Restorative justice in sports: does restorative justice have a place in anti-doping governance?

References

• Aguilar, M., J. Muñoz‐Guerra, J. Plata, and M. D. M. Del Coso. 2017. “Thirteen Years of the Fight against Doping in Figures.” Drug Testing and Analysis 9 (6): 866–869.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amos, A. 2009. “Anti-Doping Policy: Rationale or Rationalisation?” PhD diss., Faculty of Law. University of Sydney.
   Google Scholar
• Anti-Doping Rules. 2017. Violation Report. https://www.wada-ama.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/2017_adrv_report.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Ayres, I., and J. Braithwaite. 1992. Responsive Regulation: Transcending the Deregulation Debate. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Beamish, R., and I. Ritchie. 2006. Fastest, Highest, Strongest: A Critique of High-Performance Sport. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Boyes-Watson, C. 2005. “Community is Not a Place but a Relationship: Lessons for Organizational Development.” Public Organization Review: A Global Journal 5: 359–374.
   Google Scholar
• Braithwaite, J. 1989. Crime, Shame, and Reintegration. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Braithwaite, J. 2002. Restorative Justice and Responsive Regulation. Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Casini, L. 2008. Hybrid Public-Private Bodies within Global Private Regimes: The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA).
   Google Scholar
• Casini, L. 2009. Global hybrid public-private bodies: the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). International organizations law review 6 (2): 421–446.
   Google Scholar
• Christiansen, A. V. 2010. “We are not sportsmen, we are professionals.” : professionalism, doping and deviance in elite sport. International journal of sport management and marketing 7(1-2): 91–103.
   Google Scholar
• David, P. 2017. “A Guide to the World anti-Doping Code.” A Fight for the Spirit of Sport. Cambridge: Cambridge Printing House.
   Google Scholar
• de Hon, O., and M. van Bottenburg. 2017. “True Dopers or Negligent Athletes? An Analysis of Anti-Doping Rule Violations Reported to the World Anti-Doping Agency 2010-2012.” Substance Use & Misuse 52 (14): 1932–1936. doi:10.1080/10826084.2017.1322105.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dimeo, P. 2008. A History of Drug Use in Sport: 1876–1976: Beyond Good and Evil. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Dimeo, P. 2016. “The Myth of Clean Sport and Its Unintended Consequences.” Performance Enhancement & Health 4 (3–4): 103–110. doi:10.1016/j.peh.2016.04.001.
   Google Scholar
• Dimeo, P. 2019. “The Anti-Doping Crisis in Sport: Causes, Consequences, Solutions.” International Journal of Sport Communication 12: 434–437.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dimeo, P., and V. Møller. 2018. The Anti-Doping Crisis in Sport: Causes, Consequences, Solutions. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Draper, K., and J. Mcaur. 2021. Sha’Carri Richardson, a Track Sensation, Tests Positive for Marijuana. New York Times, July 1. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/01/sports/olympics/shacarri-richardson-suspended-marijuana.html
   Google Scholar
• Dunn, M., J. O. Thomas, W. Swift, L. Burns, and R. P. Mattick. 2010. “Drug Testing in Sport: The Attitudes and Experiences of Elite Athletes.” The International Journal on Drug Policy 21 (4): 330–332. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2009.12.005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elliott, E. 2011. Security with Care: Restorative Justice and Healthy Societies. Nova Scotia: Fernwood Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Engelberg, T., S. Moston, and J. Skinner. 2015. “The Final Frontier of Anti-Doping: A Study of Athletes Who Have Committed Doping Violations.” Sport Management Review 18 (2): 268–279. doi:10.1016/j.smr.2014.06.005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuchs, M. 2018. The War against Doping Can’t be Won, Says IOC President, Thomas Bach. https://www.cnnmoney.ch/shows/newsmaker/videos/war-against-doping-cant-be-won-ioc-president-thomas-bach.
   Google Scholar
• Gleaves, J., and A. V. Christiansen. 2019. Athletes’ perspectives on WADA and the code: a review and analysis. International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics 11 (2): 341–353.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gray, B., and P. Lauderdale. 2007. The great circle of justice: North American Indigenous justice and contemporary restoration programs. Contemporary Justice Review: Issues in Criminal, Social, and Restorative Justice 10 (2): 215–225.
   Google Scholar
• Greene, P. J. 2017. “When Athletes Are Wrongly Sanctioned under the World anti-Doping Code.” Maryland Journal of International Law 32: 338.
   Google Scholar
• Gunningham, N. and P. Grabosky. 1998. Smart Regulation: Designing Environmental Policy. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hardie, M. 2010. I Wish I Was 21 Now: Beyond Doping in the Australian Peloton, Auskadi Samizdats. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. https://ssrn.com/abstract=2631902.
   Google Scholar
• Henne, K. 2014. “The Emergence of Moral Technopreneurialism in Sport: Techniques in Anti-Doping Regulation, 1966–1976.” The International Journal of the History of Sport 31 (8): 884–901. doi:10.1080/09523367.2013.817990.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henne, K. 2015. Testing for Athlete Citizenship: Regulating Doping and Sex in Sport. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Henne, K. 2016. “Defending Doping: Performances and Trials of an Anti-Doping Program.” Journal of Sport and Social Issues 40 (3): 175–196. doi:10.1177/0193723515596203.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henne, K., and E. Troshynski. 2013. “Suspect Subjects: Affects of Bodily Regulation.” International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy 2 (2): 100–112. doi:10.5204/ijcjsd.v2i2.108.
   Google Scholar
• Henning, A. D., and P. Dimeo. 2015. “Questions of Fairness and Anti-Doping in US Cycling: The Contrasting Experiences of Professionals and Amateurs.” Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy 22 (5): 400–409.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henning, A. D., and P. Dimeo. 2018. The new front in the war on doping: Amateur athletes. International Journal of Drug Policy 51: 128–136.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoberman, J. 2009. Putting Doping into Context: Historical and Cultural Perspectives. In Performanceenhancing technologies in sports: Ethical, conceptual, and scientific issues, edited by T. H. Murray, K. J. Maschke, & A. A. Wasunna, 3–27. Johns Hopkins University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kayser, B. 2015. “18 from Zero-Tolerance toward Risk Reduction of Doping.” Ethics and Governance in Sport: The Future of Sport Imagined 54: 167.
   Google Scholar
• Kayser, B., A. Mauron, and A. Miah. 2007. “Current Anti-Doping Policy: A Critical Appraisal.” BMC Medical Ethics 8 (1): 2. doi:10.1186/1472-6939-8-2.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kayser, B., and A. C. Smith. 2008. “Globalisation of Anti-Doping: The Reverse Side of the Medal.” BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.) 337: a584. doi:10.1136/bmj.a584.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Llewellyn, J. J. 2012. “Integrating Peace, Justice and Development in a Relational Approach to Peacebuilding.” Ethics and Social Welfare 6 (3): 290–302. doi:10.1080/17496535.2012.704386.
   Google Scholar
• Marcuse, H. 1964. One Dimensional Man. Boston: Beacon Press.
   Google Scholar
• Møller, V. 2009. The Ethics of Doping and Anti-Doping: Redeeming the Soul of Sport ? New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Møller, V. 2016. “The Road to Hell is Paved with Good Intentions—A Critical Evaluation of WADA’s Anti-Doping Campaign.” Performance Enhancement & Health 4 (3–4): 111–115. doi:10.1016/j.peh.2016.05.001.
   Google Scholar
• Moston, S., E. T. Engelberg, and J. Skinner. 2015. “Perceived Incidence of Drug Use in Australian Sport: A Survey of Athletes and Coaches.” Sport in Society 18 (1): 91–105. doi:10.1080/17430437.2014.927867.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohl, F., B. Fincoeur, V. Lentillon-Kaestner, J. Defrance, and C. Brissonneau. 2015. “The Socialisation of Young Cyclists and the Culture of Doping.” International Review for the Sociology of Sport 50 (7): 865–882. doi:10.1177/1012690213495534.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pranis, K. 2005. The Little Book of Circle Process: A New/Old Approach to Peacemaking. Intercourse, PA: Good Books.
   Google Scholar
• Pranis, K., B. Stuart, and M. Wedge. 2003. Peacemaking Circles: From Crime to Community. St. Paul, MN: Living Justice Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ritchie, I. 2014. “Pierre de Coubertin, Doped ‘Amateurs’ and the ‘Spirit of Sport’: The Role of Mythology in Olympic Anti-Doping Policies.” The International Journal of the History of Sport 31 (8): 820–838. doi:10.1080/09523367.2014.883500.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ritchie, I., and K. Henne. 2018. Amateurism, Scientific Control, and Crime: Historical Fluctuations in Anti-Doping Discourses in Sport. Journal of Criminological Research, Policy and Practice. 4 (1):18–29.
   Google Scholar
• Salm, J., and M. Stout. 2019. “Examining Restorative Justice Principles and Practices as Integrative Process.” In The Future of Progressivism: Applying Follettian Thinking to Contemporary Issues, edited by M. Stout, 249–282. Anoka, MN: Process Century Press.
   Google Scholar
• Savulescu, J., B. Foddy, and M. Clayton. 2004. “Why We Should Allow Performance Enhancing Drugs in Sport.” British Journal of Sports Medicine 38 (6): 666–670. doi:10.1136/bjsm.2003.005249.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneider, A. J. 2006. “Cultural Nuances: Doping, Cycling and the Tour de France.” Sport in Society 9 (2): 212–226. doi:10.1080/17430430500491272.
   Google Scholar
• Sefiha, O., and N. Reichman. 2016. “When Every Test Is a Winner: Clean Cycling, Surveillance, and the New Preemptive Governance.” Journal of Sport and Social Issues 40 (3): 197–217. doi:10.1177/0193723516632045.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stout, M., and J. Salm. 2011. “What Restorative Justice Might Learn from Administrative Theory.” Contemporary Justice Review 14 (2): 203–225. doi:10.1080/10282580.2011.565978.
   Google Scholar
• United States Anti-Doping Agency (DOA). 2020. Arbitration Decisions. https://www.usada.org/athletes/results/arbitration-decisions
   Google Scholar
• United States Anti-Doping Agency (DOA). 2020. Play Clean Tip Center. https://www.usada.org/resources/playclean
   Google Scholar
• Waddington, I. 2010. “Surveillance and Control in Sport: A Sociologist Looks at the WADA Whereabouts System.” International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics 2 (3): 255–274. doi:10.1080/19406940.2010.507210.
   Google Scholar
• Waddington, I. 2016. “Theorising Unintended Consequences of anti-Doping Policy.” Performance Enhancement & Health 4 (3–4): 80–87. doi:10.1016/j.peh.2016.03.004.
   Google Scholar
• Waddington, I., A. V. Christiansen, J. Gleaves, J. Hoberman, and V. Møller. 2013. “Recreational Drug Use and Sport: Time for a WADA Rethink?” Performance Enhancement & Health 2 (2): 41–47. doi:10.1016/j.peh.2013.04.003.
   Google Scholar
• World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). 2019b. Athlete Biological Passport(DOA 2020). http://www.wada-ama.org/en/athlete-biological-passport
   Google Scholar
• World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). 2019c. Who We Are(DOA 2020). http://www.wada-ama.org/en/who-we-are
   Google Scholar
• World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). 2019d. Article 10: Sanctions on Individuals(DOA 2020). http://www.wada-ama.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/LEGAL_code_appendix.pdf
   Google Scholar
• World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). 2019e. WADA Publishes 2018 Annual Report Themed ‘The Right Way Together’. September 17. http://www.wada-ama.org/en/media/news/2019-09/wada-publishes-2018-annual-report-themed-the-right-way-together
   Google Scholar
• World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). 2019f. Athlete Testimonials (DOA 2020). http://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLB1oBlL5YcSU6TSsemOXXlcl1e4yMfFZ-
   Google Scholar
• Zehr, H. 2002. The Little Book of Restorative Justice. Intercourse, PA.: Good Books Publishing.
   Google Scholar