Genotoxicity induced by metal oxide nanoparticles: a weight of evidence study and effect of particle surface and electronic properties

References

• Alarifi, S., D. Ali, Y. Al Omar Suliman, M. Ahamed, M. A. Siddiqui, and A. A. Al-Khedhairy. 2013. “Oxidative Stress Contributes to Cobalt Oxide Nanoparticles-Induced Cytotoxicity and DNA Damage in Human Hepatocarcinoma Cells.” International Journal of Nanomedicine 8: 189. doi:10.2147/IJN.S37924.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Angelé-Martínez, C., C. Goodman, and J. Brumaghim. 2014. “Metal-Mediated DNA Damage and Cell Death: Mechanisms, Detection Methods, and Cellular Consequences.” Metallomics 8: 1358–1381. doi:10.1039/C4MT00057A.
   Google Scholar
• Apté, C., and S. Weiss. 1997. “Data Mining with Decision Trees and Decision Rules.” Future Generation Computer System 13 (2–3): 197–210. doi:10.1016/S0167-739X(97)00021-6.
   Google Scholar
• Bakhtyari, N. G., A. G. Bakhtyari, E. Benfenati, M. Cronin, B. Rasulev, and J. Leszczynski. 2014. “Prediction of Genotoxicity of Nano Metal Oxides by Computational Methods: A New Decision Tree QSAR Model.” Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis 55: S43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bakhtyari, N. G., G. Raitano, E. Benfenati, T. Martin, and D. Young. 2013. “Comparison of in Silico Models for Prediction of Mutagenicity.” Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part C 31 (1):45–66. doi:10.1080/10590501.2013.763576.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benigni, R., L. Passerini, and A. Rodomonte. 2003. “Structure-Activity Relationships for the Mutagenicity and Carcinogenicity of Simple and Alpha-Beta Unsaturated Aldehydes.” Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis 42 (3): 136–43. doi:10.1002/em.10190.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhattacharya, K., M. Davoren, J. Boertz, R. P. Schins, E. Hoffmann, and E. Dopp. 2009. “Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles Induce Oxidative Stress and DNA-Adduct Formation but Not DNA-Breakage in Human Lung Cells.” Particle and Fibre Toxicology 6 (1): 17. doi:10.1186/1743-8977-6-17.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Breiman, L., J. H. Friedman, R. A. Olshen, and C. J. Stone. 1984. Classification and Regression Trees. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
   Google Scholar
• Chadha, R., P. Arora, S. Bhandari, and M. Bala. 2012. “Current Microscopy Contributions to Advances in Science and Technology.” In Thermomicroscopy and Its Pharmaceuticals Applications. edited byA. Méndez-Vilas, 1013–1024. Badajoz, Spain: Formatex Research Center.
   Google Scholar
• Collins, A. R. 2004. “The Comet Assay for DNA Damage and Repair: Principles, Applications, and Limitations.” Molecular Biotechnology 26 (3): 249–261. doi:10.1385/MB:26:3:249.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins, A. R., N. El Yamani, Y. Lorenzo, S. Shaposhnikov, G. Brunborg, and A. Azqueta. 2014. “Controlling Variation in the Comet Assay.” Frontiers in Genetics 5: 359. doi:10.3389/fgene.2014.00359.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Contrera, J. F., E. J. Matthews, N. L. Kruhlak, and R. D. Benz. 2005. “In Silico Screening of Chemicals for Bacterial Mutagenicity Using Electrotopological E-State Indices and MDL QSAR Software.” Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 43 (3): 313–323. doi:10.1016/j.yrtph.2005.09.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Demir, E., H. Akça, F. Turna, S. Aksakal, D. Burgucu, B. Kaya, O. Tokgün, G. Vales, A. Creus, and R. Marcos. 2015. “Genotoxic and Cell-Transforming Effects of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles.” Environmental Research 136: 300–308. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2014.10.032.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dennington, R., T. Keith, and J. Millam. 2009. GaussView, version 5. Accessed 31 May 2018.http://gaussian.com/
   Google Scholar
• Dhawan, A., M. Bajpayee, and D. Parmar. 2009. “Comet Assay: A Reliable Tool for the Assessment of DNA Damage in Different Models.” Cell Biology and Toxicology 25 (1): 5–32. doi:10.1007/s10565-008-9072-z.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dhawan, A., J. S. Taurozzi, A. K. Pandey, W. Shan, S. M. Miller, S. A. Hashsham, and V. V. Tarabara. 2006. “Stable Colloidal Dispersions of C60 Fullerenes in Water: Evidence for Genotoxicity.” Environmental Science & Technology 40 (23): 7394–401. doi:10.1021/es0609708.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Driessen, M. D., S. Mues, A. Vennemann, B. Hellack, A. Bannuscher, V. Vimalakanthan, C. Riebeling, et al. 2015. “Proteomic Analysis of Protein Carbonylation: A Useful Tool to Unravel Nanoparticle Toxicity Mechanisms.” Particle and Fibre Toxicology 12 (1): 36. doi:10.1186/s12989-015-0108-2.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• EFSA (European Food and Safety Authority). 2015. “Principles and Process for Dealing with Data and Evidence in Scientific Assessments.” EFSA J 13 (65): 4121–4136. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2015.4121.
   Google Scholar
• Ersson, C., P. Moller, L. Forchhammer, S. Loft, A. Azqueta, R. W. L. Godschalk, F.-J. van Schooten, et al., 2013. “An ECVAG Inter-Laboratory Validation Study of the Comet Assay: Inter-Laboratory and Intra-Laboratory Variations of DNA Strand Breaks and FPG-Sensitive Sites in Human Mononuclear Cells.” Mutagenesis 28 (3): 279–286. doi:10.1093/mutage/get001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falck, G. C. M., H. K. Lindberg, S. Suhonen, M. Vippola, E. Vanhala, J. Catalán, K. Savolainen, and H. Norppa. 2009. “Genotoxic Effects of Nanosized and Fine TiO2” Human & Experimental Toxicology 28 (6–7): 339–352. doi:10.1177/0960327109105163.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferrari, T., D. Cattaneo, G. Gini, N. Golbamaki Bakhtyari, A. Manganaro, and E. Benfenati. 2013. “Automatic Knowledge Extraction from Chemical Structures: The Case of Mutagenicity Prediction.” SAR and QSAR in Environmental Research 24 (5): 365–383. doi:10.1080/1062936X.2013.773376.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fjodorova, N., M. Novic, A. Gajewicz, and B. Rasulev. 2017. “The Way to Cover Prediction for Cytotoxicity for All Existing Nano-Sized Metal Oxides by Using Neural Network Method.” Nanotoxicology 11 (4): 475–483. doi:10.1080/17435390.2017.1310949.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forchhammer, L., C. Ersson, S. Loft, L. Möller, R. W. L. Godschalk, F. J. van Schooten, G. D. D. Jones, et al. 2012. “Inter-Laboratory Variation in DNA Damage Using a Standard Comet Assay Protocol.” Mutagenesis 27 (6): 665–672. doi:10.1093/mutage/ges032.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forchhammer, L., C. Johansson, S. Loft, L. Moller, R. W. L. Godschalk, S. A. S. Langie, G. D. D. Jones, et al. 2010. “Variation in the Measurement of DNA Damage by Comet Assay Measured by the ECVAG Inter-Laboratory Validation Trial.” Mutagenesis 25 (2): 113–123. doi:10.1093/mutage/gep048.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fu, P. P., Q. Xia, H. M. Hwang, P. C. Ray, and H. Yu. 2014. “Mechanisms of Nanotoxicity: Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species.” Journal of Food and Drug Analysis 22 (1): 64–75. doi:10.1016/j.jfda.2014.01.005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gajewicz, A., M. T. Cronin, B. Rasulev, J. Leszczynski, and T. Puzyn. 2015. “Novel Approach for Efficient Predictions Properties of Large Pool of Nanomaterials Based on Limited Set of Species: Nano-Read-across.” Nanotechnology 26 (1): 015701. doi:10.1088/0957-4484/26/1/015701.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gajewicz, A., T. Puzyn, B. Rasulev, D. Leszczynska, and J. Leszczynski. 2011. “Metal Oxide Nanoparticles: Size-Dependence of Quantum-Mechanical Properties.” Nanoscience & Nanotechnology-Asia 1 (1): 53–58. doi:10.2174/2210681211101010053.
   Google Scholar
• Golbamaki, N., B. Rasulev, A. Cassano, R. L. Marchese Robinson, E. Benfenati, J. Leszczynski, and M. T. D. Cronin. 2015. “Genotoxicity of Metal Oxide Nanomaterials: Review of Recent Data and Discussion of Possible Mechanisms.” Nanoscale 7 (6): 2154–2198. doi:10.1039/C4NR06670G.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gražulis, S., A. Daškevič, A. Merkys, D. Chateigner, L. Lutterotti, M. Quirós, N. R. Serebryanaya, P. Moeck, R. T. Downs, and A. Le Bail. 2012. “Crystallography Open Database (COD): An Open-Access Collection of Crystal Structures and Platform for World-Wide Collaboration.” Nucleic Acids Research 40 (D1): D420–427. doi:10.1093/nar/gkr900.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hong, S. C., J. H. Lee, J. Lee, H. Y. Kim, J. Y. Park, J. Cho, and J. Lee. 2011. “Subtle Cytotoxicity and Genotoxicity Differences in Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Coated with Various Functional Groups.” International Journal of Nanomedicine 6: 3219. doi:10.2147/IJN.S26355.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang, Y. W., C. H. Wu, and R. S. Aronstam. 2010. “Toxicity of Transition Metal Oxide Nanoparticles: Recent Insights from In Vitro Studies.” Materials 3 (10): 4842–4859. doi:10.3390/ma3104842.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huk, A., A. R. Collins, N. El Yamani, C. Porredon, A. Azqueta, J. de Lapuente, and M. Dusinska. 2015. “Critical Factors to Be Considered When Testing Nanomaterials for Genotoxicity with the Comet Assay.” Mutagenesis 30 (1): 85–88. doi:10.1093/mutage/geu077.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hristozov, D. R., A. Zabeo, C. Foran, P. Isigonis, A. Critto, A. Marcomini, and I. Linkov. 2014. “A Weight of Evidence Approach for Hazard Screening of Engineered Nanomaterials.” Nanotoxicology 8 (1): 72–87. doi:10.3109/17435390.2012.750695.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johansson, C., P. Møller, L. Forchhammer, S. Loft, R. W. L. Godschalk, S. A. S. Langie, S. Lumeij, et al. 2010. “An ECVAG Trial on Assessment of Oxidative Damage to DNA Measured by the Comet Assay.” Mutagenesis 25 (2): 125–132. doi:10.1093/mutage/gep055.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kain, J., H. L. Karlsson, and L. Möller. 2012. “DNA Damage Induced by Micro-and Nanoparticles—Interaction with FPG Influences the Detection of DNA Oxidation in the Comet Assay.” Mutagenesis 27 (4): 491–500. doi:10.1093/mutage/ges010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kante, B., P. Couvreur, G. Dubois-Krack, C. De Meester, P. Guiot, M. Roland, M. Mercier, and P. Speiseru. 1982. “Toxicity of Polyalkylcyanoacrylate Nanoparticles I: Free Nanoparticles.” Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 71 (7): 786–790. doi:10.1002/jps.2600710716.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kar, S., A. Gajewicz, T. Puzyn, K. Roy, and J. Leszczynski. 2014. “Periodic Table-Based Descriptors to Encode Cytotoxicity Profile of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles: A Mechanistic QSTR Approach.” Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 107: 162–169. doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.05.026.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karlsson, H. L., P. Cronholm, J. Gustafsson, and L. Mo¨Ller. 2008. “Copper Oxide Nanoparticles Are Highly Toxic: A Comparison between Metal Oxide Nanoparticles and Carbon Nanotubes.” Chemical Research in Toxicology 21 (9): 1726–1732. doi:10.1021/tx800064j.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karlsson, H. L., A. R. Gliga, F. M. G. R. Calléja, C. S. A. G. Gonçalves, I. O. Wallinder, H. Vrieling, B. Fadeel, and G. Hendriks. 2014. “Mechanism-Based Genotoxicity Screening of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles Using the ToxTracker Panel of Reporter Cell Lines.” Particle and Fibre Toxicology 11 (1): 41. doi:10.1186/s12989-014-0041-9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kiers, H. A., and A. K. Smilde. 2007. “A Comparison of Various Methods for Multivariate Regression with Highly Collinear Variables.” Statistical Methods and Applications 16 (2): 193–228. doi:10.1007/s10260-006-0025-5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klimisch, H. J., M. Andreae, and U. Tillmann. 1997. “A Systematic Approach for Evaluating the Quality of Experimental Toxicological and Ecotoxicological Data.” Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 25 (1): 1–5. doi:10.1006/rtph.1996.1076.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kovrižnych, J. A., R. Sotníková, D. Zeljenková, E. Rollerová, E. Szabová, and S. Wimmerová. 2013. “Acute Toxicity of 31 Different Nanoparticles to Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Tested in Adulthood and in Early Life Stages – Comparative Study.” Interdisciplinary Toxicology 6 (2): 67–73. doi:10.2478/intox-2013-0012.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Krug, H. F., ed. 2011. Nanommune: Quality Handbook Standard Procedures for Nanoparticle Testing. Switzerland: EMPA.
   Google Scholar
• Kubiak, C., P. Couvreur, L. Manil, and B. Clausse. 1989. “Increased Cytotoxicity of Nanoparticle-Carried Adriamycin in Vitro and Potentiation by Verapamil and Amiodarone.” Biomaterials 10 (8): 553–556. doi:10.1016/0142-9612(89)90062-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kukreja, L., S. Barik, and P. Misra. 2004. “Variable Band Gap ZnO Nanostructures Grown by Pulsed Laser Deposition.” Journal of Crystal Growth 268 (3–4): 531–535. doi:10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2004.04.086.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landsiedel, R., M. D. Kapp, M. Schulz, K. Wiench, and F. Oesch. 2009. “Genotoxicity Investigations on Nanomaterials: Methods, Preparation and Characterization of Test Material, Potential Artifacts and Limitations – Many Questions, Some Answers.” Mutation Research/Reviews in Mutation Research 681 (2–3): 241–58. doi:10.1016/j.mrrev.2008.10.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landsiedel, R., L. Ma-Hock, A. Kroll, D. Hahn, J. Schnekenburger, K. Wiench, and W. Wohlleben. 2010. “Testing Metal-Oxide Nanomaterials for Human Safety.” Advanced Materials 22 (24): 2601–27. doi:10.1002/adma.200902658.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin, P.-C., S. Lin, P. C. Wang, and R. Sridhar. 2014. “Techniques for Physicochemical Characterization of Nanomaterials.” Biotechnology Advances 32 (4): 711–726. doi:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2013.11.006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin, W., Y. Xu, C. C. Huang, Y. Ma, K. B. Shannon, D. R. Chen, and Y. W. Huang. 2009. “Toxicity of Nano-and Micro-Sized ZnO Particles in Human Lung Epithelial Cells.” Journal of Nanoparticle Research 11 (1): 25–39. doi:10.1007/s11051-008-9419-7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindberg, H. K., G. C.-M. Falck, S. Suhonen, M. Vippola, E. Vanhala, J. Catalán, K. Savolainen, and H. Norppa. 2009. “Genotoxicity of Nanomaterials: DNA Damage and Micronuclei Induced by Carbon Nanotubes and Graphite Nanofibres in Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells In Vitro.” Toxicology Letters 186 (3): 166–173. doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2008.11.019.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lubinski, L., P. Urbaszek, A. Gajewicz, M. T. D. Cronin, S. J. Enoch, J. C. Madden, D. Leszczynska, J. Leszczynski, and T. Puzyn. 2013. “Evaluation Criteria for the Quality of Published Experimental Data on Nanomaterials and Their Usefulness for QSAR Modelling.” SAR and QSAR in Environmental Research 24 (12): 995–1008. doi:10.1080/1062936X.2013.840679.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma, C. Y., F. V. Buontempo, and X. Z. Wang. 2008. “Inductive Data Mining: automatic Generation of Decision Trees from Data for QSAR Modelling and Process Historical Data Analysis.” Computer Aided Chemical Engineering 25: 581–586. doi:10.1016/S1570-7946(08)80102-2.
   Google Scholar
• Ma, C. Y., and X. Z. Wang. 2009. “Inductive Data Mining Based on Genetic Programming: automatic Generation of Decision Trees from Data for Process Historical Data Analysis.” Computers & Chemical Engineering 33 (10): 1602–1616. doi:10.1016/j.compchemeng.2009.04.005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magdolenova, Z., A. Collins, A. Kumar, A. Dhawan, V. Stone, and M. Dusinska. 2014. “Mechanisms of Genotoxicity. A Review of In Vitro and In Vivo Studies with Engineered Nanoparticles.” Nanotoxicology 8 (3): 233–278. doi:10.3109/17435390.2013.773464.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marchese Robinson, R. L., M. T. Cronin, A. N. Richarz, and R. Rallo. 2015. “An ISA-TAB-Nano Based Data Collection Framework to Support Data-Driven Modelling of Nanotoxicology.” Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 6: 1978–1999. doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.202.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mason, C. H., and W. D. Perreault. 1991. “Collinearity, Power, and Interpretation of Multiple Regression Analysis.” Journal of Marketing Research 28 (3): 268–280. doi:10.2307/3172863.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mikolajczyk, A., A. Gajewicz, B. Rasulev, N. Schaeublin, E. Maurer-Gardner, S. Hussain, J. Leszczynski, and T. Puzyn. 2015. “Zeta Potential for Metal Oxide Nanoparticles: A Predictive Model Developed by a Nano-Quantitative Structure–Property Relationship Approach.” Chemistry of Materials 27 (7): 2400–12407. doi:10.1021/cm504406a.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Modi, S., J. Li, S. Malcomber, C. Moore, A. Scott, A. White, and P. Carmichael. 2012. “Integrated in Silico Approaches for the Prediction of Ames Test Mutagenicity.” Journal of Computer-Aided Molecular Design 26 (9): 1017–1033. doi:10.1007/s10822-012-9595-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moermond, C., A. Beasley, R. Breton, M. Junghans, R. Laskowski, K. Solomon, and H. Zahner. 2017. “Assessing the Reliability of Ecotoxicological Studies: An Overview of Current Needs and Approaches.” Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management 13 (4): 640–651. doi:10.1002/ieam.1870.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murdock, R. C., L. Braydich-Stolle, A. M. Schrand, J. J. Schlager, and S. M. Hussain. 2008. “Characterization of Nanomaterial Dispersion in Solution Prior to In Vitro Exposure Using Dynamic Light Scattering Technique.” Toxicological Sciences 101 (2): 239–253. doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfm240.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nabiev, I., S. Mitchell, A. Davies, Y. Williams, D. Kelleher, R. Moore, Y. K. Gun'ko, et al. 2007. “Nonfunctionalized Nanocrystals Can Exploit a Cell’s Active Transport Machinery Delivering Them to Specific Nuclear and Cytoplasmic Compartments.” Nano Letters 7 (11): 3452–3461. doi:10.1021/nl0719832.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niwa, Y., and N. Iwai. 2006. “Genotoxicity in Cell Lines Induced by Chronic Exposure to Water-Soluble Fullerenes Using Micronucleus Test.” Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine 11 (6): 292–297. doi:10.1007/BF02898019.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development). 2012. Important Issues on Risk Assessment of Manufactured Nanomaterials, Series on the Safety of Manufactured Nanomaterials. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Accessed 31 May 2018. http://www.oecd.org/officialdocuments/publicdisplaydocumentpdf/?cote=env/jm/mono(2013)18&doclanguage=en
   Google Scholar
• OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development). 2004. OECD Principles for the Validation, for Regulatory Purposes, of (Quantitative) Structure-Activity Relationship Models. Accessed 31 May 2018.https://www.oecd.org/chemicalsafety/risk-assessment/37849783.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Oksel, C., C. Y. Ma, J. J. Liu, T. Wilkins, and X. Z. Wang. 2015. “(Q) SAR Modelling of Nanomaterial Toxicity: A Critical Review.” Particuology 21: 1–19. doi:10.1016/j.partic.2014.12.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oomen, A. G., P. M. J. Bos, T. F. Fernandes, K. Hund-Rinke, D. Boraschi, H. J. Byrne, K. Aschberger, et al. 2014. “Concern-Driven Integrated Approaches to Nanomaterial Testing and Assessment–Report of the NanoSafety Cluster Working Group 10.” Nanotoxicology 8 (3): 334–348. doi:10.3109/17435390.2013.802387.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pan, Y., T. Li, J. Cheng, D. Telesca, J. I. Zink, and J. Jiang. 2016. “Nano-QSAR Modeling for Predicting the Cytotoxicity of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles Using Novel Descriptors.” RSC Advances 6 (31): 25766–25775. doi:10.1039/C6RA01298A.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Puzyn, T., B. Rasulev, A. Gajewicz, X. Hu, T. P. Dasari, A. Michalkova, H.-M. Hwang, A. Toropov, D. Leszczynska, and J. Leszczynski. 2011. “Using Nano-QSAR to Predict the Cytotoxicity of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles.” Nature Nanotechnology 6 (3): 175–178. doi:10.1038/nnano.2011.10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Puzyn, T., N. Suzuki, M. Haranczyk, and J. Rak. 2008. “Calculation of Quantum-Mechanical Descriptors for QSPR at the DFT Level: Is It Necessary?” Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling 48 (6): 1174–1180. doi:10.1021/ci800021p.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qu, Z., and G.-J. Kroes. 2006. “Theoretical Study of the Electronic Structure and Stability of Titanium Dioxide Clusters (TiO2) n with n = 1-9.” The Journal of Physical Chemistry B 110 (18): 8998–9007. doi:10.1021/jp056607p.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rahman, Q., M. Lohani, E. Dopp, H. Pemsel, L. Jonas, D. G. Weiss, and D. Schiffmann. 2002. “Evidence That Ultrafine Titanium Dioxide Induces Micronuclei and Apoptosis in Syrian Hamster Embryo Fibroblasts.” Environmental Health Perspectives 110 (8): 797. doi:10.1289/ehp.02110797.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rasmussen, K., M. Gonzalez, P. Kearns, J. R. Sintes, F. Rossi, and P. Sayre. 2016. “Review of Achievements of the OECD Working Party on Manufactured Nanomaterials’ Testing and Assessment Programme. From Exploratory Testing to Test Guidelines.” Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 74: 147–160. doi:10.1016/j.yrtph.2015.11.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rositsa, S., F. G. Mojca, and W. Andrew. 2010. Review of QSAR Models and Software Tools for Predicting Genotoxicity and Carcinogenicity, JRC Scientific and Technical Reports - EUR 24427 EN. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
   Google Scholar
• Russell, W. M. S., R. L. Burch, and C. W. Hume. 1959. The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique. London: Methuen.
   Google Scholar
• Schwertmann, U. 1991. “Solubility and Dissolution of Iron Oxides.” Plant and Soil 130 (1–2): 1–25. doi:10.1007/BF00011851.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sekar, D., M. L. Falcioni, G. Barucca, and G. Falcioni. 2014. “DNA Damage and Repair following In Vitro Exposure to Two Different Forms of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles on Trout Erythrocyte.” Environmental Toxicology 29 (1): 117–127. doi:10.1002/tox.20778.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharifi, S., S. Behzadi, S. Laurent, M. Laird Forrest, P. Stroeve, and M. Mahmoudi. 2012. “Toxicity of Nanomaterials.” Chemical Society Reviews 41 (6): 2323–2343. doi:10.1039/C1CS15188F.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh, K. P., and S. Gupta. 2014. “Nano-QSAR Modeling for Predicting Biological Activity of Diverse Nanomaterials.” RSC Advances 4 (26): 13215–13230. doi:10.1039/C4RA01274G.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh, N., B. Manshian, G. J. S. Jenkins, S. M. Griffiths, P. M. Williams, T. G. G. Maffeis, C. J. Wright, and S. H. Doak. 2009. “NanoGenotoxicology: The DNA Damaging Potential of Engineered Nanomaterials.” Biomaterials 30 (23–24): 3891–3914. doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.04.009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh, N. P., M. T. McCoy, R. R. Tice, and E. L. Schneider. 1988. “A Simple Technique for Quantitation of Low Levels of DNA Damage in Individual Cells.” Experimental Cell Research 175 (1): 184–191. doi:10.1016/0014-4827(88)90265-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sizochenko, N., B. Rasulev, A. Gajewicz, V. Kuz'min, T. Puzyn, and J. Leszczynski. 2014. “From Basic Physics to Mechanisms of Toxicity: The “Liquid Drop” Approach Applied to Develop Predictive Classification Models for Toxicity of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles.” Nanoscale 6 (22): 13986–13993. doi:10.1039/C4NR03487B.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stefaniak, A. B., V. A. Hackley, G. Roebben, K. Ehara, S. Hankin, M. T. Postek, I. Lynch, W.-E. Fu, T. P. J. Linsinger, and A. F. Thünemann. 2013. “Nanoscale Reference Materials for Environmental, Health and Safety Measurements: Needs, Gaps and Opportunities.” Nanotoxicology 7 (8): 1325–1337. doi:10.3109/17435390.2012.739664.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart, J. J. P. 2014. MOPAC 2012. Colorado Springs, CO: Stewart Computational Chemistry.
   Google Scholar
• Therneau, T., B. Atkinson, and B. Ripley. 2015. rpart: Recursive Partitioning and Regression Trees, R Package version 4. 1–10. Accessed 31 May 2018.https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/rpart/index.html
   Google Scholar
• Therneau, T. M., and E. J. Atkinson. 1997. An Introduction to Recursive Partitioning Using the RPART Routines. Technical report, Mayo Foundation.
   Google Scholar
• Tice, R. R., E. Agurell, D. Anderson, B. Burlinson, A. Hartmann, H. Kobayashi, Y. Miyamae, E. Rojas, J.-C. Ryu, and Y. F. Sasaki. 2000. “Single Cell Gel/Comet Assay: Guidelines for In Vitro and In Vivo Genetic Toxicology Testing.” Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis 35 (3): 206–221. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1098-2280(2000)35:3<206::AID-EM8>3.0.CO;2-J.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toropov, A. A., A. P. Toropov, E. Benfenati, G. Gini, T. Puzyn, D. Leszczynska, and J. Leszczynski. 2012. “Novel Application of the CORAL Software to Model Cytotoxicity of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles to Bacteria Escherichia coli.” Chemosphere 89 (9): 1098–1102. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.05.077.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toropova, A. P., A. A. Toropov, R. Rallo, D. Leszczynska, and J. Leszczynski. 2016. “Nano-QSAR: Genotoxicity of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes.” International Journal of Environmental Research 10 (1): 59–64. doi:10.22059/ijer.2016.56888.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• USEPA (US Environmental Protection Agency). 2011. Evaluation Guidelines for Ecological Toxicity Data in the Open Literature. Procedures for Screening, Viewing, and Using Published Open Literature Toxicity Data in Ecological Risk Assessments. Washington, DC: USEPA, Office of Pesticide Programs. 74 p.
   Google Scholar
• Vernon, R. E. 2013. “Which Elements Are Metalloids?” Journal of Chemical Education 90 (12): 1703–1707. doi:10.1021/ed3008457.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wyrzykowska, E., A. Mikolajczyk, C. Sikorska, and T. Puzyn. 2016. “Development of a Novel in Silico Model of Zeta Potential for Metal Oxide Nanoparticles: A Nano-QSPR Approach.” Nanotechnology 27 (44): 445702. doi:10.1088/0957-4484/27/44/445702.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, H., C. Liu, D. Yang, H. Zhang, and Z. Xi. 2009. “Comparative Study of Cytotoxicity, Oxidative Stress and Genotoxicity Induced by Four Typical Nanomaterials: The Role of Particle Size, Shape and Composition.” Journal of Applied Toxicology 29 (1): 69–78. doi:10.1002/jat.1385.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhai, H.-J., and L.-S. Wang. 2007. “Probing the Electronic Structure and Band Gap Evolution of Titanium Oxide Clusters (TiO2) n-(n = 1-10) Using Photoelectron Spectroscopy.” Journal of the American Chemical Society 129 (10): 3022–3026. doi:10.1021/ja068601z.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, H., Z. Ji, T. Xia, H. Meng, C. Low-Kam, R. Liu, S. Pokhrel, et al. 2012. “Use of Metal Oxide Nanoparticle Band Gap to Develop a Predictive Paradigm for Oxidative Stress and Acute Pulmonary Inflammation.” ACS Nano 6 (5): 4349–4368. doi:10.1021/nn3010087.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, Z., J. Niu, and X. Zhi. 2008. “A QSAR Model for Predicting Mutagenicity of Nitronaphthalenes and Methylnitronaphthalenes.” Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 81 (5): 498–502. doi:10.1007/s00128-008-9540-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu, X., L. Zhu, Y. Chen, and S. Tian. 2009. “Acute Toxicities of Six Manufactured Nanomaterial Suspensions to Daphnia Magna.” Journal of Nanoparticle Research 11 (1): 67–75. doi:10.1007/s11051-008-9426-8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar