The confounded self-efficacy construct: conceptual analysis and recommendations for future research

References

• AbuSabha, R., & Achterberg, C. (1997). Review of self-efficacy and locus of control for nutrition- and health-related behaviour. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 97, 1122–1132. doi:10.1016/S0002-8223(97)00273-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adamson, S. J., Sellman, J. D., & Frampton, C. M. (2009). Patient predictors of alcohol treatment outcome: A systematic review. Journal of Substance Abuse and Treatment, 36, 75–86. doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2008.05.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ajzen, I. (1985). From intentions to actions: A theory of planned behaviour. In J. Kuhl & J. Beckmann (Eds.), Action control: From cognition to behaviour (pp. 11–39). New York, NY: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50, 179–211. doi:10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ajzen, I. (2002). Perceived behavioral control, self-efficacy, locus of control, and the theory of planned behavior. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 32, 665–683. doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2002.tb00236.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armitage, C. J., & Conner, M. (2001). Efficacy of the theory of planned behaviour: A meta-analytic review. British Journal of Social Psychology, 40, 471–499. doi:10.1348/014466601164939
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baker, S. L., & Kirsch, I. (1991). Cognitive mediators of pain perception and tolerance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 504–510. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.61.3.504
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioural change. Psychological Review, 84, 191–215. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.84.2.191
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bandura, A. (1978). Reflections on self-efficacy. Advances in Behaviour Research and Therapy, 1, 237–269. doi:10.1016/0146-6402(78)90012-7
   Google Scholar
• Bandura, A. (1984). Recycling misconceptions on perceived self-efficacy. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 8, 231–255. doi:10.1007/BF01172995
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Bandura, A. (1989). Human agency in social cognitive theory. American Psychologist, 44, 1175–1184. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.44.9.1175
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bandura, A. (1991). Human agency: The rhetoric and the reality. American Psychologist, 46, 157–162. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.46.2.157
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York, NY: W.H. Freeman and Co.
   Google Scholar
• Bandura, A. (2004). Health promotion by social cognitive means. Health Education and Behavior, 31, 143–164. doi:10.1177/1090198104263660
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bandura, A. (2006). Guide for constructing self-efficacy scales. In F. Pajares & T. C. Urdan (Eds.), Self-efficacy beliefs of adolescents (pp. 307–337). Greenwich, CT: Information Age.
   Google Scholar
• Bauman, A. E., Reis, R. S., Sallis, J. F., Wells, J. C., Loos, R. J., & Martin, B. W. (2012). Correlates of physical activity: Why are some people physically active and others not? Lancet, 380, 258–271. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60735-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borkovec, T. D. (1978). Self-efficacy: Cause or reflection of behavioural change? Advances in Behaviour Research and Therapy, 1, 163–170. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/01466402
   Google Scholar
• Cahill, S. P., Gallo, L. A., Lisman, S. A., & Weinstein, A. (2006). Willing or able? The meanings of self-efficacy. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 25, 196–209. doi:10.1521/jscp.2006.25.2.196
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark, M. M., Abrams, D. B., Niaura, R. S., Eaton, C. A., & Rossi, J. S. (1991). Self-efficacy in weight management. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 59, 739–744. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.59.5.739
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corcoran, K. J. (1991). Efficacy, “skills,” reinforcement, and choice behaviour. American Psychologist, 46, 155–157. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.46.2.155
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corcoran, K. J. (1995). Understanding cognition, choice, and behaviour. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 26, 201–207. doi:10.1016/0005-7916(95)00020-Z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corcoran, K. J., & Rutledge, M. W. (1989). Efficacy expectation changes as a function of hypothetical incentives in smokers. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 3, 22–29. doi:10.1037/h0080563
   Google Scholar
• de Ridder, D., & de Wit, J. (2007). Current issues and new directions in psychology and health: Back to the future: What good are health goals in the presence of immediate interests? Psychology and Health, 22, 513–516. doi:10.1080/14768320701374626
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Desteno, D., Gross, J. J., & Kubzansky, L. (2013). Affective science and health: The importance of emotion and emotion regulation. Health Psychology, 32, 474–486. doi:10.1037/a0030259
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DiClemente, C. C., Carbonari, J. P., Montgomery, R. P., & Hughes, S. O. (1994). The alcohol abstinence self-efficacy scale. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 55, 141–148. Retrieved from www.jsad.com
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DiClemente, C. C., Fairhurst, S. K., & Piotrowski, N. A. (1995). Self-efficacy and addictive behaviours. In J. E. Maddux (Ed.), Self-efficacy, adaptation, and adjustment: Theory, research, and application (pp. 109–142). New York, NY: Plenum Press.
   Google Scholar
• Dijkstra, A., Conijn, B., & De Vries, H. (2006). A match-mismatch test of a stage model of behaviour change in tobacco smoking. Addiction, 101, 1035–1043. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2006.01419.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dijkstra, A., De Vries, H., & Roijackers, J. (1998). Computerized tailored feedback to change cognitive determinants of smoking: A Dutch field experiment. Health Education Research, 13, 197–206. doi:10.1093/her/13.2.197
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eastman, C., & Marzillier, J. S. (1984). Theoretical and methodological difficulties in Bandura's self-efficacy theory. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 8, 213–229. doi:10.1007/BF01172994
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Etter, J. F., Bergman, M. M., Humair, J. P., & Perneger, T. V. (2000). Development and validation of a scale measuring self-efficacy of current and former smokers. Addiction, 95, 901–913. doi:10.1046/j.1360-0443.2000.9569017.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feather, N. T. (1982). Expectations and actions: Expectancy-value models in psychology. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Fishbein, M. (2008). A reasoned action approach to health promotion. Medical Decision Making, 28, 834–844. doi:10.1177/0272989X08326092
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• French, D. P. (2013). The role of self-efficacy in changing health-related behaviour: Cause, effect or spurious association? British Journal of Health Psychology, 18, 237–243. doi:10.1111/bjhp.12038
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glanz, K., & Bishop, D. B. (2010). The role of behavioural science theory in development and implementation of public health interventions. Annual Review of Public Health, 31, 399–418. doi:10.1146/annurev.publhealth.012809.103604
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Godin, G., & Kok, G. (1996). The theory of planned behaviour: A review of its applications to health-related behaviours. American Journal of Health Promotion, 11, 87–98. doi:10.4278/0890-1171-11.2.87
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gwaltney, C. J., Metrik, J., Kahler, C. W., & Shiffman, S. (2009). Self-efficacy and smoking cessation: A meta-analysis. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 23, 56–66. doi:10.1037/a0013529
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall, P. A., & Fong, G. T. (2007). Temporal self-regulation theory: A model for individual health behaviour. Health Psychology Review, 1, 6–52. doi:10.1080/17437190701492437
   Google Scholar
• Hofmann, W., Friese, M., & Wiers, R. W. (2008). Impulsive versus reflective influences on health behaviour: A theoretical framework and empirical review. Health Psychology Review, 2, 111–137. doi:10.1080/17437190802617668
   Google Scholar
• Holden, G. (1991). The relationship of self-efficacy appraisals to subsequent health related outcomes: A meta-analysis. Social Work in Health Care, 16, 53–93. doi:10.1300/J010v16n01_05
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunter, R. F., Tully, M. A., Davis, M., Stevenson, M., & Kee, F. (2013). Physical activity loyalty cards for behavior change: A quasi-experimental study. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 45, 56–63. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2013.02.022
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnston, M., Dixon, D., Hart, J., Glidewell, L., Schröder, C., & Pollard, B. (2014). Discriminant content validity (DCV): A quantitative methodology for assessing content of theory-based measures, with illustrative applications. British Journal of Health Psychology, 19, 240–257. doi:10.1111/bjhp.12095
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kazdin, A. E. (1978). Conceptual and assessment issues raised by self-efficacy theory. Advances in Behaviour Research and Therapy, 1, 177–185. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/01466402
   Google Scholar
• Kerr, N. L., Feltz, D. L., & Irwin, B. C. (2012). To pay or not to pay? Do extrinsic incentives alter the Köhler group motivation gain? Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 16, 257–268. doi:10.1177/1368430212453632
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirsch, I. (1982). Efficacy expectations or response predictions: The meaning of efficacy ratings as a function of task characteristics. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42, 132–136. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.42.1.132
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirsch, I. (1985). Self-efficacy and expectancy: Old wine with new labels. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49, 824–830. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.49.3.824
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirsch, I. (1995). Self-efficacy and outcome expectancy: A concluding commentary. In J. E. Maddux (Ed.), Self-efficacy, adaptation, and adjustment: Theory, research, and application (pp. 341–345). New York, NY: Plenum Press.
   Google Scholar
• Maddux, J. E. (1999). Expectancies and the social-cognitive perspective: Basic principles, processes, and variables. In I. Kirsch (Ed.), How expectancies shape experience (pp. 17–39). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
   Google Scholar
• Maddux, J. E., & Rogers, R. W. (1983). Protection motivation and self-efficacy: A revised theory of fear appeals and attitude change. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 19, 469–479. doi:10.1016/0022-1031(83)90023-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marcus, B. H., Selby, V. C., Niaura, R. S., & Rossi, J. S. (1992). Self-efficacy and the stages of exercise behaviour change. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 63, 60–66. doi:10.1080/02701367.1992.10607557
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marlatt, G. A., Baer, J. S., & Quigley, L. A. (1995). Self-efficacy and addictive behaviour. In A. Bandura (Ed.), Self-efficacy in changing societies (pp. 289–315). New York, NY: Cambridge University.
   Google Scholar
• McAuley, E. (1992). The role of efficacy cognitions in the prediction of exercise behaviour in middle-aged adults. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 15, 65–88. doi:10.1007/BF00848378
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McAuley, E., Courneya, K. S., & Lettunich, J. (1991). Effects of acute and long-term exercise on self-efficacy responses in sedentary, middle-aged males and females. The Gerontologist, 31, 534–542. doi:10.1093/geront/31.4.534
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDonald, D., O'Brien, J., Farr, E., & Haaga, D. A. (2010). Pilot study of inducing smoking cessation attempts by activating a sense of looming vulnerability. Addictive Behaviours, 35, 599–606. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2010.02.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park, C. L., & Gaffey, A. E. (2007). Relationships between psychosocial factors and health behaviour change in cancer survivors: An integrative review. Annals of Behavioral Medicince, 34, 115–134. doi:10.1007/BF02872667
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prestwich, A., Kellar, I., Parker, R., MacRae, S., Learmonth, M., Sykes, B., … Castle, H. (2014). How can self-efficacy be increased? Meta-analysis of dietary interventions. Health Psychology Review, 8, 270–285. doi:10.1080/17437199.2013.813729
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prochaska, J. O., & DiClemente, C. C. (1983). Stages and processes of self-change of smoking: Toward an integrative model of change. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 51, 390–395. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.51.3.390
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rhodes, R. E., & Blanchard, C. M. (2007). What do confidence items measure in the physical activity domain? Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 37, 759–774. doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2007.00184.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rhodes, R. E., & Blanchard, C. M. (2008). Do sedentary motives adversely affect physical activity? Adding cross-behavioural cognitions to the theory of planned behaviour. Psychology & Health, 23, 789–805. doi:10.1080/08870440701421578
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rhodes, R. E., Blanchard, C. M., & Matheson, D. H. (2006). A multicomponent model of the theory of planned behaviour. British Journal of Health Psychology, 11, 119–137. doi:10.1348/135910705X52633
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rhodes, R. E., & Courneya, K. S. (2003). Self-efficacy, controlability, and intention in the theory of planned behaviour: Measurement redundancy or causal independence? Psychology & Health, 18, 79–91. doi:10.1080/0887044031000080665
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rhodes, R. E., & Courneya, K. S. (2004). Differentiating motivation and control in the theory of planned behaviour. Psychology, Health, and Medicine, 9, 205–215. doi:10.1080/13548500410001670726
   Google Scholar
• Richetin, J., Conner, M., & Perugini, M. (2011). Not doing is not the opposite of doing: Implications for attitudinal models of behavioural prediction. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 37, 40–54. doi:10.1177/0146167210390522
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogers, R. W. (1983). Cognitive and physiological processes in fear appeals and attitude change: A revised theory of protection motivation. In J. T. Cacioppo & R. E. Petty (Eds.), Social psychophysiology: A sourcebook (pp. 153–176). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Rosenstock, I. M., Strecher, V. J., & Becker, M. H. (1988). Social learning theory and the health belief model. Health Education Quarterly, 15, 175–183. doi:10.1177/109019818801500203
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sallis, J. F., Pinski, R. B., Grossman, R. M., Patterson, T. L., & Nader, P. R. (1988). The development of self-efficacy scales for health-related diet and exercise behaviours. Health Education Research, 3, 283–292. doi:10.1093/her/3.3.283
   Google Scholar
• Schwarzer, R., & Renner, B. (2000). Social-cognitive predictors of health behavior: Action self-efficacy and coping self-efficacy. Health Psychology, 19, 487–495. doi:10.1037/0278-6133.19.5.487
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheeran, P., Gollwitzer, P. M., & Bargh, J. A. (2013). Nonconscious processes and health. Health Psychology, 32, 460–473. doi:10.1037/a0029203
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanley, M. A., & Maddux, J. E. (1986). Cognitive processes in health enhancement: Investigation of a combined protection motivation and self-efficacy model. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 7, 101–113. doi:10.1207/s15324834basp0702_2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strecher, V. J., McClure, J., Alexander, G., Chakraborty, B., Nair, V., Konkel, J., … Pomerleau, O. (2008). The role of engagement in a tailored web-based smoking cessation program: Randomized controlled trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 10, e36. doi:10.2196/jmir.1002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Symbaluk, D. G., Heth, C. D., Cameron, J., & Pierce, W. D. (1997). Social modeling, monetary incentives, and pain endurance: The role of self-efficacy and pain perception. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23, 258–269. doi:10.1177/0146167297233005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, D. M. (2010). Outcome expectancy and self-efficacy: Theoretical implications of an unresolved contradiction. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 14, 417–425. doi:10.1177/1088868310368802
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, D. M., & Evans, D. R. (2014). Current emotion research in health behaviour science. Emotion Review, 6, 277–287. doi:10.1177/1754073914523052
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolpe, J. (1978). Self-efficacy theory and psychotherapeutic change: A square peg for a round hole. Advances in Behaviour Research and Therapy, 1, 231–236. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/01466402
   Google Scholar