Hokkien Chinese diaspora visitors’ image construction of their ancestral hometown: the role of the tourist gaze

References

• Amelina, A., & Barglowski, K. (2018). Key methodological tools for diaspora studies: Combining the transnational and intersectional approaches. In R. Cohen, & C. Fisher (Eds.), Routledge handbook of diaspora studies (pp. 31–29). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Anderson, B. (1983). Imagined communities: Reflections on the origins and spread of nationalism. Verso.
   Google Scholar
• Baser, B., & Ozturk, A. E. (2020). Positive and negative diaspora governance in context: From public diplomacy to transnational authoritarianism. Middle East Critique, 29(3), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/19436149.2020.1770449
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Basu, P. (2005). Macpherson Country: Genealogical identities, spatial histories, and the Scottish diasporic landscape. Cultural Geographies, 12(2), 123–150. https://doi.org/10.1191/1474474005eu324oa
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berg, B. L. (2007). Qualitative research methods for the social sciences. Pearson.
   Google Scholar
• Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
   Google Scholar
• Braziel, J., & Mannur, A. (2003). Nation, migration, globalization: Points of contention in diaspora studies. In J. E. Braziel, & A. Manur (Eds.), Theorizing diaspora (pp. 1–22). Blackwell Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Bærenholdt, J. O., Haldrup, M., Larsen, J., & Urry, J. (2017). Performing tourist places. Taylor & Francis.
   Google Scholar
• Brubaker, R. W. (2004). Ethnicity without groups. Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Chan, H. L., & Cheng, C. (2016). Building homeland heritage: Multiple homes among the Chinese diaspora and the politics on heritage management in China. International Journal of Heritage Studies, 22(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/13527258.2015.1068211
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chin, J. K. (2019). The junk trade and Hokkien merchant networks in maritime Asia. In T. Bentley (Ed.), Picturing commerce in and from the East Asian maritime circuits, 1550-1800 (pp. 83–112). Amsterdam University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Chong, J., Gloria, E., Jamil, N., Sothirak, P., Thalang, C., Tjhin, C., & Tran, B. (2023, April 6). Has Xi’s diplomacy been effective in Southeast Asia? Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Accessed June 14, 2023, from https://carnegieendowment.org/2023/04/06/has-xi-s-diplomacy-been-effective-in-southeast-asia-pub-89472
   Google Scholar
• Cilkin, R., & Cizel, B. (2022). Tourist gazes through photographs. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 28(2), 188–210. https://doi.org/10.1177/13567667211038955
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, R. (1997). Global diasporas. UCL Press Ltd. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203228920.
   Google Scholar
• Ducros, F. M. (2019). That’s still home’: Constructing second-generation place attachment and place identity via time work. Sociological Quarterly, 60(4), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/00380253.2019.1580540
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edensor, T. (2001). Performing tourism, staging tourism: (Re) producing tourist space and practice. Tourist Studies, 1(1), 59–82. https://doi.org/10.1177/146879760100100104
   Google Scholar
• Faist, T. (2000). The volume and dynamics of international migration and transnational social spaces. Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Fouron, G. (2004). Modern diasporas in the age of globalization. International Studies Review, 6(3), 461–463. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1521-9488.2004.00428.x
   Google Scholar
• Gamlen, A. (2014). Diaspora institutions and diaspora governance. International Migration Review, 48(1), 180–S217. https://doi.org/10.1111/imre.12136
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garrod, A., & Kilkenny, R. (Eds.). (2007). Balancing two worlds: Asian American college students tell their life stories. Cornell University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Guo, S. (2021). Reimagining Chinese diasporas in a transnational world: Toward a new research agenda. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 48(4), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2021.1983958
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall, S. (1997). The local and the global: Globalization and ethnicity. In A. McClintock, A. Mufti, & E. Shohat (Eds.), Dangerous liaisons: Gender, nation and postcolonial perspectives (pp. 173–187). University of Minneapolis Press.
   Google Scholar
• Handley, F. J. (2016). Back to Africa: Issues of hosting ‘roots’ tourism in West Africa. In J. B. Haviser, & K. C. MacDonald (Eds.), African re-genesis: Confronting social issues in the diaspora (pp. 20–31). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Henry, D., Dymnicki, A. B., Mohatt, N., Allen, J., & Kelly, J. G. (2015). Clustering methods with qualitative data: A mixed-methods approach for prevention research with small samples. Prevention Science: The Official Journal of the Society for Prevention Research, 16(7), 1007–1016. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-015-0561-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higginbotham, G. (2012). Seeking roots and tracing lineages: Constructing a framework of reference for roots and genealogical tourism. Journal of Heritage Tourism, 7(3), 189–203. https://doi.org/10.1080/1743873X.2012.669765
   Google Scholar
• Huang, W., Hung, K., & Chen, C. (2018). Attachment to the home country or hometown? Examining diaspora tourism across migrant generations. Tourism Management, 68, 52–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2018.02.019
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang, W. J., King, B., & Suntikul, W. (2017). VFR tourism and the tourist gaze: Overseas migrant perceptions of home. International Journal of Tourism Research, 19(4), 421–434. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.2104
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King, R. (2020). On migration, geography, and epistemic communities. Comparative Migration Studies, 8(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40878-020-00193-2
   Google Scholar
• Larsen, J. (2005). Families seen sightseeing: Performativity of tourist photography. Space and Culture, 8(4), 416–434. https://doi.org/10.1177/1206331205279354
   Google Scholar
• Li, M., Sharpley, R., & Gammon, S. (2019). Towards an understanding of Chinese tourist photography: Evidence from the UK. Current Issues in Tourism, 22(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2017.1293623
   Google Scholar
• Li, M., Tucker, H., & Chen, G. (2022). Chineseness and behavioural complexity: Rethinking Chinese tourist gaze studies. Tourism Review, 77(3), 841–858. https://doi.org/10.1108/TR-02-2021-0088
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, T. E. (2020). Guanxi or weak ties? Exploring Chinese diaspora tourists’ engagements in social capital building. Current Issues in Tourism, 23(8), 1021–1036. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2019.1578340
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, T. E., & McKercher, B. (2016). Developing a typology of diaspora tourists: Return travel by Chinese immigrants in North America. Tourism Management, 56, 106–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2016.04.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lockard, C. A. (2013). Chinese migration and settlement in Southeast Asia before 1850: Making fields from the Sea. History Compass, 11(9), 765–781. https://doi.org/10.1111/hic3.12079
   Google Scholar
• MacCannell, D. (2001). Tourist agency. Tourist Studies, 1(1), 23–37. https://doi.org/10.1177/146879760100100102
   Google Scholar
• Maoz, D. (2006). The mutual gaze. Annals of Tourism Research, 33(1), 221–239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2005.10.010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marshall, S. (2015). Homesick tourism’: Memory, identity and (be)longing. Current Issues in Tourism, 18(9), 876–892. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2014.920773
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maruyama, N. U. (2016). Roots tourists’ internal experiences and relations with the ancestral land: Case of second-generation Chinese Americans. International Journal of Tourism Research, 18(5), 469–476. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.2064
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maruyama, N. U., Weber, I., & Stronza, A. L. (2010). Negotiating identity: Experiences of “visiting home” among Chinese Americans. Tourism Culture & Communication, 10(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.3727/109830410X12629765735551
   Google Scholar
• Mok, C., & Defranco, A. L. (2000). Chinese cultural values: Their implications for travel and tourism marketing. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, 8(2), 99–114.
   Google Scholar
• Moufakkir, O. (2011). The role of cultural distance in mediating the host gaze. Tourist Studies, 11(1), 73–89. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468797611412065
   Google Scholar
• Oigenblick, L., & Kirschenbaum, A. (2002). Tourism and immigration: Comparing alternative approaches. Annals of Tourism Research, 29(4), 1086–1100. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(02)00023-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phelps, A. (1986). Holiday destination image: The problem of assessment: An example developed in Menorca. Tourism Management, 7(3), 168–180. https://doi.org/10.1016/0261-5177(86)90003-8
   Google Scholar
• Portes, A., Guarnizo, L. E., & Landolt, P. (1999). The study of transnationalism: Pitfalls and promise of an emergent research field. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 22(2), 217–237. https://doi.org/10.1080/014198799329468
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Putra, I. N. D., Verheijen, B., Ardika, I. W., & Yanthy, P. S. (2021). Affinity tourism and exotic tourism in Bali. The Chinese and Indian tourist gaze in the Garuda Wisnu Kencana Park. Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change, 19(4), 427–443. https://doi.org/10.1080/14766825.2020.1797063
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samarathunga, W., & Cheng, L. (2021). Tourist gaze and beyond: State of the art. Tourism Review, 76(2), 344–357. https://doi.org/10.1108/TR-06-2020-0248
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santos, C. A., & Yan, G. (2010). Genealogical tourism: A phenomenological examination. Journal of Travel Research, 49(1), 56–67. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287509332308
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sigley, G. (2022). The Great Tea Road and the Belt and Road Initiative: Cultural policy, mobility narratives and route heritage in contemporary China. International Journal of Cultural Policy, 29(4), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/10286632.2022.2059075
   Google Scholar
• Statista. (2022). Selected countries with the largest number of overseas Chinese 2020. Accessed July 15, 2023, from https://www.statista.com/statistics/279530/countries-with-the-largest-number-of-overseas-chinese/
   Google Scholar
• Stone, L. S., & Nyaupane, G. P. (2019). The tourist gaze: Domestic versus international tourists. Journal of Travel Research, 58(5), 877–891. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287518781890
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. (1998). Basics of qualitative research techniques. Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Sun, W., Tang, S., & Liu, F. (2021). Examining perceived and projected destination image: A social media content analysis. Sustainability, 13(6), 3354. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13063354
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tasci, A. D., & Gartner, W. C. (2007). Destination image and its functional relationships. Journal of Travel Research, 45(4), 413–425. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287507299569
   Google Scholar
• Terry, G., & Hayfield, N. (2021). Essentials of thematic analysis. American Psychological Association.
   Google Scholar
• Urry, J. (1990). The consumption of tourism. Sociology, 24(1), 23–35. https://doi.org/10.1177/0038038590024001004
   Google Scholar
• Urry, J. (1992). The tourist gaze ‘revisited.’. American Behavioral Scientist, 36(2), 172–186. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764292036002005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Urry, J., & Larsen, J. (2011). The tourist gaze 3.0. Sage. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446251904.
   Google Scholar
• Vitouladiti, O. (2013). The comparison of secondary and primary tourism destination image: Serving as a bridge between expectation and experience and guiding effective marketing and management strategies. Tourismos, 8(1), 53–91.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, Q., Cheong, K. C., & Li, R. (2019). Quanzhou: Reclaiming a glorious past. In Q. Wang, K. C. Cheong, & R. Li (Eds.), City development and internationalization in China (pp. 63–97). Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0544-7_4
   Google Scholar
• Wang, Q., Ch’ng, E., Xu, X., Wang, J., & Zhang, Y. (2023). Perception and gaze of diaspora: Analysis of affective, cognitive, & cultural factors in tourism. Journal of Vacation Marketing, (1), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1177/13567667231161843
   Google Scholar
• Weaver, D. B., Kwek, A., & Wang, Y. (2017). Cultural connectedness and visitor segmentation in diaspora Chinese tourism. Tourism Management, 63, 302–314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2017.06.028
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong, J. Y., Lee, S. J., & Lee, W. H. (2016). Does it really affect me?’ Tourism destination narratives, destination image, and the intention to visit examining the moderating effect of narrative transportation. International Journal of Tourism Research, 18(5), 458. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.2063
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu, Y. (2022). Impact of cultural proximity on destination image and tourists’ perceptions: The case of the Portuguese cultural festival Lusofonia in Macao. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 0(0), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1177/13567667221117302
   Google Scholar
• Zhao, Z., Zhu, M., & Hao, X. (2018). Share the gaze: Representation of destination image on Chinese social platform WeChat moments. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 35(6), 726–739. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2018.1432449
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou, M. (2017). Contemporary Chinese diasporas. Springer Singapore.
   Google Scholar
• Zhu, J. J., & Airey, D. (2021). Diaspora Chinese tourism: Cultural connectedness and the existing academic insights. Tourism Management Perspectives, 40(3), 100916. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2021.100916
   Google Scholar
• Zhu, Y. (2023). Memory, homecoming, and the politics of diaspora tourism in China. Tourism Geographies, 22(1), 95–112. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2020.1844286
   Google Scholar
• Zou, Y., Meng, F., & Li, Q. (2021). Chinese diaspora tourists’ emotional experiences and ancestral hometown attachment. Tourism Management Perspectives, 37(4), 100768. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2020.100768
   Google Scholar