Leisure and sport as a paradigm of suffering. An ethnography through ultra-endurance sport

References

• Acevedo, E., D. Dzewaltowski, D. Gill, and J. Noble. 1992. “Cognitive Orientations of Ultramarathoners.” The Sport Psychologist 6 (3): 242–252. doi:10.1123/tsp.6.3.242.
   Google Scholar
• Adams, J., and R. J. Kirkby. 2003. “El exceso de ejercicio como adicción: una revisión.” Revista de toxicomanías 34: 10–22.
   Google Scholar
• Addison, T., J. Kremer, and R. Bell. 1998. “Understanding the Psychology of Pain in Sport.” The Irish Journal of Psychology 19 (4): 486–503. doi:10.1080/03033910.1998.10558209.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Águila, C. 2005. Ocio, jóvenes y posmodernidad. Almería: University of Almería.
   Google Scholar
• Alford, R., and A. Szanto. 1996. “Orpheus Wounded: The Experience of Pain in the Professional Worlds of the Piano.” Theory and Society 25 (1): 1–44. doi:10.1007/BF00140757.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen, J., and P. Dechow. 2020. Gender Differences in the Strategies Used for Task Completion: An Analysis of Marathon Runners. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3536645 or doi:10.2139/ssrn.3536645.
   Google Scholar
• Andersen, J. 2020. The State of Running 2019. Retrieved on September 15, 2020. https://runrepeat.com/state-of-running
   Google Scholar
• Antolín, V., J. de la Gándara, I. García, and A. Martín. 2009. “Adicción al deporte: ¿moda postmoderna o problema sociosanitario?” Norte de Salud Mental 34: 15–22.
   Google Scholar
• Atkinson, J. W. 1957. “Motivational Determinants of Risk-Taking Behaviour.” Psychological Review 64 (6, Pt.1): 359–372. doi:10.1037/h0043445.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Augé, M. 1982. “Lugares de deporte, lugares de rituales.” In Epistemología y Antropología del deporte, edited by J.-J. Barreau, J.-J. Morne, and E. S. Rodríguez. Madrid: Alianza.
   Google Scholar
• Baker, J., and J. Deakin. 2003. “Predicting Performance in Ultraendurance Triathletes from Training Indices.” Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology (S24–S25).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baker, J., J. Côté, and J. Deakin. 2006. “Patterns of Early Involvement in Expert and Nonexpert Masters Triathletes.” Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 77 (3): 401–407. doi:10.1080/02701367.2006.10599375.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blanchard, K., and A. Chesca. 1986. Antropología del deporte. Barcelona: Bellaterra.
   Google Scholar
• Brady, M. S. 2019. “Suffering in Sport: why People Willingly Embrace Negative Emotional Experiences.” Journal of the Philosophy of Sport 46 (2): 115–128. doi:10.1080/00948705.2019.1615837.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brohm, J. -M. 1982. Sociología política del deporte. Mexico: FCE.
   Google Scholar
• Byram, M., & Feng, M. eds. 2006. Living and Studying Abroad: Research and Practice, Languages for Intercultural Communication and Education. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
   Google Scholar
• Cachán-Cruz, R. 2013. “Esporte, projeção, espelho e símbolo cultural: reflexão sobre os esportes de sacrifício e sua transmissão de valores no contexto social e educacional.” Movimento 19 (3): 315–336.
   Google Scholar
• Cagigal, J. M. 1957. Hombres y deporte. Madrid: F.C.E.
   Google Scholar
• Callen, K. 1983. “Mental and Emotional Aspects of Long-Distance Running.” Psychosomatics 24 (2): 133–151. doi:10.1016/S0033-3182(83)73239-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chapman, C. L., and J. de Castro. 1990. “Running Addiction: Measurement and Associated Psychological Characteristics.” The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness 30 (3): 283–290.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connell, J., and A. Lowe. 1997. “Generating Grounded Theory from Qualitative Data: The Application of Inductive Methods in Tourism and Hospitality Management Research.” Progress in Tourism and Hospitality Research 3 (2): 165–173. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-1603(199706)3:2<165::AID-PTH87>3.0.CO;2-I.
   Google Scholar
• Cook, D., and K. Koltyn. 2000. “Pain and Exercise.” International Journal of Sport Psychology 31: 256–277.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Bosscher, V., and P. de Knop. 2002. “The Influence of Sports Policies on International Success: An International Comparative Stud.” Sport for All and Elite Sport: Rivals or Partners? Ninth World Sport for All Congress. The Netherlands: Arnhem.
   Google Scholar
• Diem, C. 1973. “Orígenes Rituales.” Citius, Altius, Fortius 15, Sec. 1–4.
   Google Scholar
• Dosil, J. 2004. Psicología de la actividad física y del deporte. Madrid: McGraw Hill.
   Google Scholar
• Knechtle, B., E. Eichenberger, C. A. Rüst, R. Lepers, T. Rosemann, and V. O. Onywera. 2012. “The Aspect of Nationality and Performance in a Mountain Ultra-Marathon – The Swiss Alpine Marathon.” Journal of Human Sport and Exercise 7 (4): 748–762. doi:10.4100/jhse.2012.74.03.
   Google Scholar
• Elías, N., and E. Dunning. 1992. Deporte y ocio en el proceso de civilización. Madrid: F.C.E.
   Google Scholar
• Fernández, O., and R. Cachán-Cruz. 2017. “Religion in Motion: Continuities and Symbolic Affinities in Religion and Sport.” Journal of Religion and Health 56 (6): 1903–1915. doi:10.1007/s10943-016-0286-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flores Allende, G., and F. Ruiz-Juan, 2010. “Reasons Why University Students Do Not Do Any Physical Activity during Their Free Time, in the Specific Case of the University of Guadalajara.” Retos, Neuvas Tendencias en Educacion Fisica, Deporte y Recreacion 17: 34–37.
   Google Scholar
• Frey, J. 1991. “Social Risk and the Meaning of Sport.” Sociology of Sport Journal 8 (2): 136–145. doi:10.1123/ssj.8.2.136.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geertz, C. 1972. “Deep Play: Notes on the Balinese Cockfight.” In The Interpretation of Cultures. Clifford Geertz. New York: Basic Books.
   Google Scholar
• Gill, D. L. 1986. “Competitiveness among Females and Males in Physical Activity Classes.” Sex Roles 15 (5–6): 233–257. doi:10.1007/BF00288314.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glazer, B, and A. Strauss. 1967. The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research. New Brunswick, NJ: AldineTransaction
   Google Scholar
• González, J., D. Garita-Campos, and D. Godoy-Izquierdo. 2018. “La triada oscura de la personalidad y sus implicaciones psicológicas en el deporte. Una revisión Sistemática.” Cuadernos de Psicología del Deporte 2: 191–207.
   Google Scholar
• Grant, J., M. Potenza, A. Weinstein, and D. Gorelick. 2010. “Introduction to Behavioral Addictions.” The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 36 (5): 233–241.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanek, K. J., S. M. Garcia, and A. Tor. 2016. “Gender and Competitive Preferences: The Role of Competition Size.” Journal of Applied Psychology 101 (8): 1122–1133. doi:10.1037/apl0000112.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamer, M., and C. Karageorghis. 2007. “Psychobiological Mechanisms of Exercise Dependence.” Sports Medicine 37 (6): 477–484.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammarberg, K., M. Kirkman, and S. Lacey. 2016. “Qualitative Research Methods: When to Use Them and How to Judge Them.” Human Reproduction (Oxford, England) 31 (3): 498–501. doi:10.1093/humrep/dev334.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffman, M., and J. Wegelin. 2009. “The Western States 100-Mile Endurance Run: Participation and Performance Trends.” Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 41 (12): 2191–2198. doi:10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181a8d553.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffman, M., and K. Fogard. 2012. “Demographic Characteristics of 161-Km Ultramarathon Runners.” Research in Sports Medicine (Print) 20 (1): 59–69. doi:10.1080/15438627.2012.634707.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffman, M. D., A. Pasternak, I. R. Rogers, M. Khodaee, J. C. Hill, D. A. Townes, B. V. Scheer, B. J. Krabak, P. Basset, and G. S. Lipman. 2014. “Medical Services at Ultra-Endurance Foot Races in Remote Environments: Medical Issues and Consensus Guidelines.” Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) 44 (8): 1055–1069.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howe, D. 2001. “An Ethnography of Pain and Injury in Professional Rugby Union.” International Review for the Sociology of Sport 36 (3): 289–303. doi:10.1177/101269001036003003.
   Google Scholar
• Howe, D. 2004. Sport, Professionalism and Pain: Ethnographies of Injury and Risk. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Hubble, C., and J. Zhao. 2016. “Gender Differences in Marathon Pacing and Performance Prediction.” Journal of Sports Analytics 2 (1): 19–36. doi:10.3233/JSA-150008.
   Google Scholar
• Huizinga, J. 1972. Homo Ludens. Madrid: Alianza.
   Google Scholar
• Johnsgaard, K. 1985. “The Motivation of the Long-Distance Runner 1.” Journal of Sports Medicene and Fitness 25: 135–143.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Keats, D. M. 1992. La entrevista perfecta. Manual Para obtener toda la information necesaria en cualquier tipo de entrevista. Mexico: Pax Mexicana.
   Google Scholar
• Kjelsås, E., and L. B. Augestad. 2003. “Las diferencias de género entre atletas competitivos y su motivación hacia la actividad física.” The European Journal of Psychiatry 17 (3): 146–160.
   Google Scholar
• Knechtle, B., P. Knechtle, and R. Lepers. 2011. “Participation and Performance Trends in Ultra-Triathlons from 1985 to 2009.” Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports 21: 82–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lapassade, G. A. Lhotellier, and B. This. 1957. Le psychosociologue dans la cité. Paris: EPI.
   Google Scholar
• Larumbe-Zabala, E., J. J. García, E. Agea, and D. Peris. 2019. “Goal-Setting Strategy and Psychological Differences in Marathon Runners Compared by Gender.” Journal of Human Sport and Exercise 14 (4): 725–735. doi:10.14198/jhse.2019.144.02.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lendrum, J. 2015. “Motivations, Limitations, and Guilt: Women Who Marathon.” Journal of Sporting Cultures and Identities 6 (3): 1–12. doi:10.18848/2381-6678/CGP/v06i03/54085.
   Google Scholar
• Li, F., K. J. Fisher, A. Bauman, M. G. Ory, W. Chodzko-Zajko, P. Harmer, M. Bosworth, and M. Cleveland. 2005. “Neighborhood Influences on Physical Activity in Middle-Aged and Older Adults: A Multilevel Perspective.” Journal of Aging and Physical Activity 13 (1): 87–114. doi:10.1123/japa.13.1.87.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lichtenstein, M. B., C. J. Hinze, B. Emborg, F. Thomsen, and S. D. Hemmingsen. 2017. “Compulsive Exercise: links, Risks and Challenges Faced.” Psychology Research and Behavior Management 10: 85–95.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lincoln, Y., and E. Guba. 1985. Naturalistic Inquiry. Beverly Hills, CA.: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Linderman, J. K., and L. L. Laubach. 2004. “Energy Balance during 24 Hours of Treadmill Running.” Journal of Exercise Physiology 7 (2): 37–44.
   Google Scholar
• Llopis, R., and A. Vilanova. 2015. “A Sociological Analysis of the Evolution and Characteristics of Running.” In Running across Europe: The Rise and Size of One of the Largest Sport Markets, edited by J. Scheerder and K. Breedveld. 220–240. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Lodovico, L., S. Poulnais, and P. Gorwood. 2019. “Which Sports Are More at Risk of Physical Exercise Addiction: A Systematic Review.” Addictive Behaviors 93: 257–262. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.12.030.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacDougall, C. 2011. Nacidos Para correr: la historia de una tribu oculta, un grupo de superatletas y la mayor carrera de la historia. Barcelona: Debate.
   Google Scholar
• Macfarlane, L., G. Owens, and B. Cruz. 2016. “Identifying the Features of an Exercise Addiction: A Delphi Study.” Journal of Behavioral Addictions 5 (3): 474–484.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNamara, J., and M. McCabe. 2012. “Striving for Success or Addiction? Exercise Dependence among Elite Australian Athletes.” Journal of Sports Sciences 30 (8): 755–766.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masters, K. S., B. M. Ogles, and J. A. Jolton. 1993. “The Development of an Instrument to Measure Motivation for Marathon Running: The Motivations of Marathoners Scales (MOMS).” Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 64 (2): 134–143. doi:10.1080/02701367.1993.10608790.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Markle, A., G. Wu, R. White, and A. Sackett. 2018. “Goals as Reference Points in Marathon Running: A Novel Test of Reference Dependence.” Journal of Risk and Uncertainty 56 (1): 19–50. doi:10.1007/s11166-018-9271-9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mateo, J. J. 2012. “El límite soy yo.” El País Semanal, November, 18.
   Google Scholar
• MECD. 2015. Encuesta de hábitos deportivos en España 2015. Madrid: Ministerio de Educación Cultura y Deporte. http://www.mecd.gob.es/servicios-al-ciudadano-mecd/dms/mecd/servicios-alciudadano-mecd/estadisticas/deporte/ehd/Encuesta_de_Habitos_Deportivos_2015.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Merriam, S. B. 1998. Qualitative Research and Case Study Applications in Education. Revised and Expanded from “Case Study Research in Education”. San Francisco: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Modolo, V. B., H. K. M. Antunes, P. R. B. D. Gimenez, M. L. D. M. Santiago, S. Tufik, and M. T. D. Mello. 2011. “Negative Addiction to Exercise: are There Differences between Genders?” Clinics (Sao Paulo, Brazil) 66 (2): 255–260.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nixon, H. L. 1992. “A Social Network Analysis of Influences on Athletes to Play with Pain and Injury.” Journal of Sport and Social Issues 16 (2): 127–135. doi:10.1177/019372359201600208.
   Google Scholar
• Nixon, H. L. 1993. “Accepting the Risks of Pain and Injury in Sport. Mediated Cultural Influences on Playing Hurt.” Sociology of Sport Journal 10 (2): 183–196. doi:10.1123/ssj.10.2.183.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nogueira, A., A. Salguero, and R. S. Márquez. 2017. “Addiction to Running: A Review from Its Beginnings to the Present Day.” Revista de Psicología Aplicada al Deporte y al Ejercicio Físico 1: e6, 1–22.
   Google Scholar
• Onywera, V., R. A. Scott, M. K. Boit, and Y. P. Pitsiladis. 2006. “Demographic Characteristics of Elite Kenyan Endurance Runners.” Journal of Sports Sciences 24 (4): 415–422. doi:10.1080/02640410500189033.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orford, J. 2001. Excessive Appetites: A Psychological View of Addictions. New York: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
   Google Scholar
• Padiglione, V. 1996. “Antropología del deporte y del ocio.” In Ensayos de antropología cultural. Homenaje a Claudio Esteva-Fabregat, edited by J. Prats and A. Martínez, 394–404. Barcelona: Ariel.
   Google Scholar
• Riessman, C. 2008. Narratives Methods for Human Sciences. London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Running USA. 2016. 2016 National Runner Survey and Running USA. Wichita, KS.
   Google Scholar
• Ryan, R. M., and E. L. Deci. 2000. “Self-Determination Theory and the Facilitation of Intrinsic Motivation, Social Development and Well-Being.” American Psychologist 55 (1): 68–78. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.68.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sachs, M. 1984. “The Mind of the Runner Cognitive Strategies Used during Running.” In Running as Therapy an Intergrated Approach, edited by M. Sachs, and G. Buffbne, 288–303. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sánchez-Martín, R., and J. Sánchez-Martín. 2001. “Culturas deportivas y valores sociales: una aproximación a la dimensión social del deporte.” Apunts 64: 33–45.
   Google Scholar
• Sánchez, V, and D. Martos. 2014. “Senderismo en España: debate y problemática conceptual.” In Crisis, cambio social y deporte, edited by R. Llopis Goig (dir.). 105–112. Valencia: Nau Llibres.
   Google Scholar
• Scheer, V., P. Basset, N. Giovanelli, G. Vernillo, G. P. Millet, and R. J. S. Costa. 2020. “Defining off-Road Running: A Position Statement from the Ultra Sports Science Foundation.” International Journal of Medicine 41 (05): 275–284.
   Google Scholar
• Seguí Urbaneja, J., E. Inglés Yuba, V. Labrador Roca, and E. I. Farías Torbidoni. 2016. “Carreras (de o por) montaña o trail running. El reconocimiento de la modalidad deportiva: una visión jurídica.” Retos 30: 216–167.
   Google Scholar
• Slavin, S. 2003. “Walking as Spiritual Practice: The Pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostela.” Body & Society 9 (3): 1–18. doi:10.1177/1357034X030093001.
   Google Scholar
• Sleivert, G., and D. Rowlands. 1996. “Physical and Physiological Factors Associated with Success in the Triathlon.” Sports Medicine 22 (1): 8–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strauss, A., and J. Corbin. 2015. Basics of Qualitative Research: Grounded Theory Procedures and Techniques. Newbury Park, CA.: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Suckling, J., and L. Nestor. 2017. “The Neurobiology of Addiction: The Perspective from Magnetic Resonance Imaging Present and Future.” Addiction (Abingdon, England) 112 (2): 360–369.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor, S. J, and R. Bogdan. 1992. Introducción a los métodos cualitativos de investigación. Barcelona: Paidós.
   Google Scholar
• Turner, V. 1980. La selva de los símbolos. Madrid: Siglo XXI.
   Google Scholar
• Valentin, S., L. A. Pham, and E. Macrae. 2021. “Enablers and Barriers in Ultra-Running: A Comparison of Male and Female Ultra-Runners.” Sport in Society : 1–20. doi:10.1080/17430437.2021.1898590.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Gennep, A. 2008. Los ritos de paso. Madrid: Alianza.
   Google Scholar
• Volker Scheer, B., and E. Valero-Burgos. 2013. “Improving Performance? Dietary Supplementation Practice in Ultramarathon Runners.” British Journal of Sports Medicine 47 (10): e3–e3.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Weekes, K. 2004. “Cognitive Coping Strategies and Motivational Profiles of Ultra-Endurance Athletes. Doctoral of Science.” Thesis, Dublin City University.
   Google Scholar
• Weinberg, R. S, and D. Gould. 2014. Foundations of Sport and Exercise Psychology. Champaign, IL.: Human Kinetics.
   Google Scholar
• Zarauz, A., and F. Ruiz-Juan. 2011. “Compromiso y adicción negativa al entrenamiento y competición de los maratonianos.” Revista Internacional de Medicina y Ciencias de la Actividad Física y el Deporte 11 (44): 803–820.
   Google Scholar
• Zaryski, C., and D. J. Smith. 2005. “Los principios de entrenamiento y temas Para atletas de alta resistencia.” Actualidad Deportes Medicine Reports 4: 65–17.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zuzanek, J. 1980. “Documentation in Leisure Studies: Users’ Perspective.” In Proceedings of the First International Leisure Information Network Conference, edited by, L. Bollaert et al. Brussels: WLRA.
   Google Scholar