Publication Cover
Sport in Society
Cultures, Commerce, Media, Politics
Volume 27, 2024 - Issue 1
192
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Articles

How do low-paid athletes in the United States understand the meaning of the word “professional” in “professional athlete”?

ORCID Icon &
Pages 142-161 | Received 28 Feb 2023, Accepted 02 Aug 2023, Published online: 08 Aug 2023

References

  • Abbott, A. 1988. The System of Professions: An Essay on the Division of Expert Labor. Chicago: Chicago University Press.
  • Amineh, R. J., and H. D. Asl. 2015. “Review of Constructivism and Social Constructivism.” Journal of Social Sciences, Literature and Languages 1: 9–16.
  • Appleton, J. V., and L. B. N. King. 1997. “Constructivism: A Naturalistic Methodology for Nursing Inquiry.” ANS. Advances in Nursing Science 20 (2): 13–22. https://doi.org/10.1097/00012272-199712000-00003
  • Beech, J., and S. Chadwick. 2004. The Business of Sport Management. Harlow: Pearson Education.
  • Berri, D. 2018. National Pro Fastpitch after 15 Years is like Major League Baseball a Century Ago. Forbes.
  • Blum, R. 2018. Baseball Players in Minors Lose Minimum Wage Protection. Associated Press. https://apnews.com/article/minor-league-baseball-lawsuits-ap-top-news-governmentspending-laws-cb183f59e88948e8b9cd49ad07bde807.
  • Bowes, A., and A. Culvin. 2021. The Professionalization of Women’s Sport: Issues and Debates. United Kingdom: Emerald Publishing Limited.
  • Byers, W. 1995. Unsportsmanlike Conduct: Exploiting College Athletes. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
  • Cohen, K., and V. R. Goel. 2021. “Just Being Treated like a Professional Athlete’: The Next Chapter of the WNBA, according to Players and Coaches.” ESPN.com.
  • Culvin, A. 2021. “Football as Work: The Lived Realities of Professional Women Footballers in England.” Managing Sport and Leisure : 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/23750472.2021.1959384
  • Culvin, A., and A. Bowes. 2021. “The Incompatibility of Motherhood and Professional Women’s Football in England.” Frontiers in Sports and Active Living 3: 730151. https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2021.730151
  • Davis, L. 2018. “From a Pub Game to a Sporting Spectacle: The Professionalization of British Darts, 1970-1997.” Sport in History 38 (4): 507–533. https://doi.org/10.1080/17460263.2018.1511462
  • Donnelly, P. 2015. “What If the Players Controlled the Game? Dealing with the Consequences of the Crisis of Governance in Sports.” European Journal for Sport and Society 12 (1): 11–30. https://doi.org/10.1080/16138171.2015.11687954
  • Dowling, M., J. Edwards, and M. Washington. 2014. “Understanding the Concept of Pro­fessionalization in Sport Management Research.” Sport Management Review 17 (4): 520–529. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2014.02.003
  • Dowling, M. 2018. “Exploring Sport Management as an Academic Profession: A Critical Review of Occupational Theory.” Journal of Global Sport Management 3 (4): 321–338. https://doi.org/10.1080/24704067.2018.1457970
  • Dunning, E., and K. Sheard. 1976. “The Bifurcation of Rugby Union and Rugby League: A Case Study of Organizational Conflict and Change.” International Review of Sport Sociology 11 (2): 31–72. https://doi.org/10.1177/101269027601100203
  • Eitzen, D. S. 1989. “The Sociology of Amateur Sport: An Overview.” International Review for the Sociology of Sport 24 (2): 95–105. https://doi.org/10.1177/101269028902400201
  • Evetts, J. 2013. “Professionalism: Value and Ideology.” Current Sociology 61 (5-6): 778–796. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011392113479316
  • Evetts, J. 2006. “The Sociology of Professional Groups.” Current Sociology 54 (1): 133–143. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011392106057161
  • Fournier, V. 1999. “The Appeal to ‘Professionalism’ as a Disciplinary Mechanism.” The Sociological Review 47 (2): 280–307. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-954X.00173
  • Gioia, D. A., K. G. Corley, and A. L. Hamilton. 2013. “Seeking Qualitative Rigor in Inductive Research: Notes on the Gioia Methodology.” Organizational Research Methods 16 (1): 15–31. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428112452151
  • Gorman, E. H., and R. L. Sandefur. 2011. “Golden Age,” Quiescence, and Revival: How the Sociology of Professions Became the Study of Knowledge-Based.” Work. Work and Occupations 38 (3): 275–302. https://doi.org/10.1177/0730888411417565
  • Greenwood, E. 1957. “The Attributes of a Profession.” Social Work 2: 44–55.
  • Gruneau, R. 2006. “Amateurism’ as a Sociological Problem: Some Reflections Inspired by Eric Dunning.” Sport in Society 9 (4): 559–582. https://doi.org/10.1080/17430430600768793
  • Guba, E. G., and Y. S. Lincoln. 1994. “Competing Paradigms in Qualitative Research.” In Handbook of Qualitative Research, edited by N. K. Denzin and Y. S. Lincoln. London: SAGE.
  • Haug, M. R. 1975. “The Deprofessionalization of Everyone?” Sociological Focus 8 (3): 197–213. https://doi.org/10.1080/00380237.1975.10570899
  • Holt, R. 1992. “Amateurism and Its Interpretation: The Social Origins of British Sport.” Innovation: The European Journal of Social Science Research 5 (4): 19–31. https://doi.org/10.1080/13511610.1992.9968318
  • Larson, M. 1977. The Rise of Professionalism. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • McClelland, C. E. 1990. “Escape from Freedom? Reflections on German Professionalization 1870–1933.” In The Formation of Professions: Knowledge, State and Strategy, edited by R. Torstendahl and M. Burrage, 97–113. London: Sage.
  • McLeod, C. M. 2022. “Are Athlete-Owned Leagues a Viable Alternative for Professional Sport?” Journal of Sport and Social Issues 46 (1): 51–74. https://doi.org/10.1177/0193723520973646
  • McLeod, C. M., and C. Nite. 2019. “Human Capital Ecosystem Construction in an Emerging Rugby Market.” Journal of Sport Management 33 (4): 261–274. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.2018-0265
  • McLeod, C. M., and C. Nite. 2021. “The co-Construction of Employment Relations in Semi-Professional Sport Leagues.” Journal of Global Sport Management : 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/24704067.2021.2008805
  • McSweeney, M., R. Millington, L. M. C. Hayhurst, and S. Darnell. 2022. “Becoming an Occupation? A Research Agenda into the Professionalization of Sport for Development and Peace.” Journal of Sport Management 36 (5): 500–512. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.2021-0099
  • Micelotta, E., M. Washington, and I. Docekalova. 2018. “Industry Gender Imprinting and New Venture Creation: The Liabilities of Women’s Leagues in the Sports Industry.” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 42 (1): 94–128. https://doi.org/10.1177/1042258717732778
  • Miller, P., and N. Rose. 1990. “Governing Economic Life.” Economy and Society 19 (1): 1–31. https://doi.org/10.1080/03085149000000001
  • Milner, H. R. 2013. Policy reforms and de-professionalization of teaching. National Education Policy Center. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED544286.pdf
  • Parsons, T. 1939. “The Professions and Social Structure.” Social Forces 17 (4): 457–467. https://doi.org/10.2307/2570695
  • Press, A. N. 2020. Men’s tennis players are weighing unionization. But it’s easier said than done. Jacobin. https://jacobin.com/2020/09/tennis-association-organizing-djokovic-pospisil
  • Quirk, J., and R. D. Fort. 1992. Pay Dirt: The Business of Professional Team Sports. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  • Richardson, L. 2000. “Writing: A Method of Inquiry.” In Handbook of Qualitative Research, edited by N. K. Denzin and Y. S. Lincoln, 923–948, 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Safai, P. 2007. “A Critical Analysis of the Development of Sport Medicine in Canada, 1955-80.” International Review for the Sociology of Sport 42 (3): 321–341. https://doi.org/10.1177/1012690207088115
  • Saldaña, J. 2013. The Coding Manual for Qualitative Researchers. Los Angeles: Sage.
  • Scanlon, L. 2011. “‘Becoming’ a Professional.” In L. Scanlon (Eds.), Becoming” a Professional (pp. 13–32). Dordrecht: Springer.
  • Schwandt, T. A. 1998. “Constructivist, Interpretivist Approaches to Human Inquiry.” In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), The Landscape of Qualitative Research: Theories and Issues. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications.
  • Sciulli, D. 2005. “Continental Sociology of Professions Today: Conceptual Contributions.” Current Sociology 53 (6): 915–942. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011392105057155
  • ScrapYard Dawgs. 2018. Press Release. http://www.scrapyarddawgs.com/news/index.html?article_ide=149
  • Smith, R. A. 1993. “History of Amateurism in Men’s Intercollegiate Athletics: The Continuance of a 19-Century Anachronism in America.” Quest 45 (4): 430–447. https://doi.org/10.1080/00336297.1993.10484098
  • Taylor, T., H. Fujak, C. Hanlon, and D. O’Connor. 2022. “A Balancing Act: Women Players in a New Semi-Professional Team Sport League.” European Sport Management Quarterly 22 (4): 527–547. https://doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2020.1815821
  • Tracy, S. J. 2010. “Qualitative Quality: Eight “Big-Tent” Criteria for Excellent Qualitative Research.” Qualitative Inquiry 16 (10): 837–851. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077800410383121
  • Vollmer, H., and D. Mills. 1966. Professionalization. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
  • Wagner, U. 2018. “Agency Constraints and Possibilities: Athletes Manoeuvring between the Logics of Community, Market, Profession and Corporation in Their Quest for Individual Sponsorships.” Inter­national Review for the Sociology of Sport 53 (2): 213–233. https://doi.org/10.1177/1012690216643953
  • Wigglesworth, N. 2007. The Story of Sport in England. London: Routledge.
  • Wicker, P., C. Breuer, and T. von Hanau. 2012. “Understanding the Income Determinants of German Elite Athletes in Non-Professionalised Sports.” International Journal of Sport Management and Marketing 11 (1/2): 26–43. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJSMM.2012.045486

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.