Skating on White ice: the US media’s representation of Asian/American and Asian female skaters from the mid-2000s to the early 2010s

References

• Adams, M. L. 2011. Artistic Impressions: Figure Skating, Masculinity, and the Limits of Sport. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
   Google Scholar
• Aoki, K. 1996. “Foreign-Ness & Asian American Identities: Yellowface, World War II Propaganda, and Bifurcated Racial Stereostypes.” UCLA Asian Pacific American Law Journal 4. HeinOnline 1–71.
   Google Scholar
• Balibar, E. 2007. “Is There a’neo-Racism’?” In Race and Racialization: Essential Readings, edited by T. D. Gupta, 83–88. Toronto: Canadian Scholars’ Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bondy, F. 2014. “Plenty of Potential in 15-Year-Old U.S. Figure Skater Polina Edmunds.” The New York Daily News, January 10. http://www.nydailynews.com/sports/olympics/edmunds-throws-skating-loop-article-1.1575981.
   Google Scholar
• Brennan, C. 1992. “The Jump That’s Revolutionized a Sport; Athleticism Is Key As Figure Skating Starts for Women.” Washington Post, February 19. Lexis-Nexis.
   Google Scholar
• Brennan, C. 1996. “Ito Passes 1st Comeback Test; U.S. Skaters Also Qualify at Worlds.” Washington Post, March 19. Lexis-Nexis.
   Google Scholar
• Brennan, C. 2009. “Growing up Puts Skaters on Thin Ice.” USA Today, January 22. Academic Search Elite.
   Google Scholar
• Cho, Y.-F. 2009. “‘Yellow Slavery’, Narratives of Rescue, and Sui Sin Far/Edith Maude Eaton’s ‘Lin John’ (1899).” Journal of Asian American Studies 12 (1). Johns Hopkins University Press: 35–63.
   Google Scholar
• Clarke, L. 2008. “Behind Smiles, Sequins, Nothing but Hard Work: Silver Spring Teen Aims for 2010 Olympics.” Washington Post, January 20. Lexis-Nexis.
   Google Scholar
• Creef, E. T. 2004. Imaging Japanese America: The Visual Construction of Citizenship, Nation, and the Body. New York: New York University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Dalisay, F., and A. Tan. 2009. “Assimilation and Contrast Effects in the Priming of Asian American and African American Stereotypes through TV Exposure.” Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 86 (1). 7–22. SAGE Publications Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA. doi: 10.1177/107769900908600102.
   Google Scholar
• Deford, F. 1992. “The Jewel of the Winter Games.” Newsweek 119 (February): 46–51.
   Google Scholar
• Dirlik, A. 2008. “Race Talk, Race, and Contemporary Racism.” PMLA 123 (5): 1363–1379. MLA: doi: 10.1632/pmla.2008.123.5.1363.
   Google Scholar
• Douglas, D. D. 2005. “Venus, Serena, and the Women’s Tennis Association: When and Where ‘Race’ Enters.” Sociology of Sport Journal 22 (3): 255–281. doi: 10.1123/ssj.22.3.255.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Downey, M. 1992. “Going beyond the All-American Story.” Los Angeles Times. February 21. http://articles.latimes.com/1992-02-21/sports/sp-2687_1_kristi-yamaguchi.
   Google Scholar
• Fabos, B. 2001. “Forcing the Fairytale: Narrative Strategies in Figure Skating Competition Coverage.” Sport in Society. 4 (2): 185–212. Taylor & Francis. doi: 10.1080/713999817.
   Google Scholar
• Feder, A. M. 1994. “A Radiant Smile from the Lovely Lady’: Overdetermined Femininity in ‘Ladies’ Figure Skating.” The Drama Review 38 (1): 62–78. doi: 10.2307/1146356.
   Google Scholar
• Foucault, M. 1980. Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings, 1972–1977. New York: Pantheon.
   Google Scholar
• Foucault, M. 2003. “Society Must Be Defended”: Lectures at the Collège de France, 1975-1976. New York: Picador.
   Google Scholar
• Friedman, M. 2014. “ESPN Revisits the Tonya Harding-Nancy Kerrigan Scandal of 1994.” The New York Daily News, January 15. http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/espn-revisits-­tonya-harding-nancy-kerrigan-scandal-article-1.1579325.
   Google Scholar
• Gabriel, J. 1998. Whitewashed: Radicalised Politics and the Media. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Hamamoto, D. Y. 1992. “Kindred Spirits: The Contemporary Asian American Family on Televison.” Amerasia Journal 18 (2): 35–53. UCLA Asian American Studies Center Press. doi: 10.17953/­amer.18.2.7985n703t017k066.
   Google Scholar
• Hersh, P. 2010. “Mirai Nagasu Has Arrived: The Teenager Would like to Shock You with More than Just What She Can Sometimes Say.” Chicago Tribune, February 13. http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2010-02-13/sports/ct-oly-0214-olympics-nagasu–20100213_1_mirai-nagasu-­olympic-asians.
   Google Scholar
• Hesse, B. 1997. “White Governmentality: Urbanism, Nationalism, Racism.” In Imagining Cities: Scripts, Signs, Memory, edited by S. Westwood and J. Williams, 86–103. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Hing, B. O. 2002. “Vigilante Racism: The De-Americanization of Immigrant America.” Michigan Journal of Race and Law 7 (2) 441–56.
   Google Scholar
• Hoberman, J. M. 1997. Darwin’s Athletes: How Sport Has Damaged Black America and Preserved the Myth of Race. Boston, MA: Mariner Books.
   Google Scholar
• Ireland, J. 1996. “Asian Women Ideally Suited to Dominate in Skating.” Calgary Herald, March 22. Lexis-Nexis.
   Google Scholar
• Jeansonne, J. 1992. “Yamaguchi, Kerrigan Take Early Skating Bows Leapers Take Tumbles.” Baltimore Sun, February 20. http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1992-02-20/sports/1992051198_1_kristi-­yamaguchi-ice-capades-ito.
   Google Scholar
• Joo, R. M. 2000. “Trans National Pastimes and Korean American Subjectivities: Reading Chan Ho Park.” Journal of Asian American Studies 3 (3): 301–328. Johns Hopkins University Press. doi: 10.1353/jaas.2000.0033.
   Google Scholar
• Kawai, Y. 2005. “Stereotyping Asian Americans: The Dialectic of the Model Minority and the Yellow Peril.” The Howard Journal of Communications 16 (2): 109–130. Taylor & Francis. doi: 10.1080/10646170590948974.
   Google Scholar
• Keevak, M. 2011. Becoming Yellow: A Short History of Racial Thinking. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kestnbaum, E. 2003. Culture on Ice: Figure Skating & Cultural Meaning. Middletown, Conn: Wesleyan University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ki, E.-J., and H. Khang. 2008. “Ethnic Diversity: Exploring the Status of Asian-American Public Relations Practitioners in the US.” The Open Communication Journal 2 (1): 100–107. doi: 10.2174/1874916X00802010100.
   Google Scholar
• Kim, L. 2004. “Be the One That You Want: Asian Americans in Television Culture, Onscreen and Beyond.” Amerasia Journal 30 (1): 125–146. UCLA Asian American Studies Center Press. doi: 10.17953/amer.30.1.356381678qj14622.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King, C. R. 2005. “Cautionary Notes on Whiteness and Sport Studies.” Sociology of Sport Journal 22 (3): 397–408. doi: 10.1123/ssj.22.3.397.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kusz, K. W. 2007. “From NASCAR Nation to Pat Tillman: Notes on Sport and the Politics of White Cultural Nationalism in Post-9/11 America.” Journal of Sport and Social Issues 31 (1): 77–88. Sage Publications Sage CA: Thousand Oaks, CA. doi: 10.1177/0193723506296820.
   Google Scholar
• Lee, E. 2007. “The ‘Yellow Peril’ and Asian Exclusion in the Americas.” Pacific Historical Review 76 (4): 537–562. University of California Press Journals. doi: 10.1525/phr.2007.76.4.537.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, Y., and C. Kwei. 1995. “Beyond Black and White: Racializing Asian Americans in Society Obsessed with OJ.” Hastings Women’s Law Journal 6: 165–207. HeinOnline.
   Google Scholar
• Longman, J. 1997. “Kwan Wants It All, in and out of the Rink.” New York Times, February 2. Lexis-Nexis.
   Google Scholar
• Longman, J. 2010. “Fgure Skaters of Asian Descent Have Risen to Prominence.” New York Times, January 23. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/24/sports/olympics/24longman.html?_r=0.
   Google Scholar
• Longman, J. 2014. “Figure Skating Team Awaits Difficult Winnowing.” New York Times, January 11. http://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/12/sports/olympics/dash-of-teenage-­invincibility-hits-the-ice.html.
   Google Scholar
• Lowe, L. 1996. Immigrant Acts: On Asian American Cultural Politics. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lyman, S. M. 2000. “The ‘Yellow Peril’ Mystique: Origins and Vicissitudes of a Racist Discourse.” International Journal of Politics, Culture and Society 13 (4): 683–747. Springer: doi: 10.1023/A:1022931309651.
   Google Scholar
• Mayeda, D. T. 1999. “From Model Minority to Economic Threat: Media Portrayals of Major League Baseball Pitchers Hideo Nomo and Hideki Irabu.” Journal of Sport and Social Issues. 23 (2): 203–217. Sage Publications Sage CA: Thousand Oaks, CA. doi: 10.1177/0193723599232007.
   Google Scholar
• McDonald, M. G. 2005. “Mapping Whiteness and Sport: An Introduction.” Sociology of Sport Journal 22 (3): 245–255. doi: 10.1123/ssj.22.3.245.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDonald, M. G., and S. Birrell. 1999. “Reading Sport Critically: A Methodology for Interrogating Power.” Sociology of Sport Journal 16 (4): 283–300. doi: 10.1123/ssj.16.4.283.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKay, B., and P. Catton. 2014. “Why U.S. Figure Skating May Be in Decline; Sport’s Cooling Popularity May Lead to Fewer Olympic Medals.” Wall Street Journal, February 4. http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702303973704579356632925884284.
   Google Scholar
• McWhorter, L. 2005. “Where Do White People Come from? A Foucaultian Critique of Whiteness Studies.” Philosophy & Social Criticism 31: 533–556. Sage Publications Sage CA: Thousand Oaks, CA. doi: 10.1177/0191453705055488.
   Google Scholar
• Miller, P. B. 1998. “The Anatomy of Scientific Racism: Racialist Responses to Black Athletic Achievement.” Journal of Sport History 25 (1): 119–151.
   Google Scholar
• Morris, N. 2011. Japan-Bashing: Anti-Japanism Since the 1980s. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Nakamura, Y. 2005. “The Samurai Sword Cuts Both Ways: A Transnational Analysis of Japanese and US Media Representations of Ichiro.” International Review for the Sociology of Sport 40 (4): 467–480. Sage Publications Sage CA: Thousand Oaks, CA. doi: 10.1177/1012690205065749.
   Google Scholar
• Ni, C. 2010. “Young Asian American Skaters Dream They Can Soar: Their Role Models Are Olympians, and Their Dedication Is Strong.” Los Angeles Times, February 21. http://articles.­latimes.com/2010/feb/21/local/la-me-asian-skating21-2010feb21.
   Google Scholar
• Okihiro, G. Y. 1994. Margins and Mainstreams: Asians in American History and Culture. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ong, B. 2008. “Skaters Following Famed Inspirations.” St. Paul Pioneer Press, January 20. Lexis-Nexis.
   Google Scholar
• Ono, K. A., and J. Y. Jiao. 2008. “China in the US Imaginary: Tibet, the Olympics, and the 2008 Earthquake.” Communication and Critical/Cultural Studies 5 (4): 406–410. Taylor & Francis. doi: 10.1080/14791420802416168.
   Google Scholar
• Palumbo-Liu, D. 1999. Asian/American: Historical Crossings of a Racial Frontier. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. doi: 10.1086/ahr/106.1.142-a.
   Google Scholar
• Park, J. C. H. 2010. Yellow Future Oriental Style in Hollywood Cinema. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
   Google Scholar
• Peffer, G. A., 1986. “Forbidden Families: Emigration Experiences of Chinese Women under the Page Law, 1875–1882.” Journal of American Ethnic History 6 (1): 28–46.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Penner, M. 1995. “Young Kwan Learns Older Is Better in World Championships.” Los Angeles Times, March 12. http://articles.latimes.com/1995-03-12/sports/sp-41837_1_world-championships.
   Google Scholar
• Peterson, W. 1966a. “Success Story of One Minority in U.S.” The U.S. News and World Report.
   Google Scholar
• Peterson, W. 1966b. “Success Story: Japanese American Style.” New York Times Magazine, January 9.
   Google Scholar
• Reyes, A., and A. Lo. 2009. Beyond Yellow English: Toward a Linguistic Anthropology of Asian Pacific America. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Saito, N. T. 1997. “Model Minority, Yellow Peril: Functions of Foreignness in the Construction of Asian American Legal Identity.” Asian Law Journal 4: 71–95 (HeinOnline).
   Google Scholar
• Shim, D. 1998. “From Yellow Peril through Model Minority to Renewed Yellow Peril.” Journal of Communication Inquiry 22 (4): 385–409 (SAGE Publications, Inc.). doi: 10.1177/0196859998022004004.
   Google Scholar
• Shipley, A. 2009. “United States Faces a Steep Decline in Women’s Figure Skating.” Washington Post, January 26. Lexis-Nexis.
   Google Scholar
• Stephens, K. 1992. “Yamaguchi’s Moment in Spotlight at Hand.” Sun Sentinel, February 21. Academic Search Elite.
   Google Scholar
• Suzuki, B. H. 1989. “Asian Americans as the “Model Minority”: Outdoing Whites? or Media Hype?” Change 21 (6): 13–19. Taylor & Francis. doi: 10.1080/00091383.1989.9937601.
   Google Scholar
• Suzuki, B. H. 2002. “Revisiting the Model Minority Stereotype: Implications for Student Affairs Practice and Higher Education.” New Directions for Student Services 97: 21–32. Wiley Online Library.
   Google Scholar
• Tuan, M. 1998. Forever Foreigners or Honorary Whites? The Asian Ethnic Experience Today. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Tuan, M. 1999a. “Neither Real Americans nor Real Asians? Multigeneration Asian Ethnics Navigating the Terrain of Authenticity.” Qualitative Sociology 22 (2): 105–125. Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Tuan, M. 1999b. “On Asian American Ice Queens and Multigeneration Asian Ethnics.” Amerasia Journal 25 (1): 181–186. UCLA Asian American Studies Center Press.
   Google Scholar
• Walton, T. A., and T. M. Butryn. 2006. “Policing the Race: US Men’s Distance Running and the Crisis of Whiteness.” Sociology of Sport Journal 23 (1): 1–28. doi: 10.1123/ssj.23.1.1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whiteside, K. 2014. “Gracie Gold Poised to Grab Throne as USA Ice Princess.” USA Today, February 5. Academic Search Elite.
   Google Scholar
• Wu, F. H. 2001. “The Profiling of Threat versus the Threat of Profiling.” Michigan Journal of Race and Law 7 (1): 135–57.
   Google Scholar
• Yang, J. 2014. “Mirai Nagasu, Ashley Wagner and the Myth of the Golden Girl.” Wall Street Journal, January 14. http://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2014/01/14/mirai-nagasu-ashley-wagner-and-the-myth-of-the-golden-girl/.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, Q. 2010. “Asian Americans beyond the Model Minority Stereotype: The Nerdy and the Left Out.” Journal of International and Intercultural Communication. 3 (1): 20–37. Taylor & Francis Group. doi: 10.1080/17513050903428109.
   Google Scholar