Residents’ emotional and behavioral responses to visiting Maras (Varosha) as a dark tourism spot

References

• Arsoy, A., & Basarir, H. (2019). Post-war re-settlements in Varosha: Paradise to ghetto. Open House International, 44(2), 52–61. https://doi.org/10.1108/OHI-02-2019-B0007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashworth, G. J., & Isaac, R. K. (2015). Have we illuminated the dark? Shifting perspectives on ‘dark’ tourism. Tourism Recreation Research, 40(3), 316–325. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2015.1075726
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aziz, F., Md Rami, A. A., Zaremohzzabieh, Z., & Ahrari, S. (2021). Effects of emotions and ethics on pro-environmental behavior of university employees: A model based on the theory of planned behavior. Sustainability, 13(13), 7062. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137062
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bagozzi, R. P., Gopinath, M., & Nyer, P. U. (1999). The role of emotions in marketing. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 27(2), 184–206. https://doi.org/10.1177/0092070399272005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrett, L. F. (2015). Construction as an integrative framework for the science of emotion. The Psychological Construction of Emotion, 448–458.
   Google Scholar
• Batson, C. D., Shaw, L. L., & Oleson, K. C. (1992). Differentiating affect, mood, and emotion: Toward functionally based conceptual distinctions. Emotion, 294–326.
   Google Scholar
• Baumeister, R. F., Bratslavsky, E., Finkenauer, C., & Vohs, K. D. (2001). Bad is stronger than good. Review of General Psychology, 5(4), 323–370. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.5.4.323
   Google Scholar
• Baumeister, R. F., Vohs, K. D., Nathan DeWall, C., & Zhang, L. (2007). How emotion shapes behavior: Feedback, anticipation, and reflection, rather than direct causation. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 11(2), 167–203. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868307301033
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beedie, C., Terry, P., & Lane, A. (2005). Distinctions between emotion and mood. Cognition and Emotion, 19(6), 847–878. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699930541000057
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biran, A., & Poria, Y. (2014). Reconceptualising dark tourism. Contemporary Tourist Experience, 59–70.
   Google Scholar
• Biran, A., Poria, Y., & Oren, G. (2011). Sought experiences at (dark) heritage sites. Annals of Tourism Research, 38(3), 820–841. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2010.12.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buda, D. M. (2015). The death drive in tourism studies. Annals of Tourism Research, 50, 39–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2014.10.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casaló, L. V., Flavián, C., & Ibáñez-Sánchez, S. (2021). Be creative, my friend! Engaging users on Instagram by promoting positive emotions. Journal of Business Research, 130, 416–425. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.02.014
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi, H., & Choi, H. C. (2019). Investigating tourists’ fun-eliciting process toward tourism destination sites: An application of cognitive appraisal theory. Journal of Travel Research, 58(5), 732–744. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287518776805
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, E. H. (2011). Educational dark tourism at an in populo site: The Holocaust Museum in Jerusalem. Annals of Tourism Research, 38(1), 193–209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2010.08.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conejero, S., & Etxebarria, I. (2007). The impact of the Madrid bombing on personal emotions, emotional atmosphere and emotional climate. Journal of Social Issues, 63(2), 273–287. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.2007.00508.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cowen, A. S., Elfenbein, H. A., Laukka, P., & Keltner, D. (2019). Mapping 24 emotions conveyed by brief human vocalization. American Psychologist, 74(6), 698. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000399
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darwin, C. (1965). The expression of the emotions in man and animals. University of Chicago Press. 526. (Original work published in 1872).
   Google Scholar
• Denzin, N. K. (1971). The logic of naturalistic inquiry. Social Forces, 50(2), 166–182. https://doi.org/10.2307/2576935
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ekkekakis, P. (2013). The measurement of affect, mood, and emotion: A guide for health-behavioral research. Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Foley, M., & Lennon, J. J. (1996). JFK and dark tourism: A fascination with assassination. International Journal of Heritage Studies, 2(4), 198–211. https://doi.org/10.1080/13527259608722175
   Google Scholar
• Forgas, J. P. (2013). Don’t worry, be sad! On the cognitive, motivational, and interpersonal benefits of negative mood. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 22(3), 225–232. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721412474458
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fredrickson, B. L., & Branigan, C. (2005). Positive emotions broaden the scope of attention and thought-action repertoires. Cognition and emotion. Cognition and emotion, (3), 313–332.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guest, G., Bunce, A., & Johnson, L. (2006). How many interviews are enough? An experiment with data saturation and variability. Field Methods, 18(1), 59–82. https://doi.org/10.1177/1525822X05279903
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Handayani, B., Ivanov, S. H., & Korstanje, M. E.. (2017). Smart tourism for dark sites: The sacred site of the dead, Trunyan Cemetery. In M. E. Korstanje & B. Handayani (Eds.), Gazing at death: Dark tourism as an emergent horizon of research (pp. 15–42). Nova Science Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Heidelberg, B. A. W. (2015). Managing ghosts: Exploring local government involvement in dark tourism. Journal of Heritage Tourism, 10(1), 74–90. https://doi.org/10.1080/1743873X.2014.953538
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isaac, R. K., & Çakmak, E. (2014). Understanding visitor's motivation at sites of death and disaster: The case of former transit camp Westerbork, The Netherlands. Current Issues in Tourism, 17(2), 164–179. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2013.776021
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ivanova, P., & Light, D. (2018). ‘It’s not that we like death or anything’: Exploring the motivations and experiences of visitors to a lighter dark tourism attraction. Journal of Heritage Tourism, 13(4), 356–369. https://doi.org/10.1080/1743873X.2017.1371181
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Izard, C. E. (1992). Basic emotions, relations among emotions, and emotion-cognition relations. Psychological Review, 99(3), 561–565. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.99.3.561
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Izard, C. E. (2009). Emotion theory and research: Highlights, unanswered questions, and emerging issues. Annual Review of Psychology, 60(1), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.60.110707.163539
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Izard, C. E. (2013). Human emotions. Springer Science & Business Media.
   Google Scholar
• Jiang, Y. (2020). A cognitive appraisal process of customer delight: The moderating effect of place identity. Journal of Travel Research, 59(6), 1029–1043. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287519872827
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jordan, E. J., & Prayag, G. (2022). Residents’ cognitive appraisals, emotions, and coping strategies at local dark tourism sites. Journal of Travel Research, 61(4), 887–902. https://doi.org/10.1177/00472875211004761
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jordan, E. J., Spencer, D. M., & Prayag, G. (2019). Tourism impacts, emotions and stress. Annals of Tourism Research, 75, 213–226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2019.01.011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang, E. J., Scott, N., Lee, T. J., & Ballantyne, R. (2012). Benefits of visiting a ‘dark tourism’ site: The case of the Jeju April 3rd Peace Park, Korea. Tourism Management, 33(2), 257–265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2011.03.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karaoglu, A. O. (2022). Dispute over the fenced Varosha in the light of international law, United Nations Security Council resolutions and judgments of European Court of Human Rights. Public and Private International Law Bulletin, 42(1), 333–356.
   Google Scholar
• Kayim, G. (2012). Crossing boundaries in Cyprus. Walls, Borders, Boundaries: Spatial and Cultural Practices in Europe, 4, 211.
   Google Scholar
• Keltner, D., Haidt, J., & Shiota, M. N. (2013). Social functionalism and the evolution of emotions. In M. Schaller, J. A. Simpson, & D. T. Kenrick (Eds.), Evolution and social psychology (pp. 115–142). Madison, CT: Psychology Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kim, J. H., Guo, J., & Wang, Y. (2022). Tourists’ negative emotions: Antecedents and consequences. Current Issues in Tourism, 25(12), 1987–2005. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2021.1935793
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, Y. H., & Barber, N. A. (2022). Tourist’s destination image, place dimensions, and engagement: The Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) and dark tourism. Current Issues in Tourism, 25(17), 2751–2769. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2021.1991896
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knobloch, U., Robertson, K., & Aitken, R. (2017). Experience, emotion, and eudaimonia: A consideration of tourist experiences and well-being. Journal of Travel Research, 56(5), 651–662. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287516650937
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Konner, M. (2011). The evolution of childhood: Relationships, emotion, mind. Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Laros, F. J., & Steenkamp, J. B. E. (2005). Emotions in consumer behavior: A hierarchical approach. Journal of Business Research, 58(10), 1437–1445. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2003.09.013
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lazarus, R. S. (1991). Progress on a cognitive-motivational-relational theory of emotion. American Psychologist, 46(8), 819–834. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.46.8.819
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lazarus, R. S. (1998). The stress and coping paradigm. In Fifty years of the research and theory of R.S. Lazarus: An analysis of historical and perennial issues (pp. 182–220). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. Springer publishing company.
   Google Scholar
• Lennon, J., & Foley, M. (2000). Dark tourism: The attraction of death and disasters. Thomson Learning.
   Google Scholar
• Levy, D. (2006). Qualitative methodology and grounded theory in property research. Pacific Rim Property Research Journal, 12(4), 369–388. https://doi.org/10.1080/14445921.2006.11104216
   Google Scholar
• Li, D., & Han, X. (2021). Assessing the influence of goal pursuit and emotional attachment on customer engagement behaviors. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 59, 102355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2020.102355
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Machleit, K. A., & Eroglu, S. A. (2000). Describing and measuring emotional response to shopping experience. Journal of Business Research, 49(2), 101–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0148-2963(99)00007-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magano, J., Fraiz-Brea, J. A., & Leite, Â. (2023). Dark tourism, the Holocaust, and well-being: A systematic review. Heliyon, 9(1), e13064. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13064
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magee, R., & Gilmore, A. (2015). Heritage site management: From dark tourism to transformative service experience? The Service Industries Journal, 35(15-16), 898–917. https://doi.org/10.1080/02642069.2015.1090980
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martini, A., & Buda, D. M. (2020). Dark tourism and affect: Framing places of death and disaster. Current Issues in Tourism, 23(6), 679–692. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2018.1518972
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moghaddam, A. (2006). Coding issues in grounded theory. Issues in Educational Research, 16(1), 52–66.
   Google Scholar
• Muhtaroğulları, A. P. D. A. (2021). The analysis of photo images of Varosha (Cyprus). Space, 3(7), 93–116.
   Google Scholar
• Muskat, B., Nakanishi, H., & Blackman, D. A. (2014). Integrating tourism into disaster recovery management. 97–115.
   Google Scholar
• Nawijn, J. (2016). Positive psychology in tourism: a critique. Annals of Tourism Research, 56, 151–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2015.11.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nawijn, J., & Biran, A. (2019). Negative emotions in tourism: A meaningful analysis. Current Issues in Tourism, 22(19), 2386–2398. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2018.1451495
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nawijn, J., & Fricke, M. C. (2015). Visitor emotions and behavioral intentions: The case of concentration camp memorial Neuengamme. International Journal of Tourism Research, 17(3), 221–228. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.1977
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nawijn, J., Isaac, R. K., Liempt, A. V., & Gridnevskiy, K. (2016). Emotion clusters for concentration camp memorials. Annals of Tourism Research, 61, 244–247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2016.09.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nesse, R. M. (1990). Evolutionary explanations of emotions. Human Nature, 1(3), 261–289. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02733986
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nicely, A., & Armadita, F. (2020). Type of repeat visitors most sensitive to micro-trader harassment. Current Issues in Tourism, 23(2), 164–174. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2018.1488820
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oren, G., Shani, A., & Poria, Y. (2021). Dialectical emotions in a dark heritage site: A study at the Auschwitz Death Camp. Tourism Management, 82, 104194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2020.104194
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Otoo, F. E., Badu-Baiden, F., & Kim, S. (2019). A qualitative cognitive appraisal of tourist harassment. International Journal of Tourism Research, 21(5), 575–589. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.2274
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palate, S. (2021). Letting me decay. Letting you forget? Arhitektura, Raziskave, 2021, 145–343.
   Google Scholar
• Peacock, E. J., & Wong, P. T. P. (1990). The stress appraisal measure (SAM): A multidimensional approach to cognitive appraisal. Stress Medicine, 6(3), 227–236. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.2460060308
   Google Scholar
• Podoshen, J. S. (2013). Dark tourism motivations: Simulation, emotional contagion and topographic comparison. Tourism Management, 35, 263–271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2012.08.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poria, Y., Reichel, A., & Biran, A. (2006). Heritage site management: Motivations and expectations. Annals of Tourism Research, 33(1), 162–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2005.08.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prayag, G. (2016). It's not all dark!: Christchurch residents’ emotions and coping strategies with dark tourism sites. In C. Michael Hall, S. Malinen, R. Vosslamber, & R. Wordsworth (Eds.), Business and Post-Disaster Management (pp. 155–166). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315640211-10
   Google Scholar
• Prayag, G., Buda, D. M., & Jordan, E. J. (2021). Mortality salience and meaning in life for residents visiting dark tourism sites. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 29(9), 1508–1528. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1823398
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prayag, G., Spector, S., Orchiston, C., & Chowdhury, M. (2020). Psychological resilience, organizational resilience and life satisfaction in tourism firms: Insights from the Canterbury earthquakes. Current Issues in Tourism, 23(10), 1216–1233. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2019.1607832
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prayag, G., Suntikul, W., & Agyeiwaah, E. (2018). Domestic tourists to Elmina Castle, Ghana: Motivation, tourism impacts, place attachment, and satisfaction. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 26(12), 2053–2070. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2018.1529769
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quynh, N., Hoai, N. T., & Van Loi, N. (2021). The role of emotional experience and destination image on ecotourism satisfaction. Spanish Journal of Marketing - ESIC, 25(2), 312–332. https://doi.org/10.1108/SJME-04-2020-0055
   Google Scholar
• Ratnasari, R. T., Gunawan, S., Mawardi, I., & Kirana, K. C. (2021). Emotional experience on behavioral intention for halal tourism. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 12(4), 864–881. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIMA-12-2019-0256
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roseman, I. J., Spindel, M. S., & Jose, P. E. (1990). Appraisals of emotion-eliciting events: Testing a theory of discrete emotions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59(5), 899. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.59.5.899
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell, J. A. (2003). Core affect and the psychological construction of emotion. Psychological Review, 110(1), 145. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.110.1.145
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruth, J. A., Brunel, F. F., & Otnes, C. C. (2002). Linking thoughts to feelings: Investigating cognitive appraisals and consumption emotions in a mixed-emotions context. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 30(1), 44–58. https://doi.org/10.1177/03079459994317
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scherer, K. R., & Moors, A. (2019). The emotion process: Event appraisal and component differentiation. Annual Review of Psychology, 70(1), 719–745. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-122216-011854
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma, P., & Nayak, J. K. (2019). Dark tourism: tourist value and loyalty intentions. Tourism Review, 74(4), 915–929. https://doi.org/10.1108/TR-11-2018-0156
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharpley, R., & Stone, P. R. (Eds.) (2009). The darker side of travel: The theory and practice of dark tourism. Multilingual Matters.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, C. A., & Lazarus, R. S. (1990). Emotion and adaptation. Handbook of Personality: Theory and Research, 21, 609–637.
   Google Scholar
• Stone, P. (2005). Dark tourism consumption-A call for research. e-Review of Tourism Research (eRTR), 3(5), 109–117.
   Google Scholar
• Stone, P. R. (2006). A dark tourism spectrum: Towards a typology of death and macabre related tourist sites, attractions and exhibitions. Tourism: An International Interdisciplinary Journal, 54(2), 145–160.
   Google Scholar
• Sun, J., & Lv, X. (2021). Feeling dark, seeing dark: Mind–body in dark tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 86, 103087. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2020.103087
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tamir, M., & Gutentag, T. (2017). Desired emotional states: Their nature, causes, and implications for emotion regulation. Current Opinion in Psychology, 17, 84–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.06.014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang, Y. (2014). Dark touristic perception: Motivation, experience and benefits interpreted from the visit to seismic memorial sites in Sichuan province. Journal of Mountain Science, 11(5), 1326–1341. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-013-2857-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tangney, J. P., Stuewig, J., & Mashek, D. J. (2007). Moral emotions and moral behavior. Annual Review of Psychology, 58(1), 345–372. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.56.091103.070145
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tarlow, P. E. (2007). Dark tourism. In M. Novelli (Ed.), Niche Tourism (p. 47–58).
   Google Scholar
• Torlak, S. E. (2016). Gaining ghost town of tourism economics Northern Cyprus Varosha city. European Scientific Journal, 236–251.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, L., Hou, Y. (2021). Are rich and diverse emotions beneficial? The impact of emodiversity on tourists’ experiences. Journal of Travel Research, Journal of Travel Research, (5), 1085–1103.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, S., Chen, S., & Xu, H. (2019). Resident attitudes towards dark tourism, a perspective of place-based identity motives. Current Issues in Tourism, 22(13), 1601–1616. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2017.1390553
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weaver, D., Tang, C., Shi, F., Huang, M. F., Burns, K., & Sheng, A. (2018). Dark tourism, emotions, and postexperience visitor effects in a sensitive geopolitical context: A Chinese case study. Journal of Travel Research, 57(6), 824–838. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287517720119
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright, D, & Sharpley, R. (2018). Local community perceptions of disaster tourism: the case of. Current Issues in Tourism, 21(14), 1569–1585.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu, C., Funck, C., & Hayashi, Y. (2014). The impact of host community on destination (re)branding: A case study of Hiroshima. International Journal of Tourism Research, 16(6), 546–555. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.1946
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yan, B. J., Zhang, J., Zhang, H. L., Lu, S. J., & Guo, Y. R. (2016). Investigating the motivation–experience relationship in a dark tourism space: A case study of the Beichuan earthquake relics, China. Tourism Management, 53, 108–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2015.09.014
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yousaf, S. (2021). Travel burnout: Exploring the return journeys of pilgrim-tourists amidst the COVID-19 pandemic. Tourism Management, 84, 104285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2021.104285
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuill, S. M. (2004). Dark tourism: Understanding visitor motivation at sites of death and disaster. Texas A & M University.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, H., Yang, Y., Zheng, C., & Zhang, J. (2016). Too dark to revisit? The role of past experiences and intrapersonal constraints. Tourism Management, 54, 452–464. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2016.01.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zheng, C., Zhang, J., Qiu, M., Guo, Y., & Zhang, H. (2020). From mixed emotional experience to spiritual meaning: Learning in dark tourism places. Tourism Geographies, 22(1), 105–126. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2019.1618903
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zillmann, D., & Bryant, J. (2013). Affect, mood, and emotion as determinants of selective exposure. In D. Zillmann & J. Bryant (Eds.), Selective exposure to communication (pp. 157–190). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Zollo, L. (2021). The consumers’ emotional dog learns to persuade its rational tail: Toward a social intuitionist framework of ethical consumption. Journal of Business Ethics, 168(2), 295–313. doi:10.1007/s10551-019-04420-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar