Society 1 (1): 30–49. doi:10.1515/sug-2004-0104