Informing research (practices) through pedagogical theory: focus groups with adolescents

References

• Aman, N., V. Vaish, W. D. Bokhorst-Heng, A. Jamaludeen, P. Durgadevi, Y. Y. Feng, B. S. Khoo, et al. 2009. “The Sociolinguistic Survey of Singapore 2006.” Executive Summary for Project No. CRP 22/04 & CRP 23/04 AL. Singapore: Centre for Research in Pedagogy and Practice. http://repository.nie.edu.sg/jspui/bitstream/10497/4432/1/NIE_research_brief_09_001.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Bassett, R., B. Beagan, S. Ristovski–Slijepcevic, and G. Chapman. 2008. “Tough Teens: The Methodological Challenges of Interviewing Teenagers as Research Participants.” Journal of Adolescent Research 23 (2): 119–131. doi:10.1177/0743558407310733.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bloor, M., J. Frankland, M. Thomas, and K. Robson. 2001. Focus Groups in Social Research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Boudreau, A. 2001. “Le Français de Référence Entre le Même et l’Autre: L’exemple des Petites Communautés.” In Actes du Colloque de Louvain-la-Neuve. Vol. II. Le Français de Référence: Construction et Appropriation d’un Concept, edited by M. Francard, 111–122. Louvain-la-Neuve: Cahiers de l’Institut de linguistique de Louvain.
   Google Scholar
• Boudreau, A. 2016. À l’ombre de la Langue Légitime: L’Acadie dans la francophonie. Paris: Classiques Garnier.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, H., and J. Barrett. 2015. “Duoethnography as a Pedagogical Tool that Encourages Deep Reflection.” In Theorizing Curriculum Studies, Teacher Education and Research Through Duoethnographic Pedagogy, edited by J. Norris and D. S. Sawyer, 85–110. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Campbell, L., B. Campbell, and D. Dickinson. 2004. Teaching and Learning Through Multiple Intelligences. Boston: Pearson.
   Google Scholar
• Colucci, E. 2007. “‘Focus Groups Can Be Fun’: The Use of Activity–oriented Questions in Focus Group Discussions.” Qualitative Health Research 17 (10): 1422–1433. doi:10.1177/1049732307308129.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cook-Sather, A. 2006. “Sound, Presence, and Power: ‘Student voice’ in Educational Research and Reform.” Curriculum Inquiry 36: 359–390.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corbin, J. M., and A. L. Strauss. 2008. Basics of Qualitative Research: Techniques and Procedures for Developing Grounded Theory. 3rd ed. Los Angeles, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Darbyshire, P., C. MacDougall, and W. Schiller. 2005. “Multiple Methods in Qualitative Research with Children: More Insight or Just More?” Qualitative Research 5 (4): 417–436. doi:10.1177/1468794105056921.
   Google Scholar
• Dewey, J. 1938. Experience and Education. Indianapolis, IN: Kappa Delta Pi.
   Google Scholar
• Duff, P. A. 1995. “An Ethnography of Communication in Immersion Classrooms in Hungary.” TESOL Quarterly 29 (3): 505–537. doi:10.2307/3588073.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duff, P. A. 2008. “Language Socialization, Participation and Identity: Ethnographic Approaches.” In Encyclopedia of Language and Education, Vol.3: Discourse and Education, edited by M. Martin-Jones, A. M. de Mejia, and N. Hornberger, 107–119. New York: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-30424-3_65.
   Google Scholar
• Duff, P. A., and S. Talmy. 2011. “Language Socialization Approaches to Second Language Acquisition.” In Alternative Approaches to Second Language Acquisition, edited by D. Atkinson, 95–116. Abingdon: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Freeman, M., and S. Mathison. 2009. Researching Children’s Experiences. New York: The Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gardner, H. 1983. Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences. New York: Basic Books.
   Google Scholar
• Garrett, P. B. 2007. “Language Socialization and the (Re)production of Bilingual Subjectivities.” In Bilingualism: A Social Approach, edited by M. Heller, 233–256. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Gifford–Smith, M. E., and C. A. Brownell. 2003. “Childhood Peer Relationships: Social Acceptance, Friendships, and Peer Networks.” Journal of School Psychology 41 (4): 235–284. doi:10.1016/S0022–4405(03)00048–7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gordon, D., A. Meyer, and D. H. Rose. 2014. Universal Design for Learning: Theory and Practice. Wakefield, MA: CAST.
   Google Scholar
• Government of New Brunswick, Department of Education and Early Childhood Development. 2013. “Policy 322, Inclusive Education.” Accessed September 7, 2017. http://www2.gnb.ca/content/dam/gnb/Departments/ed/pdf/K12/policies-politiques/e/322A.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Government of New Brunswick, Department of Education and Early Childhood Development. 2015. “Guidelines and Standards. Educational Planning for Students with Diverse Learning Needs.” Accessed September 7, 2017. http://www2.gnb.ca/content/dam/gnb/Departments/ed/pdf/K12/curric/Resource/GuidelinesStandardsEducationalPlanningStudentsWithExceptionalities.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Government of New Brunswick. n.d. “Making the Choice: Learning French as a Second Language.” Accessed September 7, 2017. http://www2.gnb.ca/content/dam/gnb/Departments/ed/pdf/K12/fsl/MakingtheChoiceParent.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Haque, E. 2012. Multiculturalism within a Bilingual Framework: Language, Race and Belonging in Canada. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hayday, M. 2015. So They Want Us to Learn French: Promoting and Opposing Bilingualism in English-speaking Canada. Vancouver, BC: University of British Columbia Press.
   Google Scholar
• Heath, S. B. 2000. “Seeing Our Way into Learning.” Cambridge Journal of Education 30 (1): 121–132.
   Google Scholar
• Hein, G. E. 1991. “Constructivist Learning Theory. The Museum and the Needs of People.” Paper presented at the CECA (International Committee of Museum Educators) Conference, Jerusalem, Israel, October 15–22. Accessed September 7, 2017. http://www.exploratorium.edu/education/ifi/constructivist–learning.
   Google Scholar
• Heller, M. 2007. “Bilingualism as Ideology and Practice.” In Bilingualism: A Social Approach, edited by M. Heller, 1–24. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Hume, K. 2008. Start Where They Are: Differentiating for Success with the Young Adolescent. Toronto: Pearson Education Canada.
   Google Scholar
• Jacobs, H. H. 2010. “A New Essential Curriculum for a New Time.” In Curriculum 21: Essential Education for a Changing World, edited by H. H. Jacobs, 7–17. Alexandria, VA: ASCD.
   Google Scholar
• Jacobs, J. E. 2016. “Language Ideologies and Identity Construction among Dual Language Youth.” Ph.D. diss., Harvard Graduate School of Education.
   Google Scholar
• Jensen, E. 2005. Teaching With the Brain in Mind. 2nd ed.Alexandria, VA: ASCD.
   Google Scholar
• Keating Marshall, K., and W. D. Bokhorst-Heng. 2016. “Caught in the Cultural Abyss: French Immersion Teacher Discourse in the Context of Unequal Power Relations.” Paper presented at the annual meeting for the American Association for Applied Linguistics (AAAL) of 2016, Orlando, Florida, April 9–12.
   Google Scholar
• Klinkenberg, J. M. 2001. “La Conceptualisation Essentialiste du Français et ses Conséquences: Réflexions Polémiques.” Revue Belge de Philologie et D’histoire 79 (3): 805–824.
   Google Scholar
• Knobel, M. 1999. Everyday Literacies: Students, Discourse and Social Practices. New York: Peter Lang Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Kramsch, C. 2003. “Metaphor and the Subjective Construction of Beliefs.” In Beliefs about SLA: New Research Approaches, edited by P. Kalaja and A. M. F. Barcelos, 109–128. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Kramsch, C. 2009. The Multilingual Subject: What Foreign Language Learners Say about their Experience and Why It Matters. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kroskrity, P. V. 2000. “Regimenting Languages.” In Regimes of Language: Ideologies, Polities, and Identities, edited by P. V. Kroskrity, 1–34. Santa Fe, NM: School of American Research Press.
   Google Scholar
• Krueger, R. A. 1998. Developing Questions for Focus Groups (Focus Group Kit, Vol. III). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Krueger, R. A., and M. A. Casey. 2015. Focus Groups. A Practical Guide for Applied Research. 5th ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Lajoie, D. G. 2011. Youth, Language and Identity Portraits of Students from English-language High Schools in the Montreal Area. Toronto, ON: Canadian Scholars press.
   Google Scholar
• Lepage, J. F., and J. P. Corbeil. 2013. “The Evolution of English-French Bilingualism in Canada from 1961 to 2011.” Statistics Canada catalog no. 75–006–X ISSN 2291-0840. Ottawa, Ontario.
   Google Scholar
• Martel, M., and M. Pâquet. 2012. Speaking Up: A History of Language and Politics in Canada and Quebec. Toronto: Between the Lines.
   Google Scholar
• Maynard–Tucker, G. 2000. “Conducting Focus Groups in Developing Countries: Skill Training for Local Bilingual Facilitators.” Qualitative Health Research 10 (3): 396–410. doi:10.1177/104973200129118525.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melo-Pfeifer, S. 2015. “Multilingual Awareness and Heritage Language Education: Children’s Multimodal Representations of their Multilingualism.” Language Awareness 24 (3): 197–215. doi:10.1080/09658416.2015.1072208.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan, D. 1996. “Focus Groups.” Annual Review of Sociology 22: 129–152.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norton, B. 2000. Identity and Language Learning: Gender, Ethnicity, and Educational Change. Harlow: Longman/Pearson.
   Google Scholar
• Norton, B. 2010. “Language and Identity.” In Sociolinguistics and Language Education, edited by N. Horberger, and S. McKay, 349–369. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.
   Google Scholar
• Norton, B. 2013. Identity and Language Learning: Extending the Conversation. 2nd ed. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.
   Google Scholar
• One, S. T. 2010. “Involving Children in Research: Primary School.” In Involving Children and Young People in Research in Educational Settings. Report to the Ministry of Education, edited by J. Loveridge, 67–85. Ministry of Education New Zealand. http://thehub.superu.govt.nz/sites/default/files/41137_Involving-CYP-02092010_0.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• O’Neill, H. M. 2003. “Interactive Exercised Better Engage Groups.” Marketing News 55. http://academic.udayton.edu/JohnSparks/tools/readings/focusgrpmod2.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Onwuegbuzie, A., W. B. Dickinson, N. L. Leech, and A. G. Zoran. 2009. “A Qualitative Framework for Collecting and Analyzing Data in Focus Group Research.” International Journal of Qualitative Methods 8 (3): 1–21.
   Google Scholar
• Peterson, E. R., and K. A. Barron. 2007. “How to Get Focus Groups Talking: New Ideas that Will Stick.” International Journal of Qualitative Methods 6 (3): 140–144.
   Google Scholar
• Pfefferbaum, B., J. B. Houston, K. F. Wyche, and R. L. Van Horn. 2008. “Children Displaced by Hurricane Katrina: A Focus Group Study.” Journal of Loss and Trauma 13: 303–318. doi:10.1080/15325020701741989.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Potowski, K. 2007. Language and Identity in a Dual Immersion School. Cleveland: Multilingual Matters.
   Google Scholar
• Riches, G., and P. Dawson. 1996. “Making Stories and Taking Stories: Methodological Reflections on Researching Grief and Marital Tension Following the Death of a Child.” British Journal of Guidance and Counselling 24 (3): 357–365.
   Google Scholar
• Rose, D. H., and A. Meyer. 2002. Teaching Every Student in the Digital Age: Universal Design for Learning. Alexandria, VA: ASCD.
   Google Scholar
• Roy, S. 2009. “Are French Immersion Students Part of the Bilingual Canadian Society?” Paper presented at the colloquium, Bilingualism in a Plurilingual Canada: Research and Implications, University of Ottawa, June 19–20.
   Google Scholar
• Roy, S. 2010. “Not Truly, Not Entirely … Pas Comme les Francophones.” Canadian Journal of Education 33 (3): 541–563.
   Google Scholar
• Roy, S., and A. Galiev. 2011. “Discourses on Bilingualism in Canadian French Immersion Programs.” Canadian Modern Language Review 67 (3): 351–376.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruiz, R. 1984. “Orientations in Language Planning.” NABE Journal 8 (2): 15–34.
   Google Scholar
• Scott, S., S. Grant, and P. L. Nippolt. 2015. “Engaging Focus Group Methodology: The 4-H Middle School-aged Youth Learning and Leading Study.” Journal of Extension 53 (5) [5IAW5]: 1–6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Statistics Canada. 2016. “Census of Population, Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98- 400-X2016056.” http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/dt-td/Lp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=V&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=0&PRID=0&PTYPE=109445&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2016&THEME=118&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=.
   Google Scholar
• Sternberg, R. J. 1999. “Successful Intelligence: Finding a Balance.” Trends in Cognitive Sciences 3 (11): 436–442. doi:10.1016/S1364–6613(99)01391–1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Talmy, S. 2011. “The Interview as Collaborative Achievement: Interaction, Identity, and Ideology in a Speech Event.” Applied Linguistics 32 (1): 25–42. doi:10.1093/applin/amq027.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomlinson, C. A. 2014. The Differentiated Classroom: Responding to the Needs of All Learners. 2nd ed. Alexandria, VA: ASCD.
   Google Scholar
• Turbill, J. 2002. “The Four Ages of Reading Philosophy and Pedagogy: A Framework for Theory and Practice.” Reading Online 5 (6). Accessed July 24, 2016. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265118209_The_Four_Ages_of_Reading_Philosophy_and_Pedagogy_A_Framework_for_Examining_Theory_and_Practice.
   Google Scholar
• United Nations Human Rights, Office of the High Commissioner. 1989. “Convention on the Rights of the Child.” http://www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/CRC.aspx.
   Google Scholar
• Wenger, E. 2010. “Communities of Practice and Social Learning Systems: The Career of a Concept.” In Social Learning Systems and Communities of Practice, edited by C. Blackmore, 179–198. London: Open University and Springer-Verlag. doi:10.1007/978-1-84996-133-2_11.
   Google Scholar
• Wilkinson, S. 1999. “Focus Groups: A Feminist Method.” Psychology of Women Quarterly 23 (2): 221–244. doi:10.1111/j.1471–6402.1999.tb00355.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilkinson, S. 2004. “Focus Group Research.” In Qualitative Research: Theory, Method, and Practice, edited by D. Silverman, 177–199. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar