Preparing elite athletes for the career after the career: the functions of mentoring programmes

References

• Allen, T. D., and L. T. Eby. 2007. Handbook of Mentoring: A Multiple Perspective Approach. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Anderson, E. M., and A. L. Shannon. 1988. “Toward a Conceptualization of Mentoring.” Journal of Teacher Education 39 (1): 38–42. doi:10.1177/002248718803900109
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aquilina, D. 2013. “A Study of the Relationship between Elite Athletes’ Educational Development and Sporting Performance.” The International Journal of the History of Sport 30 (4): 374–392. doi:10.1080/09523367.2013.765723
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Avery, D. R., S. Tonidandel, and M. G. Phillips. 2008. “Similarity on Sports Sidelines: How Mentor–Protégé Sex Similarity Affects Mentoring.” Sex Roles 58 (1–2): 72–80. doi:10.1007/s11199-007-9321-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• B-Wiser. 2019. “B-Wiser: Be a Winner In elite Sport and Employment before and after athletic Retirement.” https://www.bwiser.eu/the-project/.
   Google Scholar
• Baron-Thiene, A., and D. Alfermann. 2015. “Personal Characteristics as Predictors for Dual Career Dropout versus Continuation – A Prospective Study of Adolescent Athletes from German Elite Sport Schools.” Psychology of Sport and Exercise 21: 42–49. doi: doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2015.04.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baugh, S. G., and E. Fagenson-Eland. 2007. “Formal Mentoring Programs: A ‘Poor Cousin’ to Informal Relationships?” In The Handbook of Mentoring at Work, edited by Belle Rose Ragins and Kathy Kram, 249–271. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Bentler, P. M. 1990. “Comparative Fit Indices in Structural Models.” Psychological Bulletin 107 (2): 238–246. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.107.2.238
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bloom, G. A., N. Durand-Bush, R. J. Schinke, and J. H. Salmela. 1998. “The Importance of Mentoring in the Development of Coaches and Athletes.” International Journal of Sport Psychology 29 (3): 267–281.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bollen, K. A. 1989. Structural Equations with Latent Variables. New York: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Bozeman, B., and M. K. Feeney. 2007. “Toward a Useful Theory of Mentoring: A Conceptual Analysis and Critique.” Administration & Society 39 (6): 719–739. doi:10.1177/0095399707304119
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breuer, C., K. Hallmann, and M. Ilgner. 2015. Erfolgsfaktoren Der Athletenförderung. Köln: Sportverlag Strauß.
   Google Scholar
• Breuer, C., and P. Wicker. 2010. Sportökonomische Analyse Der Lebenssituation Von Spitzensportlern in Deutschland. Bonn: Hausdruckerei des Statistischen Bundesamtes.
   Google Scholar
• Browne, M. W., and R. Cudeck. 1993. “Alternate Ways of Assessing Model Fit.” In Testing Structural Equation Models, edited by Kenneth A. Bollen and J. S. Long, 136–162. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Bußmann, G. 1997. “Wie Verhindern Wir Dropouts?” Leistungssport 27 (6): 49–51.
   Google Scholar
• Butt, J., and G. Molnar. 2009. “Involuntary Career Termination in Sport: A Case Study of the Process of Structurally Induced Failure.” Sport in Society 12 (2): 240–257. doi:10.1080/17430430802591027.
   Google Scholar
• Chao, G. T. 1997. “Mentoring Phases and Outcomes.” Journal of Vocational Behavior 51 (1): 15–28. doi:10.1006/jvbe.1997.1591
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chao, G. T., P. M. Walz, and P. D. Gardner. 1992. “Formal and Informal Mentorships: A Comparison on Mentoring Functions and Contrast with Nonmentores Counterparts.” Personnel Psychology 45 (3): 619–636. doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.1992.tb00863.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cosh, S., and P. J. Tully. 2015. “Stressors, Coping, and Support Mechanisms for Student Athletes Combining Elite Sport and Tertiary Education: Implications for Practice.” The Sport Psychologist 29 (2): 120–133. doi:10.1123/tsp.2014-0102
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crisp, G. 2009. “Conceptualization and Initial Validation of the College Student Mentoring Scale (CSMS).” Journal of College Student Development 20 (2): 177–194. doi:10.1353/csd.0.0061
   Google Scholar
• de Bosscher, V., S. Simon, W. Hans, and M. V Bottenburg. 2015. Successful Elite Sport Policies. An International Comparison of the Sports Policy Factors Leading to International Sporting Success (SPLISS 2.0) in 15 Nations. Aachen: Meyer & Meyer Sport.
   Google Scholar
• Debois, N., A. Ledon, C. Argiolas, and E. Rosnet. 2012. “A Lifespan Perspective on Transitions during a Top Sport Career: A Case of an Elite Female Fencer.” Psychology of Sport and Exercise 13 (5): 660–668. doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2012.04.010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Debois, N., A. Ledon, and P. Wylleman. 2015. “A Lifespan Perspective on the Dual Career of Elite Male Athletes.” Psychology of Sport and Exercise 21: 15–26. doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2014.07.011.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Enoksen, E. 2011. “Drop-out Rate and Drop-out Reasons among Promising Norwegian Track and Field Athletes.” Scandinavian Sport Studies Forum 2: 19–43.
   Google Scholar
• European Commission. 2016. “Study on the minimum quality requirements for dual career services: Final report.” Publications Office, Accessed 04 October 2017. http://www.sportknowhowxl.nl/files/2016/DualCareer.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Fabrigar, L. R., D. T. Wegener, R. C. MacCallum, and E. J. Strahan. 1999. “Evaluating the Use of Exploratory Factor Analysis in Psychological Research.” Psychological Methods 4 (3): 272–299. doi:10.1037/1082-989X.4.3.272
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fagenson-Eland, E. A., M. A. Marks, and K. L. Amendola. 1997. “Perceptions of Mentoring Relationships.” Journal of Vocational Behavior 51 (1): 29–42. doi:10.1006/jvbe.1997.1592
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fornell, C., and D. F. Larcker. 1981. “Evaluating Structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error.” Journal of Marketing Research 18 (1): 39–50. doi:10.1177/002224378101800104
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffiths, M., and K. Armous. 2012. “Mentoring as a Formalized Learning Strategy with Community Sports Volunteers.” Mentoring & Tutoring Partnerships in Learning 20 (1): 151–173. doi:10.1080/13611267.2012.645605
   Google Scholar
• Haggard, D. L., T. W. Dougherty, D. B. Turban, and J. E. Wilbanks. 2011. “Who Is a Mentor? A Review of Evolving Definitions and Implications for Research.” Journal of Management 37 (1): 280–304. doi:10.1177/0149206310386227
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hair, J. F., W. C. Black, J. B. Barry, and E. A. Rolph. 2010. Multivariate Data Analysis. A Global Perspective. 7th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson.
   Google Scholar
• Hong, H. J., and P. Coffee. 2018. “A Psycho-Educational Curriculum for Sport Career Transition Practitioners: development and Evaluation.” European Sport Management Quarterly 18 (3): 287–306. doi:10.1080/16184742.2017.1387925
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu, L.-T., and P. M. Bentler. 1999. “Cutoff Criteria for Fit Indexes in Covariance Structure Analysis: Concentional Criteria versus New Alternatives.” Structural Equation Modeling 6 (1): 1–55. doi:10.1080/10705519909540118
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kadlcik, J., and L. Flemr. 2008. “Athletic Career Termination Model in the Czech Republic: A Qualitative Exploration.” International Review for the Sociology of Sport 43 (3): 251–69.doi:10.1177/101269.0208098544.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalpazidou Schmidt, E., and S. Thidemann Faber. 2016. “Benefits of Peer Mentoring to Mentors, Female Mentees and Higher Education Institutions.” Mentoring & Tutoring Partnerships in Learning 24 (2): 137–157. doi:10.1080/13611267.2016.1170560
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kline, R. B. 2005. Principles and Practices of Structural Equation Modeling. New York: Guildford.
   Google Scholar
• Kram, K. 1983. “Phases of the Mentor Relationship.” Academy of Management Journal 26 (4): 608–625. doi:10.2307/255910
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kram, K. 1985. Mentoring at Work: Developmental Relationships in Organizational Life. 1st ed. Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman and Company.
   Google Scholar
• López de Subijana, C., M. Barriopedro, and E. Conde. 2015. “Supporting Dual Career in Spain: Elite Athletes’ Barriers to Study.” Psychology of Sport and Exercise 21: 57–64. doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2015.04.012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lough, N. L. 2001. “Mentoring Connections between Coaches and Female Athletes.” Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance 72 (5): 30–33. doi:10.1080/07303084.2001.10605749
   Google Scholar
• Mateos, M., M. Torregrosa, and J. Cruz. 2010. “Evaluation of a Career Assistance Programme for Elite Athletes: Satisfaction Levels and Exploration of Career Decision Making and Athletic-Identity.” Kinesiologia Slovenica 16 (1): 30–43.
   Google Scholar
• McAllister, C. A., R. D. Harold, B. K. Ahmedani, and E. P. Cramer. 2009. “Targeted Mentoring: Evaluation of a Program.” Journal of Social Work Education 45 (1): 89–104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moesch, K. 2012. “Reasons for Career Termination in Danish Elite Athletes: Investigating Gender Differences and the Time-Point as Potential Correlates.” Sport Science Review 21 (5–6): 49–68. doi:10.2478/v10237-012-0018-2
   Google Scholar
• Morris, R., E. Deason, G. Taylor, C. Allen, P. Wylleman, K. D. Brandt, K. Taelman., et al. 2019. “Ecology of Dual Careers Work Package 1 - Intermediary Report.” https://dualcareers.eu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/dcde-categories-and-criteria-of-effectiveness-and-efficiency-intermediary-report.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Noe, R. 1988. “An Investigation of the Determinants of Successful Assigned Mentoring Relationships.” Personnel Psychology 41 (3): 457–479. doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.1988.tb00638.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orpen, C. 1995. “The Effects of Mentoring on Employees’ Career Success.” The Journal of Social Psychology 135 (5): 667–668. doi:10.1080/00224545.1995.9712242
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parise, M. R., and M. L. Forret. 2008. “Formal Mentoring Programs: The Relationship of Program Design and Support to Mentors’ Perceptions of Benefits and Costs.” Journal of Vocational Behavior 72 (2): 225–240. doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2007.10.011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park, S., D. Lavallee, and D. Tod. 2013. “Athletes’ Career Transition out of Sport: A Systematic Review.” International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology 6 (1): 22–53. doi:10.1080/1750984X.2012.687053
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pellegrini, E. K., and T. A. Scandura. 2005. “Construct Equivalence across Groups: An Unexplored Issue in Mentoring Research.” Educational and Psychological Measurement 65 (2): 323–335. doi:10.1177/0013164404268665
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petitpas, A., S. Danish, R. McKelvain, and S. Murphy. 1992. “A Career Assistance Program for Elite Athletes.” Journal of Counseling & Development 70 (3): 383–386. doi:10.1002/j.1556-6676.1992.tb01620.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Preacher, K. J., and R. C. MacCallum. 2003. “Repairing Tom Swift’s Electric Factor Analysis Machine.” Understanding Statistics 2 (1): 13–43. doi:10.1207/S15328031US0201_02
   Google Scholar
• Ragins, B. R., and D. B. McFarlin. 1990. “Perceptions of Mentor Roles in Cross-Gender Mentoring Relationships.” Journal of Vocational Behavior 37 (3): 321–339. doi:10.1016/0001-8791(90)90048-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reints, A., and P. Wylleman. 2013. “Managing Athletes’ Post-Athletic Careers.’ In Managing High Performance Sport, edited by Popi Sotiriadou and Veerle de Bosscher, 221–236. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Rens, F. E. V., A. Elling, and N. Reijgersberg. 2015. “Topsport Talent Schools in The Netherlands: A Retrospective Analysis of the Effect on Performance in Sport and Education.” International Review for the Sociology of Sport 50 (1): 64–82. doi:10.1177/1012690212468585
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rotering-Steinberg, S. 2007. “Evaluationsstudien Zum Mentoring.” Gruppe. Interaktion. Organisation. Zeitschrift Für Angewandte Organisationspsychologie (GIO) 38 (1): 25–42. doi:10.1007/s11612-007-0003-x
   Google Scholar
• Royce, D. 1998. “Mentoring High-Risk Minority Youth: Evaluation of the Brothers Project.” Adolescence Spring 33 (129): 145–151.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ryan, C. 2015. “Factors Impacting Carded Athlete’s Readiness for Dual Careers.” Psychology of Sport and Exercise 21: 91–97. doi: doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2015.04.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan, C., H. Thorpe, and C. Pope. 2017. “The Policy and Practice of Implementing a Student-Athlete Support Network: A Case Study.” International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics 9 (3): 415–430. doi:10.1080/19406940.2017.1320301
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scandura, T. A., and B. R. Ragins. 1993. “The Effects of Sex and Gender Role Orientation on Mentorship in Male-Dominated Occupations.” Journal of Vocational Behavior 43 (3): 251–265. doi:10.1006/jvbe.1993.1046
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scandura, T. A., and E. A. Williams. 2001. “An Investigation of the Moderating Effects of Gender on the Relationships between Mentorship Initiation and Mentoring Functions: Protégé Perceptions of Mentoring.” Journal of Vocational Behavior 59 (3): 342–363. doi:10.1006/jvbe.2001.1809
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneider, P. B. 2009. Deutsche Adaptation Und Validierung Des Mentor Role Instruments (MRI) Von Ragins & McFarlin Mit Multiplen Datenquellen: Längsschnittstudie Zur Diagnostik Von Mentoring - Unterstützung Bei Führungsnachwuchskräften. Bonn: Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, A. B., A. E. Taylor, and R. Hardin. 2016. “Women and Mentoring in Collegiate Athletics.” Mentoring & Tutoring Partnerships in Learning 24 (5): 346–364. doi:10.1080/13611267.2016.1272200
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sosik, J. J., and V. M. Godshalk. 2000. “The Role of Gender in Mentoring: Implications for Diversified and Homogenous Mentoring Relationships.” Journal of Vocational Behavior 57 (1): 102–122. doi:10.1006/jvbe.1999.1734
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stambulova, N. B., C. Engström, A. Franck, L. Linnér, and K. Lindahl. 2015. “Searching for an Optimal Balance: Dual Career Experiences of Swedish Adolescent Athletes.” Psychology of Sport and Exercise 21: 4–14. doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2014.08.009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torregrosa, M., Y. Ramis, S. Pallarés, F. Azócar, and C. Selva. 2015. “Olympic Athletes Back to Retirement: A Qualitative Longitudinal Study.” Psychology of Sport and Exercise 21: 50–56. doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2015.03.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tshube, T., and D. L. Feltz. 2015. “The Relationship between Dual-Career and Post-Sport Career Transition among Elite Athletes in South Africa, Botswana, Namibia and Zimbabwe.” Psychology of Sport and Exercise 21: 109–114. doi: doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2015.05.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Ginkel, G., J. van Drie, and N. Verloop. 2018. “Mentor Teachers’ Views of Their Mentees.” Mentoring & Tutoring Partnerships in Learning 26 (2): 122–147. doi:10.1080/13611267.2018.1472542
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watson, J. C., D. Clement, L. C. Blom, and E. Grindley. 2009. “Mentoring: Processes and Perceptions of Sport and Exercise Psychology Graduate Students.” Journal of Applied Sport Psychology 21 (2): 231–246. doi:10.1080/10413200902777297
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Witry, M. J., B. J. Patterson, and B. A. Sorofman. 2013. “A Qualitative Investigation of Protégé Expectations and Proposition of an Evaluation Model for Formal Mentoring in Pharmacy Education.” Academy of Management Journal 9 (6): 654–665. doi:10.1016/j.sapharm.2012.08.003.
   Google Scholar
• Wylleman, P., K. De Brandt, and S. Defruyt. 2017. GEES Handbook for Dual Career Support Providers (DCSPs). Brussels: GEES Consortium.
   Google Scholar