Unpacking grit: Motivational correlates of perseverance and passion for long-term goals

References

• Adams, T. B. B. (2000). Conceptualization and measurement of the spiritual and psychological dimensions of wellness in a college population. Journal of American College Health, 48, 165–173. doi:10.1080/0744848000959569210.1080/07448480009595692
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borghans, L., Duckworth, A. L., Heckman, J. J., & ter Weel, B. (2008). The economics and psychology of personality traits. Journal of Human Resources, 43, 972–1059.10.1353/jhr.2008.0017
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buhrmester, M., Kwang, T., & Gosling, S. D. (2011). Amazon’s Mechanical Turk: A new source of inexpensive, yet high-quality, data? Perspectives on Psychological Science, 6, 3–5. doi:10.1177/174569161039398010.1177/1745691610393980
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, S., & Pressman, S. D. (2006). Positive affect and health. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 15, 122–125. doi:10.1111/j.0963-7214.2006.00420.x10.1111/cdir.2006.15.issue-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1991). Flow. New York, NY: HarperCollins.
   Google Scholar
• Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1997a). Creativity: Flow and the psychology of discovery and invention. New York, NY: HarperCollins.
   Google Scholar
• Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1997b). Finding flow: The psychology of engagement with everyday life. New York, NY: Basic Books.
   Google Scholar
• Darwin, C. R. (1869, December 23). Letter to Francis Galton. Darwin Correspondence Project (Letter 7302), Cambridge.
   Google Scholar
• Diener, E., & Biswas-Diener, R. (2008). Happiness: Unlocking the mysteries of psychological wealth. Malden, MA: Blackwell.10.1002/9781444305159
   Google Scholar
• Duckworth, A. L., Kirby, T., Tsukayama, E., Berstein, H., & Ericsson, K. (2010). Deliberate practice spells success: Why grittier competitors triumph at the National Spelling Bee. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 2, 174–181.
   Google Scholar
• Duckworth, A. L., Peterson, C., Matthews, M. D., & Kelly, D. R. (2007). Grit: Perseverance and passion for long-term goals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92, 1087–1101. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.92.6.108710.1037/0022-3514.92.6.1087
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duckworth, A. L., & Quinn, P. D. (2009). Development and validation of the Short Grit Scale (Grit-S). Journal of Personality Assessment, 91, 166–174. doi:10.1080/0022389080263429010.1080/00223890802634290
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duckworth, A. L., Quinn, P. D., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2009). Positive predictors of teacher effectiveness. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 4, 540–547. doi:10.1080/1743976090315723210.1080/17439760903157232
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ericsson, K. A., Krampe, R. T., & Tesch-Römer, C. (1993). The role of deliberate practice in the acquisition of expert performance. Psychological Review, 100, 363–406.10.1037/0033-295X.100.3.363
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freud, S. (1920). A general introduction to psychoanalysis. New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Company.10.1037/10667-000
   Google Scholar
• Galton, F. (1869). Hereditary genius: An inquiry into its laws and consequences (p. 84). London: Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Ho, M. Y., Cheung, F. M., & Cheung, S. F. (2010). The role of meaning in life and optimism in promoting well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, 48, 658–663. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2010.01.00810.1016/j.paid.2010.01.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyubomirsky, S., King, L., & Diener, E. (2005). The benefits of frequent positive affect: Does happiness lead to success? Psychological Bulletin, 131, 803–855. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.131.6.80310.1037/0033-2909.131.6.803
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCrae, R. R., Kurtz, J. E., Yamagata, S., & Terracciano, A. (2011). Internal consistency, retest reliability, and their implications for personality scale validity. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 15, 28–50.10.1177/1088868310366253
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakamura, J., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2009). Flow theory and research. In C. R. Snyder & S. J. Lopez (Eds.), Oxford handbook of positive psychology, oxford library of psychology (2nd ed.). (pp. 195–206). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Parks, A. C., Della Porta, M. D., Pierce, R. S., Zilca, R., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2012). Pursuing happiness in everyday life: The characteristics and behaviors of online happiness seekers. Emotion, 12, 1222–1234. doi:10.1037/a002858710.1037/a0028587
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peterson, C., Park, N., Hall, N., & Seligman, M. E. (2009). Zest and work. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 30, 161–172.10.1002/job.v30:2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peterson, C., Park, N., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2005). Orientations to happiness and life satisfaction: The full life versus the empty life. Journal of Happiness Studies, 6, 25–41. doi:10.1007/s10902-004-1278-z10.1007/s10902-004-1278-z
   Google Scholar
• Peterson, C., Ruch, W., Beermann, U., Park, N., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2007). Strengths of character, orientations to happiness, and life satisfaction. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 2, 149–156. doi:10.1080/1743976070122893810.1080/17439760701228938
   Google Scholar
• Roberts, B., Harms, P., Smith, J., Wood, D., & Webb, M. (2006). Using multiple methods in personality psychology. In M. Eid & E. Diener (Eds.), Handbook of multimethod measurement in psychology (pp. 321–335). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.10.1037/11383-000
   Google Scholar
• Schueller, S. M., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2010). Pursuit of pleasure, engagement, and meaning: Relationships to subjective and objective measures of well-being. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 5, 253–263. doi:10.1080/1743976100379413010.1080/17439761003794130
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seligman, M. E. (2002). Authentic happiness. New York, NY: Free Press.
   Google Scholar
• Seligman, M. E. (2011). Flourish. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster.
   Google Scholar
• Shernoff, D. J., Csikszentmihalyi, M., Shneider, B., & Shernoff, E. S. (2003). Student engagement in high school classrooms from the perspective of flow theory. School Psychology Quarterly, 18, 158–176.10.1521/scpq.18.2.158.21860
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsukayama, E., Duckworth, A. L., & Kim, B. (2012). Resisting everything except temptation: Evidence and an explanation for domain-specific impulsivity. European Journal of Personality, 26, 318–334.10.1002/per.v26.3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waterman, A. S. (1993). Two conceptions of happiness: Contrasts of personal expressiveness (eudaimonia) and hedonic enjoyment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 678–691. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.64.4.67810.1037/0022-3514.64.4.678
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winter, D. G., John, O. P., Stewart, A. J., Klohnen, E. C., & Duncan, L. E. (1998). Traits and motives: Toward an integration of two traditions in personality research. Psychological Review, 105, 230–250.10.1037/0033-295X.105.2.230
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zika, S., & Chamberlain, K. (1992). On the relation between meaning in life and psychological well-being. British Journal of Psychology, 83, 133–145.10.1111/bjop.1992.83.issue-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zuckerman, M. (2007). Sensation seeking and risky behavior. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.10.1037/11555-000
   Google Scholar