108
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Cochlear implants: the effects of age on outcomes

ORCID Icon &
Pages 1131-1141 | Received 13 Jul 2023, Accepted 10 Nov 2023, Published online: 18 Nov 2023

References

  • What Are Cochlear Implants for Hearing? NIDCD [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2023 Jul 11]. Available from: https://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/cochlear-implants
  • Chen Y, Zhang S, Chai R, et al. Hair cell regeneration. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2019;1130:1–16.
  • Burke SN, Barnes CA. Neural plasticity in the ageing brain. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2006;7(1):30–40. doi: 10.1038/nrn1809
  • Hayes EA, Warrier CM, Nicol TG, et al. Neural plasticity following auditory training in children with learning problems. Clin Neurophysiol. 2003;114(4):673–684. doi: 10.1016/S1388-2457(02)00414-5
  • Baltes PB, Lindenberger U. Emergence of a powerful connection between sensory and cognitive functions across the adult life span: a new window to the study of cognitive aging? Psychol Aging. 1997;12(1):12–21. doi: 10.1037/0882-7974.12.1.12
  • Kral A, Eggermont JJ. What’s to lose and what’s to learn: development under auditory deprivation, cochlear implants and limits of cortical plasticity. Brain Research Reviews. 2007;56(1):259–269. doi: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2007.07.021
  • Litovsky RY, Gordon K. Bilateral cochlear implants in children: effects of auditory experience and deprivation on auditory perception. Hear Res. 2016;338:76–87. doi: 10.1016/j.heares.2016.01.003
  • Fallon JB, Irvine DRF, Shepherd RK. Cochlear implants and brain plasticity. Hear Res. 2008;238(1–2):110–117. doi: 10.1016/j.heares.2007.08.004
  • Glennon E, Svirsky MA, Froemke RC. Auditory cortical plasticity in cochlear implant users. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2020;60:108–114. doi: 10.1016/j.conb.2019.11.003
  • Ching TY, Zhang VW, Flynn C, et al. Factors influencing speech perception in noise for 5-year-old children using hearing aids or cochlear implants. Int J Audiol. 2018;57(sup2):S70–S80. doi: 10.1080/14992027.2017.1346307
  • Nikolopoulos TP, O’Donoghue GM, Archbold S. Age at implantation: its importance in pediatric cochlear implantation. Laryngoscope. 1999;109(4):595–599. doi: 10.1097/00005537-199904000-00014
  • Kirk KI, Ying E, Miyamoto RT, et al. Effects of age at implantation in young children. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 2002;111(5_suppl):69–73. doi: 10.1177/00034894021110S515
  • Geers AE. Factors influencing spoken language outcomes in children following early cochlear implantation. Cochlear And Brainstem Implants. 2006;64:50–65.
  • Geers AE, Nicholas JG. Enduring advantages of early cochlear implantation for spoken language development. J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2013;56(2):643–655. doi: 10.1044/1092-4388(2012/11-0347)
  • O’Donoghue GM. Cochlear implants in children: principles, practice and predictions. J R Soc Med. 1996;89(6):345P–347P. doi: 10.1177/014107689608900617
  • Tye-Murray N, Spencer L, Woodworth GG. Acquisition of speech by children who have prolonged cochlear implant experience. J Speech Lang Hear Res. 1995;38(2):327–337. doi: 10.1044/jshr.3802.327
  • Teagle HFB, Park LR, Brown KD, et al. Pediatric cochlear implantation: a quarter century in review. Cochlear Implants Int. 2019;20(6):288–298. doi: 10.1080/14670100.2019.1655868
  • Eskridge HR, Park LR, Brown KD. The impact of unilateral, simultaneous, or sequential cochlear implantation on pediatric language outcomes. Cochlear Implants Int. 2021;22(4):187–194. doi: 10.1080/14670100.2020.1871267
  • Kral A. Auditory critical periods: a review from system’s perspective. Neuroscience. 2013;247:117–133. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.05.021
  • Nakahara H, Zhang LI, Merzenich MM. Specialization of primary auditory cortex processing by sound exposure in the “critical period”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2004;101:7170–7174. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0401196101
  • Huttenlocher PR, Dabholkar AS. Regional differences in synaptogenesis in human cerebral cortex. J Comp Neurol. 1997;387(2):167–178. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9861(19971020)387:2<167:AID-CNE1>3.0.CO;2-Z
  • Lai K, Liu J, Wang J, et al. Resting-state EEG reveals global network deficiency in prelingually deaf children with late cochlear implantation. Front Pediatr. 2022;10:909069. doi: 10.3389/fped.2022.909069
  • Sharma A, Glick H, Campbell J, et al. Central auditory development in children with hearing impairment: clinical relevance of the P1 CAEP biomarker in children with multiple disabilities. Hearing, Balance And Comms. 2013;11(3):110–120. doi: 10.3109/21695717.2013.812378
  • Sharma A, Dorman MF. Central auditory development in children with cochlear implants: clinical implications. Adv Otorhinolaryngol. 2006;64:66–88. doi: 10.1159/000094646
  • Sharma A, Martin K, Roland P, et al. P1 latency as a biomarker for central auditory development in children with hearing impairment. J Am Acad Audiol. 2005;16(8):564–573. doi: 10.3766/jaaa.16.8.5
  • Sharma A, Dorman MF, Spahr AJ. A sensitive period for the development of the central auditory system in children with cochlear implants: implications for age of implantation. Ear Hear. 2002;23(6):532–539. doi: 10.1097/00003446-200212000-00004
  • Dunn CC, Walker EA, Oleson J, et al. Longitudinal speech perception and language performance in pediatric cochlear implant users: the effect of age at implantation. Ear Hear. 2014;35(2):148–160. doi: 10.1097/AUD.0b013e3182a4a8f0
  • Tobey EA, Thal D, Niparko JK, et al. Influence of implantation age on school-age language performance in pediatric cochlear implant users. Int J Audiol. 2013;52(4):219–229. doi: 10.3109/14992027.2012.759666
  • Zeitler DM, Anwar A, Green JE, et al. Cochlear implantation in prelingually deafened adolescents. Archives Of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. 2012;166(1):35–41. doi: 10.1001/archpediatrics.2011.574
  • Bruijnzeel H, Wammes E, Stokroos RJ, et al. A retrospective cohort study of adverse event assessment during anesthesia-related procedures for cochlear implant candidacy assessment and cochlear implantation in infants and toddlers. Paediatr Anaesth. 2020;30(9):1033–1040. doi: 10.1111/pan.13944
  • Chweya CM, Smith AJ, May MM, et al. Prevalence of surgical, anesthetic, and device-related complications among infants implanted before 9 and 12 months of age versus older children: evidence for the continued expansion of pediatric cochlear implant candidacy criteria. Otol Neurotol. 2021;42(6):e666–e674. doi: 10.1097/MAO.0000000000003060
  • Hoff S, Ryan M, Thomas D, et al. Safety and effectiveness of cochlear implantation of young children, including those with complicating conditions. Otol Neurotol. 2019;40(4):454–463. doi: 10.1097/MAO.0000000000002156
  • Karltorp E, Eklöf M, Östlund E, et al. Cochlear implants before 9 months of age led to more natural spoken language development without increased surgical risks. Acta Paediatrica. 2020;109(2):332–341. doi: 10.1111/apa.14954
  • Deep NL, Purcell PL, Gordon KA, et al. Cochlear implantation in infants: evidence of safety. Trends Hear. 2021;25:23312165211014696. doi: 10.1177/23312165211014695
  • Culbertson SR, Dillon MT, Richter ME, et al. Younger age at cochlear implant Activation results in improved auditory skill development for children with congenital deafness. J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2022;65(9):3539–3547. doi: 10.1044/2022_JSLHR-22-00039
  • Chweya CM, May MM, DeJong MD, et al. Language and audiological outcomes among infants implanted before 9 and 12 months of age versus older children: a continuum of benefit associated with cochlear implantation at successively younger ages. Otol Neurotol. 2021;42(5):686. doi: 10.1097/MAO.0000000000003011
  • Tajudeen BA, Waltzman SB, Jethanamest D, et al. Speech perception in congenitally deaf children receiving cochlear implants in the first year of life. Otol Neurotol. 2010;31(8):1254. doi: 10.1097/MAO.0b013e3181f2f475
  • Houston DM, Miyamoto RT. Effects of early auditory experience on word learning and speech perception in deaf children with cochlear implants: implications for sensitive periods of language development. Otol Neurotol. 2010;31(8):1248–1253. doi: 10.1097/MAO.0b013e3181f1cc6a
  • Leigh J, Dettman S, Dowell R, et al. Communication development in children who receive a cochlear implant by 12 months of age. Otol Neurotol. 2013;34(3):443–450. doi: 10.1097/MAO.0b013e3182814d2c
  • Dettman SJ, Dowell RC, Choo D, et al. Long-term communication outcomes for children receiving cochlear implants younger than 12 months: a multicenter study. Otol Neurotol. 2016;37(2):e82. doi: 10.1097/MAO.0000000000000915
  • Dettman S, Choo D, Au A, et al. Speech perception and language outcomes for infants receiving cochlear implants before or after 9 months of age: use of category-based aggregation of data in an unselected pediatric cohort. J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2021;64(3):1023–1039. doi: 10.1044/2020_JSLHR-20-00228
  • Holman MA, Carlson ML, Driscoll CLW, et al. Cochlear implantation in children 12 months of age and younger. Otol Neurotol. 2013;34(2):251–258. doi: 10.1097/MAO.0b013e31827d0922
  • May-Mederake B. Early intervention and assessment of speech and language development in young children with cochlear implants. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2012;76(7):939–946. doi: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2012.02.051
  • Dettman SJ, Pinder D, Briggs RJS, et al. Communication development in children who receive the cochlear implant younger than 12 months: risks versus benefits. Ear & Hearing. 2007;28(2):11S. doi: 10.1097/AUD.0b013e31803153f8
  • Wie OB. Language development in children after receiving bilateral cochlear implants between 5 and 18 months. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2010;74(11):1258–1266. doi: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2010.07.026
  • Ching TYC, Dillon H, Button L, et al. Age at intervention for permanent hearing loss and 5-year language outcomes. Pediatrics. 2017;140(3):e20164274. doi: 10.1542/peds.2016-4274
  • Colletti L, Mandalà M, Colletti V. Cochlear Implants in Children Younger Than 6 Months. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2012;147(1):139–146. doi: 10.1177/0194599812441572
  • Colletti L, Mandalà M, Zoccante L, et al. Infants versus older children fitted with cochlear implants: performance over 10 years. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2011;75(4):504–509. doi: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2011.01.005
  • Broomfield SJ, Bruce IA, Henderson L, et al. Cochlear implantation in children with syndromic deafness. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2013;77(8):1312–1316. doi: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2013.05.022
  • Cupples L, Ching TYC, Crowe K, et al. Outcomes of 3-year-old children with hearing loss and different types of additional disabilities. J Deaf Stud Deaf Educ. 2014;19(1):20–39. doi: 10.1093/deafed/ent039
  • Cejas I, Hoffman M, Quittner A. Outcomes and benefits of pediatric cochlear implantation in children with additional disabilities: a review and report of family influences on outcomes. PHMT. 2015;45:45. doi: 10.2147/PHMT.S65797
  • Meinzen-Derr J, Wiley S, Grether S, et al. Language performance in children with cochlear implants and additional disabilities. Laryngoscope. 2010;120(2):405–413. doi: 10.1002/lary.20728
  • Kay-Rivest E, McMenomey SO, Jethanamest D, et al. Cochlear implant outcomes in CHARGE syndrome: updated perspectives. Otol Neurotol. 2022;43(6):632–637. doi: 10.1097/MAO.0000000000003533
  • Peng KA, Kuan EC, Hagan S, et al. Cochlear nerve aplasia and Hypoplasia: predictors of cochlear implant success. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2017;157(3):392–400. doi: 10.1177/0194599817718798
  • Corrales CE, Oghalai JS. Cochlear implant considerations in children with additional disabilities. Curr Otorhinolaryngol Rep. 2013;1(2):61–68. doi: 10.1007/s40136-013-0011-z
  • Zaidman-Zait A, Curle D, Jamieson JR, et al. Health-related quality of life among young children with cochlear implants and developmental disabilities. Ear Hear. 2017;38(4):399–408. doi: 10.1097/AUD.0000000000000410
  • Waltzman SB, Scalchunes V, Cohen NL. Performance of multiply handicapped children using cochlear implants. Am J Otol. 2000;21(3):329–335. doi: 10.1016/S0196-0709(00)80040-X
  • Oghalai JS, Caudle SE, Bentley B, et al. Cognitive outcomes and familial stress after cochlear implantation in deaf children with and without developmental delays. Otol Neurotol. 2012;33(6):947–956. doi: 10.1097/MAO.0b013e318259b72b
  • Marschark M, Duchesne L, Pisoni D. Effects of age at cochlear implantation on learning and cognition: a critical assessment. Am J Speech Lang Pathol. 2019;28(3):1318–1334. doi: 10.1044/2019_AJSLP-18-0160
  • Domínguez A-B, Carrillo M-S, González V, et al. How do deaf children with and without cochlear implants manage to read sentences: the key word strategy. J Deaf Studies And Deaf Edu. 2016;21(3):280–292. doi: 10.1093/deafed/enw026
  • Choo O-S, Kim H, Kim Y-J, et al. Effect of age at cochlear implantation in educational placement and peer relationships. Ear Hear. 2021;42(4):1054–1061. doi: 10.1097/AUD.0000000000001000
  • Habib MG, Waltzman SB, Tajudeen B, et al. Speech production intelligibility of early implanted pediatric cochlear implant users. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2010;74(8):855–859. doi: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2010.04.009
  • Dev AN, Adhikari S, Lohith U, et al. Assessment of quality of life outcomes with the Glasgow children’s benefit Inventory following cochlear implantation in children. J Laryngol Otol. 2019;133(9):759–763. doi: 10.1017/S0022215119001555
  • Fitzpatrick EM, Ham J, Whittingham J. Pediatric cochlear implantation: why do children receive implants late? Ear Hear. 2015;36(6):688–694. doi: 10.1097/AUD.0000000000000184
  • Fitzpatrick EM, dos Santos JC, Grandpierre V, et al. Exploring reasons for late identification of children with early-onset hearing loss. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2017;100:160–167. doi: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2017.06.039
  • Fitzpatrick EM, Johnson E, Durieux-Smith A. Exploring factors that affect the age of cochlear implantation in children. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2011;75(9):1082–1087. doi: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2011.05.018
  • Hodge SE, Thompson NJ, Park LR, et al. Enlarged vestibular aqueduct: hearing progression and cochlear implant candidacy in pediatric patients. Otol Neurotol. 2021;42(1):203. doi: 10.1097/MAO.0000000000003034
  • Dawson PW, Blamey PJ, Rowland LC, et al. Cochlear implants in children, adolescents, and prelinguistically deafened adults. J Speech Lang Hear Res. 1992;35(2):401–417. doi: 10.1044/jshr.3502.401
  • Fitzpatrick E, Séguin C, Schramm D. Cochlear implantation in adolescents and adults with prelinguistic deafness: outcomes and candidacy issues. Int Congr Ser. 2004;1273:269–272. doi: 10.1016/j.ics.2004.09.009
  • Pattisapu P, Lindquist NR, Appelbaum EN, et al. A Systematic review of cochlear implant outcomes in prelingually-deafened, late-implanted patients. Otol Neurotol. 2020;41(4):444. doi: 10.1097/MAO.0000000000002555
  • Bayazıt YA, Altınyay Ş, Cevizci R. Delayed prelingual cochlear implantation in childhood and puberty. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2015;79(2):146–150. doi: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2014.11.026
  • Bosco E, Nicastri M, Ballantyne D, et al. Long term results in late implanted adolescent and adult CI recipients. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2013;270(10):2611–2620. doi: 10.1007/s00405-012-2264-4
  • Kos M-I, Deriaz M, Guyot J-P, et al. What can be expected from a late cochlear implantation? Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2009;73(2):189–193. doi: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2008.10.009
  • Markey AL, Nichani J, Lockley M, et al. Cochlear implantation in adolescents: Factors influencing compliance. Cochlear Implants Int. 2015;16(4):186–194. doi: 10.1179/1754762813Y.0000000033
  • Caposecco A, Hickson L, Pedley K. Cochlear implant outcomes in adults and adolescents with early-onset hearing loss. Ear Hear. 2012;33(2):209–220. doi: 10.1097/AUD.0b013e31822eb16c
  • Duchesne L, Millette I, Bhérer M, et al. Auditory performance and subjective benefits in adults with congenital or prelinguistic deafness who receive cochlear implants during adulthood. Cochlear Implants Int. 2017;18(3):143–152. doi: 10.1080/14670100.2017.1290925
  • Arisi E, Forti S, Pagani D, et al. Cochlear implantation in adolescents with prelinguistic deafness. Otolaryngol--Head Neck Surg. 2010;142(6):804–808. doi: 10.1016/j.otohns.2010.02.016
  • Zaltz Y, Bugannim Y, Zechoval D, et al. Listening in noise remains a significant challenge for cochlear implant users: evidence from early deafened and those with progressive hearing loss compared to peers with normal hearing. JCM. 2020;9(5):1381. doi: 10.3390/jcm9051381
  • Cadieux JH, Firszt JB, Reeder RM. Cochlear implantation in non-traditional candidates: preliminary results in adolescents with asymmetric hearing loss. Otol Neurotol. 2013;34(3):408–415. doi: 10.1097/MAO.0b013e31827850b8
  • Meredith MA, Rubinstein JT, Sie KCY, et al. Cochlear implantation in children with postlingual progressive steeply sloping high-frequency hearing loss. J Am Acad Audiol. 2017;28(10):913–919. doi: 10.3766/jaaa.16115
  • Spitzer ER, Kay-Rivest E, Waltzman SB, et al. Acceptance and benefit of electroacoustic stimulation in children. Otol Neurotol. 2023;44(5):453–461. doi: 10.1097/MAO.0000000000003877
  • Gifford RH, Dorman MF, Skarzynski H, et al. Cochlear implantation with hearing preservation yields significant benefit for speech recognition in complex listening environments. Ear Hear. 2013;34(4):413–425. doi: 10.1097/AUD.0b013e31827e8163
  • Gfeller KE, Olszewski C, Turner C, et al. Music perception with cochlear implants and residual hearing. AUD. 2006;11(Suppl. 1):12–15. doi: 10.1159/000095608
  • Brockmeier SJ, Peterreins M, Lorens A, et al. Music perception in electric acoustic stimulation users as assessed by the mu.S.I.C. test. Adv Otorhinolaryngol. 2010;67:70–80.
  • Incerti PV, Ching TYC, Cowan R. A Systematic review of electric-acoustic stimulation: device fitting ranges, outcomes, and clinical fitting practices. Trends Amplif. 2013;17(1):3–26. doi: 10.1177/1084713813480857
  • Boisvert I, Reis M, Au A, et al. Cochlear implantation outcomes in adults: a scoping review. PLoS One. 2020;15(5):e0232421. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232421
  • Blamey P, Artieres F, Başkent D, et al. Factors Affecting auditory performance of postlinguistically deaf adults using cochlear implants: an update with 2251 patients. Audiol Neurotol. 2012;18(1):36–47. doi: 10.1159/000343189
  • Schafer EC, Miller S, Manning J, et al. Meta-analysis of speech recognition outcomes in younger and older adults with cochlear implants. Am J Audiol. 2021;30(3):481–496. doi: 10.1044/2021_AJA-20-00141
  • Kraaijenga VJ, Smit AL, Stegeman I, et al. Factors that influence outcomes in cochlear implantation in adults, based on patient-related characteristics – a retrospective study. Clin Otolaryngol. 2016;41:585–592. doi: 10.1111/coa.12571
  • Peterson GE, Lehiste I. Revised CNC lists for auditory tests. J Speech Hear Disord. 1962;27(1):62–70. doi: 10.1044/jshd.2701.62
  • Cusumano C, Friedmann DR, Fang Y, et al. Performance plateau in prelingually and Postlingually deafened adult cochlear implant recipients. Otol Neurotol. 2017;38(3):334. doi: 10.1097/MAO.0000000000001322
  • Straatman LV, Huinck WJ, Langereis MC, et al. Cochlear implantation in late-implanted prelingually deafened adults: changes in quality of life. Otol Neurotol. 2014;35(2):253. doi: 10.1097/MAO.0b013e3182a4758e
  • van Dijkhuizen JN, Beers M, Boermans P-P, et al. Speech intelligibility as a predictor of cochlear implant outcome in prelingually deafened adults. Ear & Hearing. 2011;32(4):445–458. doi: 10.1097/AUD.0b013e31820510b7
  • van Dijkhuizen JN, Boermans P-P, Briaire JJ, et al. Intelligibility of the patient’s speech predicts the likelihood of cochlear implant success in prelingually deaf adults. Ear & Hearing. 2016;37(5):e302–e310. doi: 10.1097/AUD.0000000000000286
  • Bench J, Kowal A, Bamford J. The BKB (Bamford-Kowal-Bench) sentence lists for partially-hearing children. Br J Audiol. 1979;13(3):108–112. doi: 10.3109/03005367909078884
  • Craddock L, Cooper H, Riley A, et al. Cochlear implants for pre-lingually profoundly deaf adults. Cochlear Implants Int. 2016;17(sup1):26–30. doi: 10.1080/14670100.2016.1161122
  • Heywood RL, Vickers DA, Pinto F, et al. Assessment and outcome in non-traditional cochlear implant candidates. Audiol Neurotol. 2017;21(6):383–390. doi: 10.1159/000454914
  • O’Gara SJ, Cullington HE, Grasmeder ML, et al. Factors Affecting Speech Perception Improvement Post Implantation in Congenitally Deaf Adults. Ear Hear. 2016;37(6):671–679. doi: 10.1097/AUD.0000000000000331
  • Kumar RS, Mawman D, Sankaran D, et al. Cochlear implantation in early deafened, late implanted adults: Do they benefit? Cochlear Implants Int. 2016;17(sup1):22–25. doi: 10.1080/14670100.2016.1161142
  • Forli F, Turchetti G, Giuntini G, et al. Impianto cocleare in adulti con ipoacusia prelinguale e riabilitazione di tipo oralista: percezione del linguaggio, benefici soggettivi e miglioramento della qualità della vita. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital. 2017;37(5):416–422. doi: 10.14639/0392-100X-1493
  • Jeffs E, Redfern K, Stanfield C, et al. A pilot study to explore the experiences of congenitally or early profoundly deafened candidates who receive cochlear implants as adults. Cochlear Implants Int. 2015;16(6):312–320. doi: 10.1179/1754762815Y.0000000011
  • Olsson MM, Lewis AT, Arvidsson L, et al. Health-related quality of life and work satisfaction in working-aged adults pre- and post-cochlear implant: a longitudinal study. J Clin Med. 2022;11(23):7024. doi: 10.3390/jcm11237024
  • Canale A, Macocco F, Ndrev D, et al. Cochlear implant outcomes in prelingually deafened adults with and without sound deprivation: are There differences in quality of life? Med Sci Monit. 2021;27:e930232. doi: 10.12659/MSM.930232
  • Debruyne JA, Janssen AM, Brokx JPL. Systematic review on late cochlear implantation in early-deafened adults and adolescents: clinical effectiveness. Ear & Hearing. 2020;41(6):1417. doi: 10.1097/AUD.0000000000000884
  • Quick Statistics About Hearing. NIDCD [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2023 Jul 11]. Available from: https://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/statistics/quick-statistics-hearing
  • Goman AM, Dunn CC, Gantz BJ, et al. PREVALENCE of POTENTIAL HYBRID and CONVENTIONAL COCHLEAR IMPLANT CANDIDATES BASED on AUDIOMETRIC PROFILE. Otol Neurotol. 2018;39(4):515. doi: 10.1097/MAO.0000000000001728
  • Homans NC, Metselaar RM, Dingemanse JG, et al. Prevalence of age-related hearing loss, including sex differences, in older adults in a large cohort study. Laryngoscope. 2017;127(3):725–730. doi: 10.1002/lary.26150
  • Holder JT, Reynolds SM, Sunderhaus LW, et al. Current profile of adults presenting for preoperative cochlear implant evaluation. Trends Hear. 2018;22:2331216518755288. doi: 10.1177/2331216518755288
  • Mitchell P, Gopinath B, Wang JJ, et al. Five-year incidence and progression of hearing impairment in an older population. Ear & Hearing. 2011;32(2):251. doi: 10.1097/AUD.0b013e3181fc98bd
  • Sharma RK, Lalwani AK, Golub JS. Prevalence and severity of hearing loss in the older old population. JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surg. 2020;146(8):762–763. doi: 10.1001/jamaoto.2020.0900
  • Tun PA, Williams VA, Small BJ, et al. The effects of aging on auditory processing and cognition. Am J Audiol. 2012;21(2):344–350. doi: 10.1044/1059-0889(2012/12-0030)
  • Pichora-Fuller MK, Souza PE. Effects of aging on auditory processing of speech. Int J Audiol. 2003;42(sup2):11–16. doi: 10.3109/14992020309074638
  • Kay-Rivest E, Friedmann DR, McMenomey SO, et al. The frailty phenotype in older adults undergoing cochlear implantation. Otol Neurotol. 2022;43(10):e1085–e1089. doi: 10.1097/MAO.0000000000003704
  • Coyle CE, Dugan E. Social isolation, loneliness and health among older adults. J Aging Health. 2012;24(8):1346–1363. doi: 10.1177/0898264312460275
  • Nicholson NR. A review of social isolation: an important but underassessed condition in older adults. J Primary Prevent. 2012;33(2–3):137–152. doi: 10.1007/s10935-012-0271-2
  • Francis HW, Yeagle JA, Thompson CB. Clinical and psychosocial risk factors of hearing outcome in older adults with cochlear implants. Laryngoscope. 2015;125(3):695–702. doi: 10.1002/lary.24921
  • Holden LK, Firszt JB, Reeder RM, et al. Factors Affecting Outcomes in Cochlear Implant Recipients Implanted With a Perimodiolar Electrode Array Located in Scala Tympani. Otol Neurotol. 2016;37(10):1662–1668. doi: 10.1097/MAO.0000000000001241
  • Illg A, Bräcker T, Batsoulis C, et al. CI decision making and expectations by older adults. Cochlear Implants Int. 2022;23(3):139–147. doi: 10.1080/14670100.2021.2019522
  • Zhao EE, Dornhoffer JR, Loftus C, et al. Association of patient-related factors with adult cochlear implant speech recognition outcomes: a meta-analysis. JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surg. 2020;146(7):613–620. doi: 10.1001/jamaoto.2020.0662
  • Canfarotta MW, Dillon MT, Buss E, et al. Frequency-to-Place Mismatch: characterizing variability and the influence on speech perception outcomes in cochlear implant recipients. Ear Hear. 2020;41(5):1349–1361. doi: 10.1097/AUD.0000000000000864
  • Kay-Rivest E, Schlacter J, Waltzman SB. Cochlear implantation outcomes in the older adult: a scoping review. Cochlear Implants Int. 2022;23(5):280–290. doi: 10.1080/14670100.2022.2091723
  • Blamey PJ, Maat B, Baskent D, et al. A retrospective multicenter study comparing speech perception outcomes for bilateral implantation and bimodal rehabilitation. Ear & Hearing. 2015;36(4):408. doi: 10.1097/AUD.0000000000000150
  • Lazard DS, Vincent C, Venail F, et al. Pre-, per- and postoperative factors Affecting performance of postlinguistically deaf adults using cochlear implants: a New conceptual Model over time. PLoS One. 2012;7(11):e48739. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048739
  • Giourgas A, Durisin M, Lesinski-Schiedat A, et al. Auditory performance in a group of elderly patients after cochlear implantation. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2021;278(11):4295–4303. doi: 10.1007/s00405-020-06566-8
  • Shew MA, Herzog JA, Kallogjeri D, et al. The Impact of Age on Noise Sensitivity in Cochlear Implant Recipients. Otol Neurotol. 2022;43(1):72. doi: 10.1097/MAO.0000000000003385
  • Van de Heyning PH, Dazert S, Gavilan J, et al. Systematic Literature review of hearing preservation rates in cochlear implantation associated with medium- and longer-length flexible lateral wall electrode arrays. Front Surg. 2022;9:893839. doi: 10.3389/fsurg.2022.893839
  • Anagiotos A, Hamdan N, Lang-Roth R, et al. Young age is a positive Prognostic factor for residual hearing preservation in conventional cochlear implantation. Otol Neurotol. 2015;36(1):28–33. doi: 10.1097/MAO.0000000000000586
  • Roland JT, Gantz BJ, Waltzman SB, et al. United States multicenter clinical trial of the cochlear nucleus hybrid implant system. Laryngoscope. 2016;126(1):175–181. doi: 10.1002/lary.25451
  • Lazard DS, Doelling KB, Arnal LH. Plasticity after hearing rehabilitation in the Aging brain. Trends Hear. 2023;27:23312165231156412.
  • Lin FR, Metter EJ, O’Brien RJ, et al. Hearing loss and incident dementia. Arch Neurol. 2011;68(2):214–220. doi: 10.1001/archneurol.2010.362
  • Lin FR, Yaffe K, Xia J, et al. Hearing loss and cognitive decline in older adults. JAMA Intern Med. 2013;173(4):293–299. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.1868
  • Panza F, Solfrizzi V, Logroscino G. Age-related hearing impairment—a risk factor and frailty marker for dementia and AD. Nat Rev Neurol. 2015;11(3):166–175. doi: 10.1038/nrneurol.2015.12
  • Loughrey DG, Kelly ME, Kelley GA, et al. Association of age-related hearing loss with cognitive function, cognitive impairment, and dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surg. 2018;144(2):115–126. doi: 10.1001/jamaoto.2017.2513
  • Zucca M, Albera A, Albera R, et al. Cochlear implant results in older adults with post-lingual deafness: the role of “top-down” Neurocognitive mechanisms. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(3):1343. doi: 10.3390/ijerph19031343
  • Luo X, Azuma T, Kolberg C, et al. The effects of stimulus modality, task complexity, and cuing on working memory and the relationship with speech recognition in older cochlear implant users. J Commun Disord. 2022;95:106170. doi: 10.1016/j.jcomdis.2021.106170
  • Calvino M, Sánchez-Cuadrado I, Gavilán J, et al. Effect of cochlear implantation on cognitive decline and quality of life in younger and older adults with severe-to-profound hearing loss. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2022;279(10):4745–4759. doi: 10.1007/s00405-022-07253-6
  • Völter C, Götze L, Haubitz I, et al. Impact of Cochlear Implantation on Neurocognitive Subdomains in Adult Cochlear Implant Recipients. Audiol Neurootol. 2021;26(4):236–245. doi: 10.1159/000510855
  • Huber M, Roesch S, Pletzer B, et al. Can cochlear implantation in older adults reverse cognitive decline due to hearing loss? Ear Hear. 2021;42(6):1560–1576. doi: 10.1097/AUD.0000000000001049
  • Babajanian EE, Carmichael EC, Gordon SA, et al. Cochlear implantation in patients with known cognitive impairment: what are the benefits? Otol Neurotol. 2022;43(10):1144–1148. doi: 10.1097/MAO.0000000000003701
  • Yeo BSY, HJJMD S, Toh EMS, et al. Association of hearing aids and cochlear implants with cognitive decline and dementia: a Systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Neurol. 2023;80(2):134–141. doi: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2022.4427
  • Mosnier I, Bebear J-P, Marx M, et al. Improvement of cognitive function after cochlear implantation in elderly patients. JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surg. 2015;141(5):442–450. doi: 10.1001/jamaoto.2015.129
  • Anzivino R, Conti G, Di NW, et al. Prospective evaluation of cognitive functions after rehabilitation with cochlear implant or hearing aids: preliminary results of a multicentric study on elderly patients. Am J Audiol. 2019;28(3S):762–774. doi: 10.1044/2019_AJA-HEAL18-18-0176
  • Ohta Y, Imai T, Maekawa Y, et al. The effect of cochlear implants on cognitive function in older adults: a prospective, longitudinal 2-year follow-up study. Auris Nasus Larynx. 2022;49(3):360–367. doi: 10.1016/j.anl.2021.09.006
  • Mertens G, Andries E, Claes AJ, et al. Cognitive improvement after cochlear implantation in older adults with severe or profound hearing impairment: a prospective, longitudinal, controlled, multicenter study. Ear Hear. 2021;42(3):606–614. doi: 10.1097/AUD.0000000000000962
  • Issing C, Baumann U, Pantel J, et al. Impact of hearing rehabilitation using cochlear implants on cognitive function in older patients. Otol Neurotol. 2021;42(8):1136–1141. doi: 10.1097/MAO.0000000000003153
  • Knopke S, Schubert A, Häussler SM, et al. Improvement of working memory and processing speed in patients over 70 with bilateral hearing impairment following unilateral cochlear implantation. J Clin Med. 2021;10(15):3421. doi: 10.3390/jcm10153421
  • Cosetti MK, Pinkston JB, Flores JM, et al. Neurocognitive testing and cochlear implantation: insights into performance in older adults. Clin Interv Aging. 2016;11:603–613. doi: 10.2147/CIA.S100255
  • Völter C, Götze L, Dazert S, et al. Can cochlear implantation improve neurocognition in the aging population? Clin Interventions Aging. 2018;13:701–712. doi: 10.2147/CIA.S160517
  • Jayakody DMP, Friedland PL, Nel E, et al. Impact of cochlear implantation on cognitive functions of older adults: Pilot test results. Otol Neurotol. 2017;38(8):e289–e295. doi: 10.1097/MAO.0000000000001502
  • Völter C, Götze L, Haubitz I, et al. Benefits of Cochlear Implantation in Middle-Aged and Older Adults. Clin Interv Aging. 2020;15:1555–1568. doi: 10.2147/CIA.S255363
  • Sarant J, Harris D, Busby P, et al. The effect of cochlear implants on cognitive function in older adults: initial baseline and 18-month follow up results for a prospective International longitudinal study. Front Neurosci. 2019 [cited 2023 Apr 18]; 13. Internet: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00789
  • Andries E, Gilles A, Topsakal V, et al. Systematic review of quality of life assessments after cochlear implantation in older adults. Audiol Neurootol. 2021;26(2):61–75. doi: 10.1159/000508433
  • Claes AJ, Van de Heyning P, Gilles A, et al. Cognitive performance of severely hearing-impaired older adults before and after cochlear implantation: preliminary results of a prospective, longitudinal cohort study using the RBANS-H. Otol Neurotol. 2018;39(9):e765–e773. doi: 10.1097/MAO.0000000000001936
  • Knopke S, Gräbel S, Förster-Ruhrmann U, et al. Impact of cochlear implantation on quality of life and mental comorbidity in patients aged 80 years. Laryngoscope. 2016;126(12):2811–2816. doi: 10.1002/lary.25993
  • Knopke S, Häussler S, Gräbel S, et al. Age-dependent psychological factors influencing the outcome of cochlear implantation in elderly patients. Otol Neurotol. 2019;40(4):e441–e453. doi: 10.1097/MAO.0000000000002179
  • Olze H, Knopke S, Gräbel S, et al. Rapid positive influence of cochlear implantation on the quality of life in adults 70 years and older. Audiol Neurotol. 2016;21(Suppl. 1):43–47. doi: 10.1159/000448354
  • Mosnier I, Vanier A, Bonnard D, et al. Long-term cognitive prognosis of profoundly deaf older adults after hearing rehabilitation using cochlear implants. J American Geriatrics Society. 2018;66(8):1553–1561. doi: 10.1111/jgs.15445
  • Noble W, Tyler RS, Dunn CC, et al. Younger-and older-age adults with unilateral and bilateral cochlear implants: speech and spatial hearing self-ratings and performance. Otol Neurotol. 2009;30(7):921. doi: 10.1097/MAO.0b013e3181b76b3b
  • Contrera KJ, Betz J, Li L, et al. Quality of life after intervention with a cochlear implant or hearing aid. Laryngoscope. 2016;126(9):2110–2115. doi: 10.1002/lary.25848
  • Sonnet M-H, Montaut-Verient B, Niemier J-Y, et al. Cognitive abilities and quality of life after cochlear implantation in the elderly. Otol Neurotol. 2017;38(8):e296–e301. doi: 10.1097/MAO.0000000000001503
  • Andries E, Gilles A, Topsakal V, et al. The impact of cochlear implantation on health-related quality of life in older adults, measured with the health Utilities index Mark 2 and Mark 3. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2022;279(2):739–750. doi: 10.1007/s00405-021-06727-3
  • Zwolan TA, Henion K, Segel P, et al. The role of age on cochlear implant performance, use, and health utility: a multicenter clinical trial. Otol Neurotol. 2014;35(9):1560–1568. doi: 10.1097/MAO.0000000000000583
  • Choi JS, Betz J, Li L, et al. Association of using hearing aids or cochlear implants with changes in depressive symptoms in older adults. JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surg. 2016;142(7):652–657. doi: 10.1001/jamaoto.2016.0700
  • Castiglione A, Benatti A, Velardita C, et al. Aging, cognitive decline and hearing loss: effects of auditory rehabilitation and training with hearing aids and cochlear implants on cognitive function and depression among older adults. Audiol Neurotol. 2016;21(Suppl. 1):21–28. doi: 10.1159/000448350
  • Issing C, Holtz S, Loth AG, et al. Long-term effects on the quality of life following cochlear implant treatment in older patients. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2022;279(11):5135–5144. doi: 10.1007/s00405-022-07354-2
  • Hammond-Kenny A, Borsetto D, Manjaly JG, et al. Cochlear implantation in elderly patients: survival duration, hearing outcomes, complication rates, and cost utility. Audiol Neurotol. 2022;27(2):156–165. doi: 10.1159/000517315
  • Spitzer ER, Waltzman SB. Outcomes of cochlear implantation in adults over 85 years of age. Cochlear Implants Int. 2021;22(5):296–302. doi: 10.1080/14670100.2021.1913331
  • Bourn SS, Goldstein MR, Morris SA, et al. Cochlear implant outcomes in the very elderly. Am J Otolaryngol. 2022;43(1):103200. doi: 10.1016/j.amjoto.2021.103200
  • Cuevas-Trisan R. Balance problems and Fall risks in the elderly. Clin Geriatr Med. 2019;35(2):173–183. doi: 10.1016/j.cger.2019.01.008
  • Wong DJY, Moran M, O’Leary SJ. Outcomes After Cochlear Implantation in the Very Elderly. Otol Neurotol. 2016;37(1):46. doi: 10.1097/MAO.0000000000000920
  • Gordon SA, Aylward A, Patel NS, et al. Does frailty or age increase the risk of postoperative complications following cochlear implantation? OTO open. 2021;5(3):2473974X211044084. doi: 10.1177/2473974X211044084
  • Fakurnejad S, Vail D, Song Y, et al. Trends in age of cochlear implant recipients, and the Impact on perioperative complication rates. Otol Neurotol. 2020;41(4):438–443. doi: 10.1097/MAO.0000000000002558
  • Grimm DR, Fakurnejad S, Alyono JC. Cochlear Implantation and Risk of Falls in Older Adults. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2022;167(3):531–536. doi: 10.1177/01945998211064981
  • Connors JR, Deep NL, Huncke TK, et al. Cochlear implantation under local anesthesia with conscious sedation in the elderly: first 100 cases. Laryngoscope. 2021;131(3):E946–E951. doi: 10.1002/lary.28853
  • Deep NL, Connors J, Roland JT. Awake cochlear implantation. Oper Techniques In Otolaryngology-Head And Neck Surgery. 2021;32(2):136–142. doi: 10.1016/j.otot.2021.05.013
  • Deep NL, Connors J, Roland JT. Cochlear implantation under local anesthesia with conscious sedation in the elderly patient: focus on surgical technique. Oper Techniques In Otolaryngology-Head And Neck Surgery. 2020;31(3):231–237. doi: 10.1016/j.otot.2020.07.008
  • Dietz A, Wüstefeld M, Niskanen M, et al. Cochlear implant surgery in the elderly: the feasibility of a modified suprameatal approach under local anesthesia. Otol Neurotol. 2016;37(5):487–491. doi: 10.1097/MAO.0000000000001025
  • Dietz A, Lenarz T. Cochlear implantation under local anesthesia in 117 cases: patients’ subjective experience and outcomes. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2021;279(7):3379–3385. doi: 10.1007/s00405-021-07061-4
  • Shabashev S, Fouad Y, Huncke TK, et al. Cochlear implantation under conscious sedation with local anesthesia; safety, efficacy, costs, and satisfaction. Cochlear Implants Int. 2017;18(6):297–303. doi: 10.1080/14670100.2017.1376423
  • Buchman CA, Gifford RH, Haynes DS, et al. Unilateral cochlear implants for severe, profound, or moderate sloping to profound bilateral sensorineural hearing loss: a Systematic review and consensus statements. JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surg. 2020;146(10):942–953. doi: 10.1001/jamaoto.2020.0998
  • Rajan G, Tavora-Vieira D, Baumgartner W-D, et al. Hearing preservation cochlear implantation in children: the HEARRING group consensus and practice guide. Cochlear Implants Int. 2018;19(1):1–13. doi: 10.1080/14670100.2017.1379933
  • Skarzynski H, van de Heyning P, Agrawal S, et al. Towards a consensus on a hearing preservation classification system. Acta Otolaryngol Suppl. 2013;133(sup564):3–13. doi: 10.3109/00016489.2013.869059

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.