Intellectual humility and prosocial values: Direct and mediated effects

References

• Ashton, M. C., & Lee, K. (2008). The HEXACO model of personality structure and the importance of the H factor. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 2, 1952–1962. doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2008.00134.x
   Google Scholar
• Baehr, J. (2011). The inquiring mind. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199604074.001.0001
   Google Scholar
• Baltes, P. B., & Smith, J. (2008). The fascination of wisdom: Its nature, ontogeny, and function. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 3, 56–64. doi:10.1111/j.1745-6916.2008.00062.x
   Google Scholar
• Bar-Tal, D. (1985). Altruistic motivation to help: Definition, utility and operationalization. Humboldt Journal of Social Relations, 13, 3–14.
   Google Scholar
• Bartlett, M. Y., & DeSteno, D. (2006). Gratitude and prosocial behavior: Helping when it costs you. Psychological Science, 17, 319–325.10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01705.x
   Google Scholar
• Becker, D., & Marecek, J. (2008). Positive psychology: History in the remaking? Theory & Psychology, 18, 591–604. doi:10.1177/0959354308093397
   Google Scholar
• Buhrmester, M. D., Kwang, T., & Gosling, S. D. (2011). Amazon's Mechanical Turk: A new source of inexpensive, yet high-quality, Data? Perspectives on Psychological Science, 6, 3–5.10.1177/1745691610393980
   Google Scholar
• Cheung, M. W. (2009). Comparison of methods for constructing confidence intervals of standardized indirect effects. Behavior Research Methods, 41, 425–438. doi:10.3758/BRM.41.2.425
   Google Scholar
• Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Crowne, D. P., & Marlowe, D. (1960). A new scale of social desirability independent of psychopathology. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 24, 349–354. doi:10.1037/h0047358
   Google Scholar
• Davis, M. H. (1983). Measuring individual differences in empathy: Evidence for a multidimensional approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44, 113–126.10.1037/0022-3514.44.1.113
   Google Scholar
• Davis, D. E., Worthington, E. J., & Hook, J. N. (2010). Humility: Review of measurement strategies and conceptualization as personality judgment. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 5, 243–252. doi:10.1080/17439761003791672
   Google Scholar
• Diener, E. (2009). Positive psychology: Past, present, and future. In S. J. Lopez & C. R. Snyder (Eds.), Oxford handbook of positive psychology (pp. 7–11). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Eisenberg, N., Wentzel, M., & Harris, J. D. (1998). The role of emotionality and regulation in empathy-related responding. School Psychology Review, 27, 506–521.
   Google Scholar
• Elder, L., & Paul, R. (2012). Critical thinking: Competency standards essential to the cultivation of intellectual skills, part 4. Journal of Developmental Education, 35, 30–31.
   Google Scholar
• Emmons, R. A., & McCullough, M. E. (2003). Counting blessings versus burdens: An experimental investigation of gratitude and subjective well-being in daily life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 377–389.10.1037/0022-3514.84.2.377
   Google Scholar
• Exline, J. J. & Hill, P. C. (2012). Humility: A consistent and robust predictor of generosity. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 7, 208–218. doi:10.1080/17439760.2012.671348
   Google Scholar
• FeldmanHall, O., Dalgleish, T., Evans, D., & Mobbs, D. (2015). Empathic concern drives costly altruism. Neuroimage, 105, 347–356. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.10.043
   Google Scholar
• Fredrickson, B. L. (2001). The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. American Psychologist, 56, 218–226. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.56.3.218
   Google Scholar
• Gander, F., Proyer, R. T., Ruch, W., & Wyss, T. (2013). Strength-based positive interventions: Further evidence for their potential in enhancing well-being and alleviating depression. Journal of Happiness Studies, 14, 1241–1259. doi:10.1007/s10902-012-9380-0
   Google Scholar
• Gregg, A. P., & Mahadevan, N. (2014). Intellectual arrogance and intellectual humility: An evolutionary-epistemological account. Journal of Psychology & Theology, 42, 7–18.
   Google Scholar
• Grossmann, I., Na, J., Varnum, M. W., Park, D. C., Kitayama, S., & Nisbett, R. E. (2010). Reasoning about social conflicts improves into old age. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107, 7246–7250. doi:10.1073/pnas.1001715107
   Google Scholar
• Gruppen, L. D. (2014). Humility and respect: Core values in medical education. Medical Education, 48, 53–58. doi:10.1111/medu.12269
   Google Scholar
• Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. New York, NY: Guilford.
   Google Scholar
• Hilbig, B. E., Thielmann, I., Hepp, J., Klein, S. A., & Zettler, I. (2015). From personality to altruistic behavior (and back): Evidence from a double-blind dictator game. Journal of Research in Personality, 55, 46–50. doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2014.12.004
   Google Scholar
• Hilbig, B. E., Thielmann, I., Wührl, J., & Zettler, I. (2015). From Honesty–Humility to fair behavior – Benevolence or a (blind) fairness norm? Personality and Individual Differences, 80, 91–95. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2015.02.017
   Google Scholar
• Hoffman, M. L. (1981). The development of empathy. In J. P. Rushton & R. M. Sorrentino (Eds.), Altruism and helping behavior (pp. 41–63). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Hofmann, S. G., Grossman, P., & Hinton, D. E. (2011). Loving-kindness and compassion meditation: Potential for psychological interventions. Clinical Psychology Review, 31, 1126–1132. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2011.07.003
   Google Scholar
• Hopkin, C. R., Hoyle, R. H., & Toner, K. (2014). Intellectual humility and reactions to opinions about religious beliefs. Journal of Psychology & Theology, 42, 50–61.
   Google Scholar
• Jones, W. E. (2012). Higher education, academic communities, and the intellectual virtues. Educational Theory, 62, 695–711. doi:10.1111/edth.12005
   Google Scholar
• Kerr, S. L., O’Donovan, A., & Pepping, C. A. (2015). Can gratitude and kindness interventions enhance well-being in a clinical sample? Journal of Happiness Studies, 16, 17–36. doi:10.1007/s10902-013-9492-1
   Google Scholar
• Kross, E., & Grossmann, I. (2012). Boosting wisdom: Distance from the self enhances wise reasoning, attitudes, and behavior. Journal of Experimental Psychology. General, 141, 43–48. doi:10.1037/a0024158
   Google Scholar
• Krumrei-Mancuso, E. J., & Rouse, S. V. (2016). The development and validation of the Comprehensive Intellectual Humility Scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 98, 209–221. doi:10.1080/00223891.2015.1068174
   Google Scholar
• Kruse, E., Chancellor, J., Ruberton, P. M., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2014). An upward spiral between gratitude and humility. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 5, 805–814. doi:10.1177/1948550614534700
   Google Scholar
• LaBouff, J. P., Rowatt, W. C., Johnson, M. K., Tsang, J., & Willerton, G. M. (2012). Humble persons are more helpful than less humble persons: Evidence from three studies. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 7, 16–29. doi:10.1080/17439760.2011.626787
   Google Scholar
• MacKinnon, D. P., Fairchild, A. J., & Fritz, M. S. (2007). Mediation analysis. Annual Review of Psychology, 58, 593–614. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085542
   Google Scholar
• McCullough, M. E., Emmons, R. A., & Tsang, J. (2002). The grateful disposition: A conceptual and empirical topography. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 112–127. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.82.1.112
   Google Scholar
• McCullough, M. E., Kimeldorf, M. B., & Cohen, A. D. (2008). An adaptation for altruism? The social causes, social effects, and social evolution of gratitude. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 17, 281–285. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8721.2008.00590.x
   Google Scholar
• McElroy, S. E., Rice, K. G., Davis, D. E., Hook, J. N., Hill, P. C., Worthington, E. L., Jr, & Van Tongeren, D. R. (2014). Intellectual humility: Scale development and theoretical elaborations in the context of religious leadership. Journal of Psychology & Theology, 42, 19–30.
   Google Scholar
• Myyry, L., & Helkama, K. (2001). University students' value priorities and emotional empathy. Educational Psychology, 21, 25–40.10.1080/01443410123128
   Google Scholar
• Paolacci, G., Chandler, J., & Ipeirotis, P. G. (2010). Running experiments on Amazon Mechanical Turk. Judgment and Decision Making, 5, 411–419.
   Google Scholar
• Penner, T. (1973). The unity of virtue. The Philosophical Review, 82, 35–68.10.2307/2184238
   Google Scholar
• Pew Research Center. (2015). America’s changing religious landscape. Retrieved from http://www.pewforum.org/files/2015/05/RLS-05-08-full-report.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40, 879–891. doi:10.3758/BRM.40.3.879
   Google Scholar
• Preston, S. D., & de Waal, F. B. M. (2002). Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Science, 25, 1–72.
   Google Scholar
• Roberts, R. C., & Wood, W. J. (2007). Intellectual virtues. Oxford: Clarendon.10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199283675.001.0001
   Google Scholar
• Ryan, S. (2012). Wisdom, knowledge and rationality. Acta Analytica, 27, 99–112. doi:10.1007/s12136-012-0160-6
   Google Scholar
• Sansone, R. A., & Sansone, L. A. (2010). Gratitude and well being: The benefits of appreciation. Psychiatry, 7, 18–21.
   Google Scholar
• Schwartz, S. H. (1992). Universals in the content and structure of values: Theoretical advances and empirical tests in 20 countries. In M. P. Zanna & M. P. Zanna (Eds.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 25, pp. 1–65). San Diego, CA: Academic Press. doi:10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60281-6
   Google Scholar
• Seligman, M. E. P., & Csikszentmihalyi, M (2000). Positive psychology: An introduction. American Psychologist, 55, 5–14.10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.5
   Google Scholar
• Sheldon, K. M. (1996). The social awareness inventory: Development and applications. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22, 620–634.10.1177/0146167296226007
   Google Scholar
• Silfver, M., Helkama, K., Lönnqvist, J., & Verkasalo, M. (2008). The relation between value priorities and proneness to guilt, shame, and empathy. Motivation and Emotion, 32, 69–80. doi:10.1007/s11031-008-9084-2
   Google Scholar
• Smith, T. W. (2006). Altruism and empathy in America: Trends and correlates. Chicago: National Opinion Research Center, University of Chicago.
   Google Scholar
• Stafford, S. P. (2010). Intellectual virtues in environmental virtue ethics. Environmental Ethics, 32, 339–352.10.5840/enviroethics201032439
   Google Scholar
• Stocks, E. L., Lishner, D. A., & Decker, S. K. (2009). Altruism or psychological escape: Why does empathy promote prosocial behavior? European Journal of Social Psychology, 39, 649–665. doi:10.1002/ejsp.561
   Google Scholar
• Tangney, J. P. (2000). Humility: Theoretical perspectives, empirical findings and directions for future research. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 19, 70–82. doi:10.1521/jscp.2000.19.1.70
   Google Scholar
• Tsang, J. (2006). Gratitude and prosocial behaviour: An experimental test of gratitude. Cognition and Emotion, 20, 138–148.10.1080/02699930500172341
   Google Scholar
• US Census Bureau. (2013). American community survey [data file]. Retrieved from https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/data.html
   Google Scholar
• US Census Bureau. (2014). Current population survey, 2014 annual social and economic supplement [data file]. Retrieved from http://www.census.gov/topics.html
   Google Scholar
• Watkins, P. C., Uhder, J., & Pichinevskiy, S. (2015). Grateful recounting enhances subjective well-being: The importance of grateful processing. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 10, 91–98. doi:10.1080/17439760.2014.927909
   Google Scholar
• Zagzebski, L. T. (1996). Virtues of the mind. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9781139174763
   Google Scholar