A scoping review of the experiences of elite female athletes concerning pregnancy and motherhood

References

• Appleby, Karen M., and Leslie A. Fisher. 2009. “Running in and out of Motherhood”: Elite Distance Runners’ Experiences of Returning to Competition after Pregnancy.” Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal 18 (1): 3–17. doi:10.1123/wspaj.18.1.3.
   Google Scholar
• Beilock, Sian L., Deborah L. Feltz, and James M. Pivarnik. 2001. “Training Patterns of Athletes during Pregnancy and Postpartum.” Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 72 (1): 39–46. doi:10.1080/02701367.2001.10608930.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beit Ner, Eran, Oded Rabau, Sad Dosani, Uri Hazan, Yoram Anekstein, and Yossi Smorick. 2022. “Sacral Stress Fractures in Athletes.” European Spine Journal 21 (1): 1–9. doi:10.1007/s00586-021-07043-.
   Google Scholar
• Bø, K., and K. L. Backe-Hansen. 2007. “Do Elite Athletes Experience Low Back, Pelvic Girdle and Pelvic Floor Complaints during and after Pregnancy?” Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports 17 (5): 480–487. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0838.2006.00599.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bø, Kari, Raul Artal, Ruben Barakat, Wendy Brown, Gregory A. L. Davies, Michael Dooley, Kelly R. Evenson, et al. 2016a. “Exercise and Pregnancy in Recreational and Elite Athletes: 2016 Evidence Summary from the Ioc Expert Group Meeting, Lausanne. Part 1—Exercise in Women Planning Pregnancy and Those Who Are Pregnant.” British Journal of Sports Medicine 50 (10): 571–589. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2016-096218.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bø, Kari, Raul Artal, Ruben Barakat, Wendy Brown, Michael Dooley, Kelly R. Evenson, Lene A. H. Haakstad, et al. 2016b. “Exercise and Pregnancy in Recreational and Elite Athletes: 2016 Evidence Summary from the Ioc Expert Group Meeting, Lausanne. Part 2—The Effect of Exercise on the Fetus, Labour and Birth.” British Journal of Sports Medicine 50 (21): 1297–1305. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2016-096810.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bø, Kari, Raul Artal, Ruben Barakat, Wendy J. Brown, Gregory A. L. Davies, Michael Dooley, Kelly R. Evenson, et al. 2018. “Exercise and Pregnancy in Recreational and Elite Athletes: 2016/2017 Evidence Summary from the Ioc Expert Group Meeting, Lausanne. Part 5. Recommendations for Health Professionals and Active Women.” British Journal of Sports Medicine 52 (17): 1080–1085. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2018-099351.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bø, Kari, Raul Artal, Ruben Barakat, Wendy J. Brown, Gregory A. L. Davies, Michael Dooley, Kelly R. Evenson, et al. 2017a. “Exercise and Pregnancy in Recreational and Elite Athletes: 2016/17 Evidence Summary from the Ioc Expert Group Meeting, Lausanne. Part 3—Exercise in the Postpartum Period.” British Journal of Sports Medicine 51 (21): 1516–1525. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2017-097964.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bø, Kari, Raul Artal, Ruben Barakat, Wendy J. Brown, Gregory A. L. Davies, Mike Dooley, Kelly R. Evenson, et al. 2017b. “Exercise and Pregnancy in Recreational and Elite Athletes: 2016/17 Evidence Summary from the Ioc Expert Group Meeting, Lausanne. Part 4—Recommendations for Future Research.” British Journal of Sports Medicine 51 (24): 1724–1726. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2017-098387.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper, Simon, Robin Cant Michelle Kelly, Tracy Levett-Jones, Lisa McKenna, Philippa Seaton, and Fiona Bogossian. 2021. “An evidence-based checklist for improving scoping review quality.” Clinical Nursing Research doi:10.1177/1054773819846024.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Culvin, Alex, and Ali Bowes. 2021. “The Incompatibility of Motherhood and Professional Women’s Football in England.” Frontiers in Sports and Active Living 3: 730151–730151. doi:10.3389/fspor.2021.730151.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dakic, Jodie G., Jean Hay-Smith, Kuan-Yin Lin, Jill Cook, and Helena C. Frawley. 2023. “Experience of Playing Sport or Exercising for Women with Pelvic Floor Symptoms: A Qualitative Study.” Sports Medicine - Open 9 (1): 25–12. doi:10.1186/s40798-023-00565-9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Darroch, Francine E., Audrey R. Giles, Heather Hillsburg, and Roisin McGettigan-Dumas. 2019. “Running from Responsibility: Athletic Governing Bodies, Corporate Sponsors, and the Failure to Support Pregnant and Postpartum Elite Female Distance Runners.” Sport in Society 22 (12): 2141–2160. doi:10.1080/17430437.2019.1567495.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darroch, Francine, Amy Schneeberg, Ryan Brodie, Zachary M. Ferraro, Dylan Wykes, Sarita Hira, Audrey Giles, Kristi B. Adamo, and Trent Stellingwerff. 2022. “Impact of Pregnancy in 42 Elite to World-Class Runners on Training and Performance Outcomes.” Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 55 (1): 93–100. doi:10.1249/MSS.0000000000003025.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darroch, Francine, and Heather Hillsburg. 2017. “Keeping Pace: Mother versus Athlete Identity among Elite Long Distance Runners.” Women’s Studies International Forum 62: 61–68. doi:10.1016/j.wsif.2017.03.005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davenport, Margie H., Autumn Nesdoly, Lauren Ray, Jane S. Thornton, Rshmi Khurana, and Tara-Leigh F. McHugh. 2022. “Pushing for Change: A Qualitative Study of the Experiences of Elite Athletes during Pregnancy.” British Journal of Sports Medicine 56 (8): 452–457. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2021-104755.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davenport, Margie H., Lauren Ray, Autumn Nesdoly, Jane Thornton, Rshmi Khurana, and Tara-Leigh F. McHugh. 2023. “We’re Not Superhuman, We’re Human: A Qualitative Description of Elite Athletes’ Experiences of Return to Sport after Childbirth.” Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) 53 (1): 269–279. doi:10.1007/s40279-022-01730-y.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dietz, Pavel, Larissa Legat, Matteo C. Sattler, and Mireille N. M. van Poppel. 2022. “Triple Careers of Athletes: Exploring the Challenges of Planning a Pregnancy among Female Elite Athletes Using Semi-Structured Interviews.” BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 22 (1): 643. doi:10.1186/s12884-022-04967-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forstmann, Nicolas, Alice Meignié, Quentin De Larochelambert, Stephanie Duncombe, Karine Schaal, Carole Maître, Jean-François Toussaint, and Juliana Antero. 2023. “Does Maternity during Sports Career Jeopardize Future Athletic Success in Elite Marathon Runners?” European Journal of Sport Science 23 (6): 896–903. doi:10.1080/17461391.2022.2089054.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forsyth, J. J., L. Sams, A. D. Blackett, N. Ellis, and M. S. Abouna. 2023. “Menstrual Cycle, Hormonal Contraception and Pregnancy in Women’s Football: Perceptions of Players, Coaches and Managers.” Sport in Society 26 (7): 1280–1295. doi:10.1080/17430437.2022.2125385.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franklin, Ashley, Joanna Mishtal, Teresa Johnson, and Judith Simms-Cendan. 2017. “Rowers’ Self-Reported Behaviors, Attitudes, and Safety Concerns Related to Exercise, Training, and Competition during Pregnancy.” Cureus 9 (8): e1534. doi:10.7759/cureus.1534.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Garti, Isabella, Michelle Gray, Jing-Yu Tan, and Angela Bromley. 2021. “Midwives’ Knowledge of Pre-Eclampsia Management: A Scoping Review.” Women and Birth : Journal of the Australian College of Midwives 34 (1): 87–104. doi:10.1016/j.wombi.2020.08.010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giles, Audrey R., Breanna Phillipps, Francine E. Darroch, and Roisin McGettigan-Dumas. 2016. “Elite Distance Runners and Breastfeeding: A Qualitative Study.” Journal of Human Lactation: Official Journal of International Lactation Consultant Association 32 (4): 627–632. doi:10.1177/0890334416661507.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goh, Ryan,Daryl Goh, andHasthika Ellepola. 2018. “Perineal Tears- A Review.” Australian Journal of General Practice 47 (1-2): 35–38. doi:10.31128/AFP-09-17-433329429318.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson, Thea, Emma L. Bostock, Amal Hassan, Julie P. Greeves, Craig Sale, and Kirsty J. Elliott-Sale. 2022. “The Legacy of Pregnancy: Elite Athletes and Women in Arduous Occupations.” Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews 50 (1): 14–24. doi:10.1249/JES.0000000000000274.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kardel, Kristin Reimers. 2005. “Effects of Intense Training during and after Pregnancy in Top-Level Athletes.” Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports 15 (2): 79–86. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0838.2004.00426.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khalil, Hanan, Marsha Bennett, Christina Godfrey, Patricia McInerney, Zac Munn, and Micah Peters. 2020. “Evaluation of the JBI Scoping Reviews Methodology by Current Users.” International Journal of Evidence-Based Healthcare 18 (1): 95–100. doi:10.1097/XEB.0000000000000202.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kimber, Miranda L., Sarah Meyer, Tara-Leigh McHugh, Jane Thornton, Rshmi Khurana, Allison Sivak, and Margie H. Davenport. 2021. “Health Outcomes after Pregnancy in Elite Athletes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 53 (8): 1739–1747. doi:10.1249/MSS.0000000000002617.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kruger, J. A.,H. P. Dietz, andB. A. Murphy. 2007. “Pelvic Floor Function in Elite Nulliparous Athletes.” Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology: The Official Journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology 30 (1): 81–85. doi:10.1002/uog.4027.17497753
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• L’Heveder, Ariadne, Maxine Chan, Anita Mitra, Lorraine Kasaven, Srdjan Saso, Tomas Prior, Noel Pollock, et al. 2022. “Sports Obstetrics: Implications of Pregnancy in Elite Sportswomen, a Narrative Review.” Journal of Clinical Medicine 11 (17): 4977. doi:10.3390/jcm11174977.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinez-Pascual, Beatriz, Sara Alvarez-Harris, César Fernández-De-Las-Peñas, and Domingo Palacios-Ceña. 2014. “Maternity in Spanish Elite Sportswomen: A Qualitative Study.” Women & Health 54 (3): 262–279. doi:10.1080/03630242.2014.883660.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinez-Pascual, Beatriz, Sara Alvarez-Harris, César Fernández-de-Las-Peñas, and Domingo Palacios-Ceña. 2017. “Pregnancy in Spanish Elite Sportswomen: A Qualitative Study.” Women & Health 57 (6): 741–755. doi:10.1080/03630242.2016.1202883.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinez-Pascual, Beatriz, Vanesa Abuín-Porras, Marta Pérez-de-Heredia-Torres, Rosa María Martínez-Piedrola, César Fernández-de-las-Peñas, and Domingo Palacios-Ceña. 2016. “Experiencing the Body during Pregnancy: A Qualitative Research Study among Spanish Sportswomen.” Women & Health 56 (3): 345–359. doi:10.1080/03630242.2015.1088118.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Massey, Kelly L., and Amy E. Whitehead. 2022. “Pregnancy and Motherhood in Elite Sport: The Longitudinal Experiences of Two Elite Athletes.” Psychology of Sport and Exercise 60: 102139. doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2022.102139.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGannon, Kerry RErin Tatarnic, andJenny McMahon. 2019. “The Long and Winding Road: An Autobiographic Study of an Elite Athlete Mother’s Journey to Winning Gold.” Journal of Applied Sport Psychology 31 (4): 385–404. doi:10.1080/10413200.2018.1512535.
   Google Scholar
• McGannon, Kerry R., Christine A. Gonsalves, Robert J. Schinke, and Rebecca Busanich. 2015. “Negotiating Motherhood and Athletic Identity: A Qualitative Analysis of Olympic Athlete Mother Representations in Media Narratives.” Psychology of Sport and Exercise 20: 51–59. doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2015.04.010.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGannon, Kerry R., Jenny McMahon, Robert J. Schinke, and Christine A. Gonsalves. 2017. “Understanding Athlete Mother Transition in Cultural Context: A Media Analysis of Kim Clijsters’ Tennis Comeback and Self-Identity Implications.” Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology 6 (1): 20–34. doi:10.1037/spy0000079.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGannon, Kerry R., Kim Curtin, Robert J. Schinke, and Amanda N. Schweinbenz. 2012. “(De)Constructing Paula Radcliffe: Exploring Media Representations of Elite Running, Pregnancy and Motherhood through Cultural Sport Psychology.” Psychology of Sport and Exercise 13 (6): 820–829. doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2012.06.005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGannon, Kerry R., Sydney Graper, and Jenny McMahon. 2022. “Skating through Pregnancy and Motherhood: A Narrative Analysis of Digital Stories of Elite Figure Skating Expectant Mothers.” Psychology of Sport and Exercise 59: 102126. doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2021.102126.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nie, Xiao‐Fei, Yan‐Qiong Ouyang, Lan Wang, and Sharon R. Redding. 2017. “A Meta‐Analysis of Pelvic Floor Muscle Training for the Treatment of Urinary Incontinence.” International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics: The Official Organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics 138 (3): 250–255. doi:10.1002/ijgo.12232.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oliveira, Karoline Faria, Jacqueline Faria Oliveira, Monika Wernet, Marina Carvalho Paschoini, and Mariana Torreglosa Ruiz. 2021. “COVID‐19 and Pregnancy: A Scoping Review on Pregnancy Characteristics and Outcomes.” International Journal of Nursing Practice 27 (5): e12956. doi:10.1111/ijn.12956.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palmer, Farah R., and Sarah I. Leberman. 2009. “Elite Athletes as Mothers: Managing Multiple Identities.” Sport Management Review 12 (4): 241–254. doi:10.1016/j.smr.2009.03.001.
   Google Scholar
• Parker, Emily A., Alex M. Meyer, Jessica E. Goetz, Michael C. Willey, and Robert W. Westermann. 2022. “Do Relaxin Levels Impact Hip Injury Incidence in Women? A Scoping Review.” Frontiers in Endocrinology 13: 827512. doi:10.3389/fendo.2022.827512.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pedersen, Inge Kryger. 2001. “Athletic Career: Elite Sports Mothers’ as a Social Phenomenon.” International Review for the Sociology of Sport 36 (3): 259–274. doi:10.1177/101269001036003001.
   Google Scholar
• Peters, Micah D. J., Casey Marnie, Andrea C. Tricco, Danielle Pollock, Zachary Munn, Lyndsay Alexander, Patricia McInerney, Christina M. Godfrey, and Hanan Khalil. 2020. “Updated Methodological Guidance for the Conduct of Scoping Reviews.” JBI Evidence Synthesis 18 (10): 2119–2126. doi:10.11124/JBIES-20-00167.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pham, Mai T., Andrijana Rajić, Judy D. Greig, Jan M. Sargeant, Andrew Papadopoulos, and Scott A. McEwen. 2014. “A Scoping Review of Scoping Reviews: Advancing the Approach and Enhancing the Consistency.” Research Synthesis Methods 5 (4): 371–385. doi:10.1002/jrsm.1123
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pivarnik, James MLinda M Szymanski, andMichelle R Conway. 2016. “The Elite Athlete and Strenuous Exercise in Pregnancy.” Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology 59 (3): 613–619. doi:10.1097/GRF.0000000000000222.27398878
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanz-Salvador, Lucía, Miguel Ángel García-Pérez, Juan J. Tarín, and Antonio Cano. 2015. “Endocrinology in Pregnancy: Bone Metabolic Changes during Pregnancy: A Period of Vulnerability to Osteoporosis and Fracture.” European Journal of Endocrinology 172 (2): R53–R65. doi:10.1530/EJE-14-0424.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott, Talston, Sydney V. M. Smith, Francine E. Darroch, and Audrey R. Giles. 2022. “Selling Vs. Supporting Motherhood: How Corporate Sponsors Frame the Parenting Experiences of Elite and Olympic Athletes.” Communication & Sport : 216747952211034. doi:10.1177/21674795221103415.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sigurdardottir, Thorgerdur, Thora Steingrimsdottir, Reynir Tomas Geirsson, Thorhallur Ingi Halldorsson, Thor Aspelund, and Kari Bø. 2019. “Do Female Elite Athletes Experience More Complicated Childbirth than Non-Athletes? A Case–Control Study.” British Journal of Sports Medicine 53 (6): 354–358. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2018-099447.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solli, Guro S., and Øyvind Sandbakk. 2018. “Training Characteristics during Pregnancy and Postpartum in the World’s Most Successful Cross Country Skier.” Frontiers in Physiology 9 (MAY): 595–595. doi:10.3389/fphys.2018.00595.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sundgot-Borgen, Jorunn, Christine Sundgot-Borgen, Grethe Myklebust, Nina Sølvberg, and Monica Klungland Torstveit. 2019. “Elite Athletes Get Pregnant, Have Healthy Babies and Return to Sport Early Postpartum.” BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine 5 (1): e000652. doi:10.1136/bmjsem-2019-000652.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tekavc, J., P. Wylleman, and S. Cecić Erpič. 2020. “Becoming a Mother-Athlete: Female Athletes’ Transition to Motherhood in Slovenia.” Sport in Society 23 (4): 734–750. doi:10.1080/17430437.2020.1720200.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tenforde, Adam S., Kierann E. S. Toth, Elizabeth Langen, Michael Fredericson, and Kristin L. Sainani. 2015. “Running Habits of Competitive Runners during Pregnancy and Breastfeeding.” Sports Health 7 (2): 172–176. doi:10.1177/1941738114549542.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Whitney, Kristin E., Bryan Holtzman, Danielle Cook, Stuart Bauer, Giovana D. N. Maffazioli, Allyson L. Parziale, and Kathryn E. Ackerman. 2021. “Low Energy Availability and Impact Sport Participation as Risk Factors for Urinary Incontinence in Female Athletes.” Journal of Pediatric Urology 17 (3): 290.e1–290.e7. doi:10.1016/j.jpurol.2021.01.041.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wowdzia, Jenna B., Tara-Leigh McHugh, Jane Thornton, Allison Sivak, Michelle F. Mottola, and Margie H. Davenport. 2020. “Elite Athletes and Pregnancy Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 53 (3): 534–542. doi:10.1249/MSS.0000000000002510.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar