A typology of memorable experience at Nelson Mandela heritage sites

References

• Alzua, A., O’Leary, J. T., & Morrison, A. M. (1998). Cultural and heritage tourism: Identifying niches for international travelers. Journal of Tourism Studies, 9(2), 2–13.
   Google Scholar
• Ashworth, G. J. (2004). Tourism and the heritage of atrocity: Managing the heritage of South African apartheid for entertainment. In T. V. Singh (Ed.), New horizons in tourism: Strange experiences and stranger practices (pp. 1–16). Wallingford: CABI Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Baez-Montenegro, A., Bedate, A. M., Herrero, L. C., & Sanz, J. A. (2012). Inhabitants’ willingness to pay for cultural heritage: A case study in Valdivia, Chile, using contingent valuation. Journal of Applied Economics, 15(2), 235–258.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bigne, J. E., & Andreu, L. (2004). Emotions in segmentation: An empirical study. Annals of Tourism Research, 31(3), 682–696.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bloom, J. Z. (2005). Market segmentation: A neural network application. Annals of Tourism Research, 32(1), 93–111.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boswijk, A., Thijssen, T., & Peelen, E. (2007). The experience economy: A new perspective. Amsterdam: Pearson Education Benelux.
   Google Scholar
• Braun-LaTour, K. A., Grinley, M. J., & Loftus, E. F. (2006). Tourist memory distortion. Journal of Travel Research, 44, 360–376.
   Google Scholar
• Cant, M. C., Strydom, J. W., Jooste, C. J., & Du Plessis, P. (eds.). (2009). Marketing management. Cape Town: Juta and Co.
   Google Scholar
• Cha, S., McCleary, K. W., & Uysal, M. (1995). Travel motivations of Japanese overseas travelers: A factor-cluster segmentation approach. Journal of Travel Research, 34(1), 33–39.
   Google Scholar
• Chandler, J. A., & Costello, C. A. (2002). A profile of visitors at heritage tourism destinations in East Tennessee according to Plog’s lifestyle and activity level preferences model. Journal of Travel Research, 41(2), 161–166.
   Google Scholar
• Chandralal, L., & Valenzuela, F. R. (2013). Exploring memorable tourism experiences: Antecedents and behavioural outcomes. Journal of Economics, Business and Management, 1(2), 177–181.
   Google Scholar
• Choi, A. S., Ritchie, B. W., Papandre, F., & Bennett, J. (2010). Economic valuation of cultural heritage sites: A choice modelling approach. Tourism Management, 31(2), 213–220.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark, L. A., & Watson, D. (1995). Constructing validity: Basic issue in objective scale development. Psychological Assessment, 7, 309–319.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dijk, P. V., & Weiler, B. (2009). An assessment of the outcomes of a Chinese-language interpretive tour experience at a heritage tourism attraction. Tourism Analysis, 14, 49–63.
   Google Scholar
• Fesenmaier, D. R., & Johnson, B. (1989). Involvement-based segmentation: Implications for travel marketing in Texas. Tourism Management, 10(4), 293–300.
   Google Scholar
• Field, A. (2013). Discovering statistics using SPSS (4th ed). London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Hou, Y. (2009). An investigation into visitors’ satisfaction with Port Elizabeth’s Heritage Museum (Unpublished master’s thesis). Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Port Elizabeth.
   Google Scholar
• Howell, B. J. (1994). Weighing the risks and rewards of an involvement in cultural conservation and heritage tourism. Human Oganizaion, 21, 169–176.
   Google Scholar
• Huh, J. (2002). Tourist satisfaction with cultural heritage sites: The Virginia Historic Triangle Unpublished master’s dissertation. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Virginia.
   Google Scholar
• Huh, J., Uysal, M., & McCleary, K. (2006). Cultural heritage destinations: Tourist satisfaction and market segmentation. Journal of Hospitality & Leisure Marketing, 14(3), 81–99.
   Google Scholar
• Ivanovic, M. (2008). Cultural tourism. Cape Town: Juta.
   Google Scholar
• Ivanovic, M., & Saayman, M. (2013). South Africa is calling cultural tourists. African Journal for Physical, Health Education, Recreation and Dance, 2(8), 138–154.
   Google Scholar
• Jeffrey, D., & Xie, Y. J. (1995). The UK market for tourism in China. Annals of Tourism Research, 22(4), 857–876.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, R. A., & Wichern, D. W. (2007). Applied multivariate statistical analysis (6th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Kerstetter, D. L., Confer, J. J., & Graefe, A. R. (2001). An exploration of the specialization concept within the context of heritage tourism. Journal of Travel Research, 39(3), 267–274.
   Google Scholar
• Kim, J. H. (2014). The antecedents of memorable tourism experiences: The development of a scale to measure the destination attributes associated with memorable experiences. Tourism Management, 44, 34–45.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirshenblatt-Gimblett, B. (1998). Destination culture: Tourism, museums and heritage. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Krejcie, R. V., & Morgan, D. W. (1970). Determining sample size for research activities. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 30(3), 607–610.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kruger, M. (2010). A critical evaluation of market segmentation at national arts festivals in South Africa (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). North-West University, Potchefstroom.
   Google Scholar
• Kruger, M., & Saayman, M. (2017). An experience based typology for natural event tourists. International Journal of Tourism Research, 19, 605–617.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lo, M.-U. (2013). Testing a model of effective interpretation to boost the heritage tourism experience: A case study in Macao. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 21(6), 900–914.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loker, L. E., & Perdue, R. R. (1992). A benefit-based segmentation of a nonresident travel market. Journal of Travel Research, 31(1), 30–35.
   Google Scholar
• Manners, B., Kruger, M., & Saayman, M. (2015). Different venues, different markets, different experiences: Evidence from live music performances in South Africa. South African Journal for Research in Sport, Physical Education and Recreation, 37(2), 61–82.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKercher, B. (2002). Towards a classification of cultural tourists. International Journal of Tourism Research, 4(1), 29–39.
   Google Scholar
• McLean, F. (1997). Marketing the museum. New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Mgxekwa, B. B. (2016). Determining the willingness to pay for visiting Nelson Mandela’s Heritage Sites (Unpublished master’s dissertation). North-West University, Potchefstroom.
   Google Scholar
• Mgxekwa, B. B., Scholtz, M., & Saayman, M. (2017). Creating a memorable experience for Nelson Mandela Heritage Site visitors. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 6(1), 1–16.
   Google Scholar
• Moeller, M. (2006). Battlefield tourism in South Africa with special reference to Isandlwana and Rorke’s Drift KwaZulu-Natal Unpublished master’s dissertation, University of Pretoria, Pretoria.
   Google Scholar
• Morgan, M. (2006). Making space for experiences. Journal of Retail and Leisure Property, 5(4), 305–314.
   Google Scholar
• Nguyeni, T. H. H., & Cheung, C. (2016). Toward an understanding of tourists’ authentic heritage experiences: Evidence from Hong Kong. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 33(7), 999–1010.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nyaupane, G. P., White, D. D., & Budruk, M. (2006). Motive-based tourist market segmentation: An application to native American cultural heritage sites in Arizona, USA. Journal of Heritage Tourism, 1(2), 81–99.
   Google Scholar
• Ooi, C. S. (2005). A theory of tourism experiences. In T. O’Dell, & P. Billing (Eds.), Experience scapes: Tourism, culture and economy (pp. 51–68). Copenhagen: Copenhagen Business School Press.
   Google Scholar
• Pine, B. J., & Gilmore, J. H. (1999). The experience economy: Work is theatre & every business a stage. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.
   Google Scholar
• Poria, Y., Butler, R. E., & Airey, D. (2004). Links between tourists, heritage, and reasons for visiting heritage sites. Journal of Travel Research, 43(1), 19–28.
   Google Scholar
• Prentice, R., Guerin, S., & McGugan, S. (1998a). Visitor learning at a heritage attraction: A case study of discovery as a media product. Tourism Management, 19(1), 5–23.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prentice, R. C., Witt, S. F., & Hamer, C. (1998b). Tourism as experience: The case of heritage parks. Annals of Tourism Research, 25(1), 1–24.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramkissoon, H. (2015). Authenticity, satisfaction, and place attachment: A conceptual framework for cultural tourism in African Island economies. Development Southern Africa, 32(3), 292–302.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richards, G., & Wilson, J. (2007). Tourism, creativity and development. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Rössler, M. (2010). World heritage and sustainable development: The case of cultural landscape. In D. Offenhäußer, W. C. Zimmerli, & M. T. Albert (Eds.), World heritage and cultural diversity (pp. 196–202). Germany: UNESCO.
   Google Scholar
• Scholtz, M., Kruger, M., & Saayman, M. (2015). A motivation-based typology of five-day international test cricket match spectators. African Journal for Physical, Health Education, Recreation and Dance, 21(4:1), 1247–1270.
   Google Scholar
• Silberberg, T. (1995). Cultural tourism and business opportunities for museums and heritage sites. Tourism Management, 16(5), 361–365.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SPSS (Version 20) [Computer software]. Chicago, IL: IMB (2015 ).
   Google Scholar
• Steyn, H. S. (2000). Practical significance of the difference in means. South African Journal of Industrial Psychology, 26(3), 1–3.
   Google Scholar
• Steyn, T. (2007). The strategic role of cultural and heritage tourism in the context of a mega-event: The case of the 2010 Soccer World Cup (Unpublished master’s dissertation). University of Pretoria, Pretoria.
   Google Scholar
• Throsby, D. (2006, January). The value of cultural heritage: What can economics tell us? In K. Clark (Ed.), Capturing the public value of heritage: Proceedings of the London conference (pp. 40–43). Swinden: English Heritage.
   Google Scholar
• Timothy, D. J. (1997). Tourism and the personal heritage experience. Annals of Tourism Research, 24(3), 751–754.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tung, V. W. S., & Ritchie, J. R. B. (2011). Exploring the essence of memorable tourism experience. Annals of Tourism Research, 38(4), 1367–1386.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tustin, D. H., Lighelm, A. A., & Martins, J. H. (2005). Marketing research in practice. Unisa: Pretoria.
   Google Scholar
• Voss, C. (2004). Trends in the service and experience economy: The experience profit cycle. International Journal of Operations and Production Management, 25(12), 1211–1222.
   Google Scholar
• Vyncke, P. (2002). Lifestyle segmentation: From attitudes, interests and opinions, to values, aesthetic styles, life visions and media preferences. European Journal of Communication, 17(4), 445–463.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weaver, P., Kaufman, T. J., & Yoon, Y. (2002). A market segmentation study based on benefits sought by visitors at heritage sites. Tourism Analysis, 6(3), 213–222.
   Google Scholar