Legitimacy in public recreation: examining rhetorical shifts in institutional creation and maintenance

References

• Amis, J., T. Slack, and C. R. Hinings. 2002. “Values and Organizational Change.” The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science 38 (4): 436–465. doi:10.1177/002188602237791.
   Google Scholar
• Amis, J., T. Slack, and C. R. Hinings. 2004. “Strategic Change and the Role of Interests, Power, and Organizational Capacity.” Journal of Sport Management 18 (2): 158–198. doi:10.1123/jsm.18.2.158.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aristotle 1991. On Rhetoric. Translated by G. A. Kennedy. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Attwood, E. 2012. “Parks and Recreation Departments Benefit from Sports Tourism,” September. Accessed 3 July 2018. https://www.athleticbusiness.com/Recreation/parks-and-recreation-departments-benefit-from-sports-tourism.html
   Google Scholar
• Barros, M. 2014. “Tools of Legitimacy: The Case of the Petrobras Corporate Blog.” Organization Studies 35 (8): 1211–1230. doi:10.1177/0170840614530914.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berger, P. L., and T. Luckmann. 1966. The Social Construction of Reality: A Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge. 3rd ed. Garden City, NY: Anchor Books.
   Google Scholar
• Bitektine, A., and P. Haack. 2015. “The “Macro” and the “Micro” of Legitimacy: Toward a Multilevel Theory of the Legitimacy Process.” Academy of Management Review 40 (1): 49–75. doi:10.5465/amr.2013.0318.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boström, M., and K. Tamm Hallström. 2013. “Global Multi-Stakeholder Standard Setters: How Fragile Are They?” Journal of Global Ethics 9 (1): 93–110. doi:10.1080/17449626.2013.773180.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, A., S. Ainsworth, and D. Grant. 2012. “The Rhetoric of Institutional Change.” Organization Studies 33 (3): 297–321. doi:10.1177/0170840611435598.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, A., and M. Jones. 2000. “Honourable Members and Dishonourable Deeds: Sensemaking, Impression Management and Legitimation in the ‘Arms to Iraq Affair.” Human Relations 53 (5): 655–689.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burke, K. 1969. A Grammar of Motives. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Cohen, D. A., B. Han, C. J. Nagel, P. Harnik, T. L. McKenzie, K. R. Evenson, T. Marsh, S. Williamson, C. Vaughan, and S. Katta. 2016. “The First National Study of Neighborhood Parks: Implications for Physical Activity.” American Journal of Preventive Medicine 51 (4): 419–426. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2016.03.021.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cousens, L. 1997. “From Diamonds to Dollars: The Dynamics of Change in AAA Baseball Franchises.” Journal of Sport Management 11 (4): 316–334. doi:10.1123/jsm.11.4.316.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cousens, L., and T. Slack. 2005. “Field-Level Change: The Case of North American Major League Sport.” Journal of Sport Management 19 (1): 13–42. doi:10.1123/jsm.19.1.13.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cranz, G. 1982. The Politics of Park Design: A History of Urban Parks in America. Boston, MA: MIT Press. doi:10.1086/ahr/88.5.1334.
   Google Scholar
• Currie, G., A. Lockett, R. Finn, G. Martin, and J. Waring. 2012. “Institutional Work to Maintain Professional Power: Recreating the Model of Medical Professionalism.” Organization Studies 33 (7): 937–962. doi:10.1177/0170840612445116.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daudigeos, T., A. Boutinot, and S. Jaumier. 2013. “Taking Stock of Institutional Complexity: Anchoring a Pool of Institutional Logics into the Interinstitutional System with a Descendent Hierarchical Analysis.” In Institutional Logics in Action, edited by M. Lounsbury and E. Boxenbaum, Vol. 39B, 351–382. Bingley: Emerald Group.
   Google Scholar
• Davich, J. 2017. “Youth Sports Tourism: Build It Here and Families Will Come,” September 15. Accessed 3 July 2018. http://www.chicagotribune.com/suburbs/post-tribune/opinion/-ct-ptb-davich-youth-sports-tourism-st-0918-20170917-story.html
   Google Scholar
• Derose, K. P., B. Han, S. Williamson, and D. A. Cohen. 2015. “Racial-Ethnic Variation in Park Use and Physical Activity in the City of Los Angeles.” Journal of Urban Health 92 (6): 1011–1023. doi:10.1007/s11524-015-9994-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Desai, V. 2011. “Mass Media and Massive Failures: Determining Organizational Efforts to Defend Field Legitimacy Following Crises.” Academy of Management Journal 54 (2): 263. doi:10.5465/amj.2011.60263082.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DiMaggio, P., and W. Powell. 1983. “The Iron Cage Revisited: Institutional Isomorphism and Collective Rationality in Organizational Fields.” American Sociological Review 48 (2): 147–160. doi:10.2307/2095101.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edwards, J. R., and M. Washington. 2015. “Establishing a “Safety Net”: Exploring the Emergence and Maintenance of College Hockey Inc. and CCAA Division I Hockey.” Journal of Sport Management 29 (3): 291–304.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elsbach, K. 1994. “Managing Organizational Legitimacy in the California Cattle Industry: The Construction and Effectiveness of Verbal Accounts.” Administrative Science Quarterly 39 (1): 57–88. doi:10.2307/2393494.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erkama, N., and E. Vaara. 2010. “Struggles over Legitimacy in Global Organizational Restructuring: A Rhetorical Perspective on Legitimation Strategies and Dynamics in a Shutdown Case.” Organization Studies 31 (7): 813–839. doi:10.1177/0170840609346924.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foley, J., and F. Benest. 1988. “For Agency Blues: A Dose of Entrepreneurship.” Parks & Recreation, August, 42–46.
   Google Scholar
• Galvin, T. 2002. “Examining Institutional Change: Evidence from the Founding Dynamics of U.S. health Care Interest Associations.” The Academy of Management Journal 45 (4): 673–696. doi:10.2307/3069304.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gill, A. M., and K. Whedbee. 1997. “Rhetoric.” In Discourse as Structure and Process: Vol. 1 Discourse Studies: A Multidisciplinary Introduction, edited by T. A. van Dijk, 157–184. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Green, B. C. 2008. “Sport as an Agent for Social and Personal Change.” In Management of Sports Development, edited by V. Girginov, 131–147. London: Butterworth-Heinemann.
   Google Scholar
• Green, S. 2004. “A Rhetorical Theory of Diffusion.” Academy of Management Review 29 (4): 653–669. doi:10.5465/amr.2004.14497653.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenwood, R., C. Oliver, K. Sahlin, and R. Suddaby. 2008. The Sage Handbook of Organizational Institutionalism. London: SAGE Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Gulick, L. 1966. “Guest Editorial: The Road to Unity.” Parks & Recreation, April, 309.
   Google Scholar
• Henderson, K. A. 2009. “A Paradox of Sport Management and Physical Activity Interventions.” Sport Management Review 12 (2): 57–65. doi:10.1016/j.smr.2008.12.004.
   Google Scholar
• Henderson, A., and C. R. Fry. 2011. “Better Parks through Law and Policy: A Legal Analysis of Authorities Governing Public Parks and Open Spaces.” Journal of Physical Activity and Health 8 (s1): S109–S115. doi:10.1123/jpah.8.s1.s109.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Higham, J. E. S., and T. D. Hinch. 2003. “Sport, Space, and Time: Effects of the Otago Highlanders Franchise on Tourism.” Journal of Sport Management 17 (3): 235–257. doi:10.1123/jsm.17.3.235.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hinings, C. R., L. Thibault, T. Slack, and L. M. Kikulis. 1996. “Values and Organizational Structure.” Human Relations 49 (7): 885–916. doi:10.1177/001872679604900702.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jepperson, R. L. 1991. “Institutions, Effects, and Institutionalism.” In The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis, edited by P. J. DiMaggio and W. P. Powell, 143–163. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kikulis, L. M. 2000. “Continuity and Change in Governance and Decision Making in National Sport Organizations: Institutional Explanations.” Journal of Sport Management 14 (4): 293–320. doi:10.1123/jsm.14.4.293.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kulczycki, C., and E. A. Halpenny. 2014. “Sport Cycling Tourists’ Setting Preferences, Appraisals and Attachments.” Journal of Sport & Tourism 19 (2): 169–197. doi:10.1080/14775085.2015.1070741.
   Google Scholar
• Lamertz, K., M. Carney, and F. Bastien. 2008. “Image on the Internet: Inter-Organisational Isomorphism in Image Management by Professional Soccer Clubs.” International Journal of Sport Management and Marketing 3 (3): 242–262. doi:10.1504/IJSMM.2008.017191.
   Google Scholar
• Lawrence, T. 1999. “Institutional Strategy.” Journal of Management 25 (2): 161–187. doi:10.1177/014920639902500203.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawrence, T. B., and R. Suddaby. 2006. “Institutions and Institutional Work.” In The Sage Handbook of Organization Studies, edited by S. R. Clegg, C. Hardy, T. B. Lawrence, and W. R. Nord. 2nd ed., 215–254. London: SAGE Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Lounsbury, M., M. Ventresca, and P. Hirsch. 2003. “Social Movements, Field Frames and Industry Emergence: A Cultural-Political Perspective on US Recycling.” Socio – Economic Review 1 (1): 71–104. doi:10.1093/soceco/1.1.71.
   Google Scholar
• Meyer, J. W., and B. Rowan. 1977. “Institutionalized Organizations: Formal Structure as Myth and Ceremony.” American Journal of Sociology 83 (2): 340–363. doi:10.1086/226550.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newman, J. I. 2014. “Sport without Management.” Journal of Sport Management 28 (6): 603–615. doi:10.1123/jsm.2012-0159.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nite, C. 2017. “Message Framing as Institutional Maintenance: The National Collegiate Athletic Association’s Institutional Work of Addressing Legitimate Threats.” Sport Management Review 20 (4): 338–351. doi:10.1016/j.smr.2016.10.005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nite, C., A. Ige, and M. Washington. 2019. “The Evolving Institutional Work of the National Collegiate Athletic Association to Maintain Dominance in a Fragmented Field.” Sport Management Review 20 (3): 379–394. doi:10.1016/j.smr.2018.05.002.
   Google Scholar
• NRPA 2018a. 2018 NRPA Agency Performance Review: Park and Recreation Agency Performance Benchmarks. National Recreation and Parks Association. https://www.nrpa.org/siteassets/nrpa-agency-performance-review.pdf
   Google Scholar
• NRPA 2018b. “Our Mission.” https://www.nrpa.org/About-National-Recreation-and-Park-Association/
   Google Scholar
• NRPA 1968. “P&R Editorial.” Parks & Recreation, January, 19.
   Google Scholar
• NRPA 1968. “P&R Editorial.” Parks & Recreation, February, 13.
   Google Scholar
• NRPA 1968. “P&R Editorial.” Parks & Recreation, April, 18.
   Google Scholar
• NRPA 1968. “P&R Editorial.” Parks & Recreation, August, 11.
   Google Scholar
• NRPA 1969. “P&R Editorial.” Parks & Recreation, May, 23.
   Google Scholar
• NRPA 1971. “P&R Editorial.” Parks & Recreation, August, 5.
   Google Scholar
• NRPA 1972. “P&R Editorial.” Parks & Recreation, April, 15.
   Google Scholar
• NRPA 1972. “P&R Editorial.” Parks & Recreation, May, 18.
   Google Scholar
• NRPA 1974. “P&R Editorial.” Parks & Recreation, April, 2a.
   Google Scholar
• NRPA 1974. “P&R Editorial.” Parks & Recreation, July, 21.
   Google Scholar
• NRPA 1974. “P&R Editorial.” Parks & Recreation, September, 17.
   Google Scholar
• NRPA 1974. “P&R Editorial.” Parks & Recreation, November, 15.
   Google Scholar
• NRPA 1975. “P&R Editorial.” Parks & Recreation, April, 17.
   Google Scholar
• NRPA 1981. “P&R Editorial.” Parks & Recreation, February, 20.
   Google Scholar
• NRPA 1981. “P&R Editorial.” Parks & Recreation, December, 28.
   Google Scholar
• NRPA 1983. “P&R Editorial.” Parks & Recreation, April, 30.
   Google Scholar
• NRPA 1983. “P&R Editorial.” Parks & Recreation, August, 8.
   Google Scholar
• NRPA 1983. “P&R Editorial.” Parks & Recreation, December, 26.
   Google Scholar
• NRPA 1985. “P&R Editorial.” Parks & Recreation, February, 26.
   Google Scholar
• NRPA 1985. “P&R Editorial.” Parks & Recreation, April, 40.
   Google Scholar
• NRPA 1986. “P&R Editorial.” Parks & Recreation, June, 24.
   Google Scholar
• NRPA 1986. “P&R Editorial.” Parks & Recreation, September, 38
   Google Scholar
• NYC Parks. 2018. “History of Bat Sports in Parks.” https://www.nycgovparks.org/about/history/bat-sports
   Google Scholar
• O’Brien, D., and T. Slack. 1999. “Deinstitutionalising the Amateur Ethic: An Empirical Examination of Change in a Rugby Union Football Club.” Sport Management Review 2 (1): 24–42. doi:10.1016/S1441-3523(99)70088-4.
   Google Scholar
• O’Brien, D., and T. Slack. 2003. “An Analysis of Change in an Organizational Field: The Professionalization of English Rugby Union.” Journal of Sport Management 17 (4): 417–448. doi:10.1123/jsm.17.4.417.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Brien, D., and T. Slack. 2004. “The Emergence of a Professional Logic in English Rugby Union: The Role of Isomorphic and Diffusion Processes.” Journal of Sport Management 18 (1): 13–39. doi:10.1123/jsm.18.1.13.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ozyurtcu, T. 2014. “Flex Marks the Spot: Histories of Muscle Beach.” Doctoral diss., https://­repositories.lib.utexas.edu/handle/2152/26057
   Google Scholar
• Patala, S., I. Korpivaara, A. Jalkala, A. Kuitunen, and B. Soppe. 2017. “Legitimacy under Institutional Change: How Incumbents Appropriate Clean Rhetoric for Dirty Technologies.” Organization Studies 1 (1): 1–25.
   Google Scholar
• Perić, D., M. Nešić, R. Romanov, J. Marković, I. Mišković, T. Jezdimirović, and D. Stupar. 2016. “Participant’s Quality Perception and Motives for Attending Marathon Events in Natural Areas.” International Journal of Sport Management, Recreation & Tourism 23: 1–21.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips, N., T. Lawrence, and C. Hardy. 2004. “Discourse and Institutions.” The Academy of Management Review 29 (4): 635–652. doi:10.2307/20159075.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rockefeller, L. S. 1966. “Editorial: Fellow Pioneers.” Parks & Recreation, January, 13.
   Google Scholar
• Rao, H., and S. Giorgi. 2006. “Code Breaking: How Entrepreneurs Exploit Cultural Logics to Generate Institutional Change.” In Research in Organizational Behavior, edited by B. M. Staw, 269–304. New York: Elsevier.
   Google Scholar
• Rao, H., P. Monin, and R. Durand. 2003. “Institutional Change in Toque Ville: Nouvelle Cuisine as an Identity Movement in French Gastronomy.” American Journal of Sociology 108 (4): 795–843. doi:10.1086/367917.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rao, H., C. Morrill, and M. N. Zald. 2000. “Power Plays: How Social Movements and Collective Action Create New Organizational Forms.” In Research in Organizational Behavior, edited by B. M. Staw, 237–281. New York: Elsevier.
   Google Scholar
• Trank, C., and M. Washington. 2009. “Maintaining an Institution in a Contested Organizational Field: The Work of the AACSB and Its Constituents.” In Institutional Work: Actors and Agency in Institutional Studies of Organizations, edited by T. Lawrence, R. Suddaby, and B. Leca, 236–261. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Rowe, K., D. Shilbury, L. Ferkins, and E. Hinckson. 2013. “Sport Development and Physical Activity Promotion: An Integrated Model to Enhance Collaboration and Understanding.” Sport Management Review 16 (3): 364–377. doi:10.1016/j.smr.2012.12.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneiberg, M., M. D. King, and T. Smith. 2008. “Social Movements and Organizational Form: Cooperative Alternatives to Corporations in the American Insurance, Dairy, and Grain Industries.” American Sociological Review 73 (4): 635–667.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sessoms, H. D., and K. Henderson. 2009. The Noble Experiment: A History of the National Recreation and Park Association 1965 to 2005. Ashburn, VA: National Recreation and Park Association.
   Google Scholar
• Shanahan, D. F., L. Franco, B. B. Lin, K. J. Gaston, and R. A. Fuller. 2016. “The Benefits of Natural Environments for Physical Activity.” Sports Medicine 46 (7): 989–995. doi:10.1007/s40279-016-0502-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skille, E. Å. 2011. “Change and Isomorphism – A Case Study of Translation Processes in a Norwegian Sport Club.” Sport Management Review 14 (1): 79–88. doi:10.1016/j.smr.2010.03.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skirstad, B., and P. Chelladurai. 2011. “For ‘Love’ and Money: A Sport’s Club Innovative Response to Multiple Logics.” Journal of Sport Management 25 (4): 339–353. doi:10.1123/jsm.25.4.339.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slack, T., and B. Hinings. 1992. “Understanding Change in National Sport Organizations: An Integration of Theoretical Perspectives.” Journal of Sport Management 6 (2): 114–132. doi:10.1123/jsm.6.2.114.
   Google Scholar
• Slate, J. 2005. “Sport and Athletics at Fair Park.” Legacies 17 (1): 34–39.
   Google Scholar
• Stenling, C. 2013. “The Introduction of Drive-in Sport in Community Sport Organizations as an Example of Organizational Non-Change.” Journal of Sport Management 27 (6): 497–509. doi:10.1123/jsm.27.6.497.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stenling, C. 2014. “The Emergence of a New Logic? The Theorizing of a New Practice in the Highly Institutionalized Context of Swedish Voluntary Sport.” Sport Management Review 17 (4): 507–519. doi:10.1016/j.smr.2013.12.004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevens, J. 2006. “The Canadian Hockey Association Merger and the Emergence of the Amateur Sport Enterprise.” Journal of Sport Management 20 (1): 74–100. doi:10.1123/jsm.20.1.74.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevens, J. A., and T. Slack. 1998. “Integrating Social Action and Structural Constraints. Towards a More Holistic Explanation of Organizational Change.” International Review for the Sociology of Sport 33 (2): 143–154. doi:10.1177/101269098033002002.
   Google Scholar
• Suchman, M. C. 1995. “Managing Legitimacy: Strategic and Institutional Approaches.” Academy of Management Review 20 (3): 571–610. doi:10.5465/amr.1995.9508080331.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suddaby, R., and R. Greenwood. 2005. “Rhetorical Strategies of Legitimacy.” Administrative Science Quarterly 50 (1): 35–67. doi:10.2189/asqu.2005.50.1.35.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suddaby, R., A. Bitektine, and P. Haack. 2017. “Legitimacy.” Academy of Management Annals 11 (1): 451–478. doi:10.5465/annals.2015.0101.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaydik, F. 1966. “Guest Editorial: Merger – What Now!” Parks & Recreation, March, 211.
   Google Scholar
• Walls, M. 2009. Parks and Recreation in the United States – Local Park Systems. Washington, DC: Resources for the Future. http://www.rff.org/files/sharepoint/WorkImages/Download/RFF-BCK-ORRG_Local%20Parks.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Washington, M. 2004. “Field Approaches to Institutional Change: The Evolution of the National Collegiate Athletic Association 1906–1995.” Organization Studies 25 (3): 393–414. doi:10.1177/0170840604040042.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Washington, M., and K. D. W. Patterson. 2011. “Hostile Takeover or Joint Venture: Connections between Institutional Theory and Sport Management Research.” Sport Management Review 14 (1): 1–12. doi:10.1016/j.smr.2010.06.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Washington, M., and M. Ventresca. 2008. “Institutional Contradictions and Struggles in the Formation of U.S. Collegiate Basketball, 1880–1938.” Journal of Sport Management 22 (1): 30–49. doi:10.1123/jsm.22.1.30.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Welty Peachey, J., and J. Bruening. 2011. “An Examination of Environmental Forces Driving Change and Stakeholder Responses in a Football Championship Subdivision Athletic Department.” Sport Management Review 14 (2): 202–219. doi:10.1016/j.smr.2010.09.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Welty Peachey, J., and J. Bruening. 2012. “Investigating Ambivalence towards Organizational Change in a Football Championship Subdivision Intercollegiate Athletic Department.” Sport Management Review 15 (2): 171–186. doi:10.1016/j.smr.2011.05.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeigler, E. F. 2007. “Sport Management Must Show Social Concern as It Develops Tenable Theory.” Journal of Sport Management 21 (3): 297–318. doi:10.1123/jsm.21.3.297.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar