Effectiveness of social-psychological interventions at promoting breastfeeding initiation, duration and exclusivity: a systematic review and meta-analysis

References

• *References marked with asterisk indicate studies included in the meta-analysis
   Google Scholar
• *Abbass-Dick, J., Stern, S. B., Nelson, L. E., Watson, W., & Dennis, C. L. (2015). Coparenting breastfeeding support and exclusive breastfeeding: A randomized controlled trial. Pediatrics, 135, 102–110. doi: 10.1542/peds.2014-1416
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abraham, C., & Michie, S. (2008). A taxonomy of behavior change techniques used in interventions. Health Psychology, 27, 379–387. doi: 10.1037/0278-6133.27.3.379
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agrasada, G. V., Gustafsson, J., Kylberg, E., & Ewald, U. (2005). Postnatal peer counselling on exclusive breastfeeding of low-birthweight infants: A randomized, controlled trial. Acta Paediatrica, 94, 1109–1115. doi: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2005.tb02053.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Ahmed, A. H., Roumani, A. M., Szucs, K., Zhang, L., & King, D. (2016). The effect of interactive web-based monitoring on breastfeeding exclusivity, intensity, and duration in healthy, term infants after hospital discharge. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic and Neonatal Nursing, 45, 143–154. doi: 10.1016/j.jogn.2015.12.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50, 179–211. doi: 10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bai, Y., Middlestadt, S. E., Peng, C. Y. J., & Fly, A. D. (2010). Predictors of continuation of exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months of life. Journal of Human Lactation, 26, 26–34. doi: 10.1177/0890334409350168
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balogun, O. O., O’Sullivan, E. J., McFadden, A., Ota, E., Gavine, A., Garner, C. D., … MacGillivray, S. (2016). Interventions for promoting the initiation of breastfeeding. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD001688.pub3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84, 191–215. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.84.2.191
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartle, N. C., & Harvey, K. (2017). Explaining infant feeding: The role of previous personal and vicarious experience on attitudes, subjective norms, self-efficacy, and breastfeeding outcomes. British Journal of Health Psychology, 22, 763–785. doi: 10.1111/bjhp.12254
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, A. (2016). Breastfeeding uncovered: Who really decides how we feed our babies? London: Pinter & Martin.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, A. (2017). Breastfeeding as a public health responsibility: A review of the evidence. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, 30, 759–770. doi: 10.1111/jhn.12496
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Bunik, M., Shobe, P., O’Connor, M. E., Beaty, B., Langendoerfer, S., Crane, L., & Kempe, A. (2010). Are 2 weeks of daily breastfeeding support insufficient to overcome the influences of formula? Academic Pediatrics, 10, 21–28. doi: 10.1016/j.acap.2009.09.014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chapman, D. J., Damio, G., Young, S., & Pérez-Escamilla, R. (2004). Effectiveness of breastfeeding peer counseling in a low-income, predominantly Latina population: A randomized controlled trial. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 158, 897–902. doi: 10.1001/archpedi.158.9.897
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chapman, D. J., Morel, K., Bermúdez-Millán, A., Young, S., Damio, G., & Pérez-Escamilla, R. (2013). Breastfeeding education and support trial for overweight and obese women: A randomized trial. Pediatrics, 131, e162–e170. doi: 10.1542/peds.2012-0688
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cochrane Collaboration. (2017). Enabling breastfeeding for mothers and babies. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews: Special Collection. Retrieved from 14 March 2018 from http://www.cochranelibrary.com/app/content/special-collections/article/?doi=10.1002/14651858.10100214651858
   Google Scholar
• Craig, P., Dieppe, P., Macintyre, S., Michie, S., Nazareth, I., & Petticrew, M. (2008). Developing and evaluating complex interventions: The new Medical Research Council guidance. BMJ, 337. doi: 10.1136/bmj.a1655
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Craig, P., Dieppe, P., Macintyre, S., Michie, S., Nazareth, I., & Petticrew, M. (2013). Developing and evaluating complex interventions: The new Medical Research Council guidance. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 50, 587–592. doi: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2012.09.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davie, P., Bick, D., & Chilcot, J. (2018). Measuring milk: A call for change in quantifying breastfeeding behaviour. Midwifery, 63, A6–A7. doi: 10.1016/j.midw.2018.04.015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Bortoli, J., & Amir, L. H. (2016). Is onset of lactation delayed in women with diabetes in pregnancy? A systematic review. Diabetic Medicine, 33, 17–24. doi: 10.1111/dme.12846
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dennis, C. L. (2002). Breastfeeding initiation and duration: A 1990-2000 literature review. Journal of Obstetric Gynecologic and Neonatal Nursing, 31, 12–32. doi: 10.1111/j.1552-6909.2002.tb00019.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DerSimonian, R., & Laird, N. (1986). Meta-analysis in clinical trials. Controlled Clinical Trials, 7, 177–188. doi:10.1016/0197-2456(86)90046-2
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dodgson, J. E., Henly, S. J., Duckett, L., & Tarrant, M. (2003). Theory of planned behavior-based models for breastfeeding duration among Hong Kong mothers. Nursing Research, 52(3), 148–158. doi: 10.1097/00006199-200305000-00004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dyson, L., McCormick, F. M., & Renfrew, M. J. (2005). Interventions for promoting the initiation of breastfeeding. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2005, 1–40. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD001688.pub2
   Google Scholar
• Fairbank, L., O’Meara, S. O., Renfrew, M. J., Woolridge, M., Sowden, A. J., & Lister-Sharp, D. (2000). A systematic review to evaluate the effectiveness of interventions to promote the initiation of breastfeeding. Health Technology Assessment, 4(25), 1–171. doi: 10.3310/hta4250
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Field, A. P. (2003). The problems in using fixed-effects models of meta-analysis on real-world data. Understanding Statistics: Statistical Issues in Psychology, Education, and the Social Sciences, 2, 105–124. doi: 10.1207/S15328031US0202_02
   Google Scholar
• Finkelstein, S. A., Keely, E., Feig, D. S., Tu, X., Yasseen, A. S., & Walker, M. (2013). Breastfeeding in women with diabetes: Lower rates despite greater rewards. A population-based study. Diabetic Medicine, 30, 1094–1101. doi: 10.1111/dme.12238
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Fu, I. C. Y., Fong, D. Y. T., Heys, M., Lee, I. L. Y., Sham, A., & Tarrant, M. (2014). Professional breastfeeding support for first-time mothers: A multicentre cluster randomised controlled trial. BJOG, 121, 1673–1683. doi: 10.1111/1471-0528.12884
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) Working Group. (2004). Grading quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. British Medical Journal, 328, 1490–1494. doi: 10.1136/bmj.328.7454.1490
   Google Scholar
• Grant, A., McEwan, K., Tedstone, S., Greene, G., Copeland, L., Hunter, B., … Paranjothy, S. (2017). Availability of breastfeeding peer support in the United Kingdom: A cross-sectional study. Maternal & Child Nutrition, 14, 1–10. doi: 10.1111/mcn.12476
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guolo, A., & Varin, C. (2017). Random-effects meta-analysis: The number of studies matters. Statistical Methods in Medical Research, 26, 1500–1518. doi:10.1177/0962280215583568
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Hannula, L. S., Kaunonen, M. E., & Puukka, P. J. (2014). A study to promote breast feeding in the Helsinki Metropolitan area in Finland. Midwifery, 30, 696–704. doi: 10.1016/j.midw.2013.10.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haroon, S., Das, J. K., Salam, R. A., Imdad, A., & Bhutta, Z. A. (2013). Breastfeeding promotion interventions and breastfeeding practices: A systematic review. BMC Public Health, 13, S20. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-13-S3-S20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hedges, L. V., & Vevea, J. L. (1996). Estimating effect size under publication bias: Small sample properties and robustness of a random effects selection model. Journal of Educational and Behavioural Sciences, 21, 299–332. doi: 10.3102/10769986021004299
   Google Scholar
• Higgins, J. P. T., & Green, S. (Eds.) (2011). Cochrane handbook for systematic review of interventions version 5.1.0 (updated March 2011). The Cochrane Collaboration. Retrieved from www.handbook.cochrane.org
   Google Scholar
• Horta, B. L, Bahl, R., Martines, J. C., & Victora, C. G. (2007). Evidence on the long term effects of breastfeeding; Systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Department of Child and Adolescent Health and Development (CAH) World Health Organization (WHO). Retrieved from http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/43623/978924159523 0_eng.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Ismail, T. A. T., Muda, W. A. M., & Bakar, M. I. (2016). The extended Theory of Planned Behavior in explaining exclusive breastfeeding intention and behavior among women in Kelantan, Malaysia. Nutrition Research and Practice, 10, 49–55. doi: 10.4162/nrp.2016.10.1.49
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Jiang, H., Li, M., Wen, L. M., Hu, Q., Yang, D., He, G., … Qian, X. (2014). Effect of short message service on infant feeding practice: Findings from a community-based study in Shanghai, China. JAMA Pediatrics, 168, 471–478. doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2014.58
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jolly, K., Ingram, L., Khan, K. S., Deeks, J. J., Freemantle, N., & MacArthur, C. (2012). Systematic review of peer support for breastfeeding continuation: Metaregression analysis of the effect of setting, intensity, and timing. British Medical Journal, 344, 1–18. doi: 10.1136/bmj.d8287
   Google Scholar
• *Kang, J. S., Choi, S. Y., & Ryu, E. J. (2008). Effects of a breastfeeding empowerment programme on Korean breastfeeding mothers: A quasi-experimental study. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 45, 14–23. doi: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2007.03.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Khresheh, R., Suhaimat, A., Jalamdeh, F., & Barclay, L. (2011). The effect of a postnatal education and support program on breastfeeding among primiparous women: A randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 48, 1058–1065. doi: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2011.02.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Kupratakul, J., Taneepanichskul, S., Voramongkol, N., & Phupong, V. (2010). A randomized controlled trial of knowledge sharing practice with empowerment strategies in pregnant women to improve exclusive breastfeeding during the first six months postpartum. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand, 93(9), 1009–1018.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• *Labarère, J., Gelbert-Baudino, N., Laborde, L., Arragain, D., Schelstraete, C., & François, P. (2011). CD-ROM-based program for breastfeeding mothers. Maternal and Child Nutrition, 7, 263–272. doi: 10.1111/j.1740-8709.2009.00235.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Labbok, M., & Krasovec, K. (1990). Toward consistency in breastfeeding definitions. Studies in Family Planning, 21(4), 226–230. doi: 10.2307/1966617
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lavender, T., Richens, Y., Milan, S. J., Smyth, R. M. D., & Dowswell, T. T. (2017). Telephone support for women during pregnancy and the first six weeks postpartum. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2017, 1–104. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD009338.pub2
   Google Scholar
• Lawton, R., Ashley, L., Dawson, S., Waiblinger, D., & Conner, M. (2012). Employing an extended Theory of Planned Behaviour to predict breastfeeding intention, initiation, and maintenance in White British and South-Asian mothers living in Bradford. British Journal of Health Psychology, 17, 854–871. doi: 10.1111/j.2044-8287.2012.02083.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leeners, B., Rath, W., Kuse, S., & Neumaier-Wagner, P. (2005). Breast-feeding in women with hypertensive disorders in pregnancy. Journal of Perinatal Medicine, 33, 553–560. doi: 10.1515/JPM.2005.099
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Li, G. Q., Cong, J. X., Li, L., & Li, Y. M. (2018). Effects of nursing with information support and behavior intervention on lactation and breastfeeding success rate for primiparas. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, 11(3), 2617–2623.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liberati, A., Altman, D. G., Tetzlaff, J., Mulrow, C., Gøtzsche, P. C., Ioannidis, J. P. A., … Moher, D. (2009). The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: Explanation and elaboration. Annals of Internal Medicine, 151, W-65. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000100 doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-151-4-200908180-00136
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Liu, L. Y., Zhu, J. M., Yang, J. Q., Wu, M., & Ye, B. (2017). The effect of a perinatal breastfeeding support program on breastfeeding outcomes in primiparous mothers. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 39, 906–923. doi: 10.1177/0193945916670645
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lumbiganon, P., Martis, R., Laopaiboon, M., Festin, M. R., Ho, J. J., & Hakimi, M. (2016). Antenatal breastfeeding education for increasing breastfeeding duration. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2016, 1–95. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD006425.pub4
   Google Scholar
• Lutsiv, O., Pullenayegum, E., Foster, G., Vera, C., Giglia, L., Chapman, B., … McDonald, S. D. (2013). Women’s intentions to breastfeed: A population-based cohort study. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 120, 1490–1499. doi: 10.1111/1471-0528.12376
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mallender, J., Tierney, R., Gontzes, D., & Baah, B. (2018). Cost-effectiveness and Return on Investment (ROI) of interventions associated with the Best Start in Life: Public Health England.Published . Retrieved from https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/best-start-in-life-cost-effective-commissioning.
   Google Scholar
• Martinez-Brockman, J. L., Shebl, F. M., Harari, N., & Perez-Escamilla, R. (2017). An assessment of the social cognitive predictors of exclusive breastfeeding behavior using the Health Action Process Approach. Social Science & Medicine, 182, 106–116. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.04.014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Maycock, B., Binns, C. W., Dhaliwal, S., Tohotoa, J., Hauck, Y., Burns, S., & Howat, P. (2013). Education and support for fathers improves breastfeeding rates: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Human Lactation, 29, 484–490. doi: 10.1177/0890334413484387
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McAndrew, F., Thompson, J., Fellows, L., Large, A., Speed, M., & Renfrew, M. J. (2012). Infant feeding survey 2010. Leeds: Health and Social Care Information Centre. Retrieved from http://www.hscic.gov.uk/catalogue/PUB08694/Infant-Feeding-Survey-2010-Consolidated-Report.pdf
   Google Scholar
• McFadden, A., Gavine, A., Renfrew, M. J., Wade, A., Buchanan, P., Taylor, J. L., … MacGillivray, S. (2017). Support for healthy breastfeeding mothers with healthy term babies. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2017, 1–289. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD001141.pub5
   Google Scholar
• McMillan, B., Conner, M., Woolridge, M., Dyson, L., Green, J., Renfrew, M., … Clarke, G. (2008). Predicting breastfeeding in women living in areas of economic hardship: Explanatory role of the theory of planned behaviour. Psychology and Health, 23, 767–788. doi: 10.1080/08870440701615260
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McShane, B. B., Böckenholt, U., & Hansen, K. T. (2016). Adjusting for publication bias in meta-analysis: An evaluation of selection methods and some cautionary notes. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 11, 730–749. doi: 10.1177/1745691616662243
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meedya, S., Fahy, K., & Kable, A. (2010). Factors that positively influence breastfeeding duration to 6 months: A literature review. Women and Birth, 23, 135–145. doi: 10.1016/j.wombi.2010.02.002
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• *Meedya, S., Fahy, K., Yoxall, J., & Parratt, J. (2014). Increasing breastfeeding rates to six months among nulliparous women: A quasi-experimental study. Midwifery, 30, E137–E144. doi: 10.1016/j.midw.2013.12.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michie, S., Richardson, M., Johnston, M., Abraham, C., Francis, J., Hardeman, W., … Wood, C. E. (2013). The behavior change technique taxonomy (v1) of 93 hierarchically clustered techniques: Building an international consensus for the reporting of behavior change interventions. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 46, 81–95. doi: 10.1007/s12160-013-9486-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michie, S., Wood, C. E., Johnston, M., Abraham, C., Francis, J. J., & Hardeman, W. (2015). Behaviour change techniques: The development and evaluation of a taxonomic method for reporting and describing behaviour change interventions (a suite of five studies involving consensus methods, randomised controlled trials and analysis of qualitative data). Health Technology Assessment, 19, 1–188. doi: 10.3310/hta19990
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore, G. F., Audrey, S., Barker, M., Bond, L., Bonell, C., Hardeman, W., … Baird, J. (2015). Process evaluation of complex interventions: Medical Research Council guidance. BMJ, 350, h1258. doi: 10.1136/bmj.h1258
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). (2014). Behaviour change: Individual approaches (PH49). Retrieved from https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ph49
   Google Scholar
• National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). (2015). Postnatal care: Quality standard (QS37). Retrieved from https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/qs37/chapter/quality-statement-5-breastfeeding
   Google Scholar
• Nommsen-Rivers, L. A., Chantry, C. J., Peerson, J. M., Cohen, R. J., & Dewey, K. G. (2010). Delayed onset of lactogenesis among first-time mothers is related to maternal obesity and factors associated with ineffective breastfeeding. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 92, 574–584. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.2010.29192
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Brien, M., Buikstra, E., & Hegney, D. (2008). The influence of psychological factors on breastfeeding duration. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 63, 397–408. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2008.04722.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poston, L., Caleyachetty, R., Cnattingius, S., Corvalán, C., Uauy, R., Herring, S., & Gillman, M. W. (2016). Preconceptional and maternal obesity: Epidemiology and health consequences. The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology, 4, 1025–1036. doi: 10.1016/S2213-8587(16)30217-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Rasmussen, K. M., Dieterich, C. M., Zelek, S. T., Altabet, J. D., & Kjolhede, C. L. (2011). Interventions to increase the duration of breastfeeding in obese mothers: The Bassett improving breastfeeding study. Breastfeeding Medicine, 6, 69–75. doi: 10.1089/bfm.2010.0014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Renfrew, M. J., McCormick, F. M., Wade, A., Quinn, B., & Dowswell, T. (2012). Support for healthy breastfeeding mothers with healthy term babies. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2012, 1–207. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD001141.pub4
   Google Scholar
• Richetin, J., Conner, M., & Perugini, M. (2011). Not doing is not the opposite of doing: Implications for attitudinal models of behavioural prediction. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 37, 40–54. doi: 10.1177/0146167210390522
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Rosuzeita, F., Rabiaah, M. C., Rohani, I., & Shukri, O. M. (2018). The effectiveness of breastfeeding intervention on breastfeeding exclusivity and duration among primiparous mothers in hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia. Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences, 25, 53–66. doi: 10.21315/mjms2018.25.1.7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shepherd, L., Walbey, C., & Lovell, B. (2017). The role of social-cognitive and emotional factors on exclusive breastfeeding duration. Journal of Human Lactation, 33, 606–613. doi: 10.1177/0890334417708187
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sinha, B., Chowdhury, R., Sankar, M., Martines, J., Taneja, S., Mazumder, S., & Bhandari, N. (2015). Interventions to improve breastfeeding outcomes: a systematic review and meta analysis. Acta Paediatrica, 104, 114–134. doi:10.1111/apa.13127
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanley, T. D., & Doucouliagos, H. (2012). Meta-regression approximations to reduce publication selection bias. Research Synthesis Methods, 5, 60–78. doi: 10.1002/jrsm.1095
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sterne, J. A. C., Egger, M., & Davey Smith, G. (2001). Investigating and dealing with publication and other biases in meta-analysis. British Medical Journal, 323, 101–105. doi:10.1002/9780470693926.ch11 doi: 10.1136/bmj.323.7304.101
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stuebe, A. M., Jegier, B. J., Schwarz, E. B., Green, B. D., Reinhold, A. G., Colaizy, T. T., … Bartick, M. C. (2017). An online calculator to estimate the impact of changes in breastfeeding rates on population health and costs. Breastfeeding Medicine, 12, 645–658. doi: 10.1089/bfm.2017.0083
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Su, M., & Ouyang, Y. Q. (2016). Father’s role in breastfeeding promotion: Lessons from a quasi-experimental trial in China. Breastfeeding Medicine, 11, 144–149. doi: 10.1089/bfm.2015.0144
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swanson, V., & Power, K. G. (2005). Initiation and continuation of breastfeeding: Theory of planned behaviour. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 50, 272–282. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2005.03390.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• *Tahir, N. M., & Al-Sadat, N. (2013). Does telephone lactation counselling improve breastfeeding practices? A randomised controlled trial. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 50, 16–25. doi: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2012.09.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF). (2011). The state of the World’s children 2011: Adolescence: An age of opportunity. Retrieved from https://data.unicef.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/SOWC_2011_83.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Vevea, J. L., & Hedges, L. V. (1995). A general linear model for estimating effect size in the presence of publication bias. Psychometrika, 60, 419–435. doi: 10.1007/BF02294384
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Victora, C. G., Bahl, R., Barros, A. J., França, G. V., Horton, S., Krasevec, J., … Rollins, N. C. (2016). Breastfeeding in the 21st century: Epidemiology, mechanisms, and lifelong effect. The Lancet, 387, 475–490. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(15)01024-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wan, H., Tiansawad, S., Yimyam, S., & Sriaporn, P. (2015). Factors predicting exclusive breastfeeding among the first time Chinese mothers. Pacific Rim International Journal of Nursing Research, 19(1), 32–44.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organisation (WHO). (2001). Global strategy for infant and young child feeding: The optimal duration of exclusive breastfeeding. Fifty-fourth World Health Assembly Provision Agenda Item 13.1 A54/INF.DOC./4 1 May 2001. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/nutrition/topics/infantfeeding_recommendation/en/
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organisation (WHO). (2011). Infant and young child feeding by country. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/nutrition/databases/infantfeeding/countries/en/in dex.html
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organisation (WHO). (2013). WHO recommendations on postnatal care of the mother and newborn. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/maternal_child_adolescent/ documents/postnatal-care-recommendations/en/.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization (WHO), United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF) (Eds). (2003). Global strategy for infant and young child feeding. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/infantfeeding/9241562218/en/
   Google Scholar
• *Wu, D. S., McCoy, T. P., & Efird, J. T. (2014). The effects of a breastfeeding self-efficacy intervention on short-term breastfeeding outcomes among primiparous mothers in Wuhan, China. Journal of Human Lactation, 29, 484–490. doi: 10.1111/jan.12349
   Google Scholar
• *Zhu, Y., Zhang, Z., Ling, Y., & Wan, H. (2017). Impact of intervention on breastfeeding outcomes and determinants based on theory of planned behavior. Women and Birth, 30, 146–152. doi: 10.1016/j.wombi.2016.09.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar