1,903
Views
76
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Commentaries

The subjective experience of habit captured by self-report indexes may lead to inaccuracies in the measurement of habitual action

ORCID Icon, , ORCID Icon, &
Pages 296-302 | Received 28 Apr 2014, Accepted 11 Aug 2014, Published online: 18 Dec 2014

References

  • Ajzen, I. (2002). Residual effects of past on later behavior: Habituation and reasoned action perspectives. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 6, 107–122. doi:10.1207/S15327957PSPR0602_02
  • Bagozzi, R. P., & Warshaw, P. R. (1990). Trying to consume. Journal of Consumer Research, 17, 127–140. doi:0093-5301/91/1702-000250200
  • Bargh, J. A., & Ferguson, M. J. (2000). Beyond behaviorism: On the automaticity of higher mental processes. Psychological Bulletin, 126, 925–945. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.126.6.925
  • Blanton, H., Jaccard, J., Christie, C., & Gonzales, P. M. (2007). Plausible assumptions, questionable assumptions and post hoc rationalizations: Will the real IAT, please stand up? Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 43, 399–409. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2006.10.019
  • Blanton, H., Klick, J., Mitchell, G., Jaccard, J., Mellers, B., & Tetlock, P. E. (2009). Strong claims and weak evidence: Reassessing the predictive validity of the IAT. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94, 567–582. doi:10.1037/a0014665
  • Caudwell, K. M., & Hagger, M. S. (2014). Pre-drinking and alcohol-related harm in undergraduates: The influence of explicit motives and implicit alcohol identity. Journal of Behavioral Medicine. Advance online publication. doi:10.1007/s10865-014-9573-6
  • Chatzisarantis, N. L. D., Hagger, M. S., & Smith, B. (2007). Influences of perceived autonomy support on physical activity within the theory of planned behavior. European Journal of Social Psychology, 37, 934–954. doi:10.1002/ejsp.407
  • Duckworth, K. L., Bargh, J. A., Garcia, M., & Chaiken, S. (2002). The automatic evaluation of novel stimuli. Psychological Science, 13, 513–519. doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00490
  • Fiedler, K., Messner, C., & Bluemke, M. (2006). Unresolved problems with the “I”, the “A”, and the “T”: A logical and psychometric critique of the Implicit Association Test (IAT). European Review of Social Psychology, 17, 74–147. doi:10.1080/10463280600681248
  • Friese, M., Hofmann, W., & Schmitt, M. (2009). When and why do implicit measures predict behaviour? Empirical evidence for the moderating role of opportunity, motivation, and process reliance. European Review of Social Psychology, 19, 285–338. doi:10.1080/10463280802556958
  • Gardner, B. (2014). A review and analysis of the use of ‘habit’ in understanding, predicting and influencing health-related behaviour. Health Psychology Review, Advance online publication. doi:10.1080/17437199.2013.876238
  • Gardner, B., Abraham, C., Lally, P., & de Bruijn, G.-J. (2012). Towards parsimony in habit measurement: Testing the convergent and predictive validity of an automaticity subscale of the self-report habit index. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 9, 102. doi:10.1186/1479-5868-9-102
  • Gardner, B., de Bruijn, G.-J., & Lally, P. (2012). Habit, identity, and repetitive action: A prospective study of binge-drinking in UK students. British Journal of Health Psychology, 17, 565–581. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8287.2011.02056.x
  • Gardner, B., & Tang, V. (2014). Reflecting on non-reflective action: An exploratory think-aloud study of self-report habit measures. British Journal of Health Psychology, 19, 258–273. doi:10.1111/bjhp.12060
  • Hagger, M. S. (2013). The multiple pathways by which self-control predicts behavior. Frontiers in Psychology, 4, 849. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00849
  • Hagger, M. S. (2014). The multiple pathways by which trait self-control predicts health behavior. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 48, 282–283. doi:10.1007/s12160-014-9631-x
  • Hagger, M. S., Anderson, M., Kyriakaki, M., & Darkings, S. (2007). Aspects of identity and their influence on intentional behaviour: Comparing effects for three health behaviours. Personality and Individual Differences, 42, 355–367. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2006.07.017
  • Hagger, M. S., & Chatzisarantis, N. L. D. (2014). An integrated behavior-change model for physical activity. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, 42, 62–69. doi:10.1249/JES.0000000000000008
  • Hagger, M. S., Chatzisarantis, N. L. D., & Biddle, S. J. H. (2001). The influence of self-efficacy and past behaviour on the physical activity intentions of young people. Journal of Sports Sciences, 19, 711–725. doi:10.1080/02640410152475847
  • Hagger, M. S., Chatzisarantis, N. L. D., & Harris, J. (2006). The process by which relative autonomous motivation affects intentional behavior: Comparing effects across dieting and exercise behaviors. Motivation and Emotion, 30, 306–320. doi:10.1007/s11031-006-9046-5
  • Hagger, M. S., & Luszczynska, A. (2014). Implementation intention and action planning Interventions in health contexts: State of the research and proposals for the way forward. Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being, 6, 1–47. doi:10.1111/aphw.12017
  • Hofmann, W., Friese, M., & Wiers, R. W. (2011). Impulsive processes in the self-regulation of health behaviour: Theoretical and methodological considerations in response to commentaries. Health Psychology Review, 5, 162–171. doi:10.1080/17437199.2011.565593
  • Hyde, A. L., Elavsky, S., Doerksen, S. E., & Conroy, D. E. (2012). Habit strength moderates the strength of within-person relations between weekly self-reported and objectively-assessed physical activity. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 13, 558–561. doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2012.03.003
  • Keatley, D. A., Clarke, D. D., & Hagger, M. S. (2012). Investigating the predictive validity of implicit and explicit measures of motivation on condom use, physical activity, and healthy eating. Psychology & Health, 27, 550–569. doi:10.1080/08870446.2011.605451
  • Keatley, D. A., Clarke, D. D., & Hagger, M. S. (2013). The predictive validity of implicit measures of self-determined motivation across health-related behaviours. British Journal of Health Psychology, 18, 2–17. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8287.2011.02063.x
  • Lally, P., & Gardner, B. (2013). Promoting habit formation. Health Psychology Review, 7, S137–S158. doi:10.1080/17437199.2011.603640
  • Lally, P., van Jaarsveld, C. H. M., Potts, H. W. W., & Wardle, J. (2010). How are habits formed: Modelling habit formation in the real world. European Journal of Social Psychology, 40, 998–1009. doi:10.1002/ejsp.674
  • Maddux, J. E. (1997). Habit, health and happiness. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 19, 331–346.
  • Newell, B. R., & Shanks, D. R. (2014). Unconscious influences on decision making: A critical review. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 37, 1–63. doi:10.1017/s0140525x12003214
  • Nisbett, R. E., & Wilson, T. D. (1977). Telling more than we can know: Verbal reports on mental processes. Psychological Review, 84, 231–259. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.84.3.231
  • Norman, P., & Conner, M. (2006). The theory of planned behaviour and binge drinking: Assessing the moderating role of past behaviour within the theory of planned behaviour. British Journal of Health Psychology, 11, 55–70. doi:10.1348/135910705X43741
  • Norman, P., Conner, M., & Bell, R. (2000). The theory of planned behaviour and exercise: Evidence for the moderating role of past behaviour. British Journal of Health Psychology, 5, 249–261. doi:10.1348/135910700168892
  • Nosek, B. A., Greenwald, A. G., & Banaji, M. R. (2007). The implicit association test at age 7: A methodological and conceptual review. In J. A. Bargh (Ed.), Automatic processes in social thinking and behavior (pp. 265–292). New York, NY: Psychology Press.
  • Ouellette, J. A., & Wood, W. (1998). Habit and intention in everyday life: The multiple processes by which past behavior predicts future behavior. Psychological Bulletin, 124, 54–74. doi:10.1037//0033-2909.124.1.54
  • Repovs, G., & Baddeley, A. (2006). The multi-component model of working memory: Explorations in experimental cognitive psychology. Neuroscience, 139, 5–21. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.12.061
  • Rothman, A. J., Sheeran, P., & Wood, W. (2009). Reflective and automatic processes in the initiation and maintenance of dietary change. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 38, 4–17. doi:10.1007/s12160-009-9118-3
  • Sheeran, P., Gollwitzer, P. M., & Bargh, J. A. (2013). Nonconscious processes and health. Health Psychology, 32, 460–473. doi:10.1037/a0029203
  • Sniehotta, F. F., & Presseau, J. (2012). The habitual use of the self-report habit index. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 43, 139–140. doi:10.1007/s12160-011-9305-x
  • Strack, F., & Deutsch, R. (2004). Reflective and impulsive determinants of social behavior. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 8, 220–247. doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr0803_1
  • Veling, H. P., Aarts, H., & Stroebe, W. (2013). Stop signals decrease choices for palatable foods through decreased food evaluation. Frontiers in Psychology, 4, 875. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00875
  • Verplanken, B., & Faes, S. (1999). Good intentions, bad habits, and effects of forming implementation intentions on healthy eating. European Journal of Social Psychology, 29, 591–604. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-0992(199908/09)29:5/6<591::AID-EJSP948>3.0.CO;2-H
  • Verplanken, B., & Orbell, S. (2003). Reflections on past behavior: A self-report index of habit strength. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 33, 1313–1330. doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2003.tb01951.x

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.