Hope as empowerment model: A client-based perspective on the process of hope development

References

• Arnkoff, D. B., Glass, C. R., & Shapiro, S. J. (2002). Expectations and preferences. In J. C. Norcross (Ed.), Psychotherapy relationships that work (pp. 335–356). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Asay, T. P., & Lambert, M. J. (1999). The empirical case for the common factors in therapy: Quantitative findings. In M. Hubble, B. Duncan, & S. Miller (Eds.), The heart and soul of change: What works in therapy (pp. 23–55). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.10.1037/11132-000
   Google Scholar
• Bernardo, A. B. I. (2010). Extending hope theory: Internal and external locus of trait hope. Personality and Individual Differences, 49, 944–949. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2010.07.036
   Google Scholar
• Bohart, A. C. (2000). The client is the most important common factor: Clients’ self-healing capacities and psychotherapy. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 10, 127–149. doi:10.1023/A:1009444132104
   Google Scholar
• Bush, M., & Gassner, S. (1986). The immediate effect of the analyst’s interventions on the patient’s resistance to termination. In J. Weiss, H.Sampson, & The Mount Zion Psychotherapy Research Group (Eds.), The psychoanalytic process: Theory, clinical observation, and empirical research (pp. 299–322). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Cheavens, J. S., Feldman, D. B., Woodward, J. T., & Snyder, C. R. (2006). Hope in cognitive psychotherapies: On working with client strengths. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 20, 135–145. doi:10.1891/jcop.20.2.135
   Google Scholar
• Coyne, I. T. (1997). Sampling in qualitative research. Purposeful and theoretical sampling; merging or clear boundaries? Journal of Advanced Nursing, 26, 623–630. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2648.1997.t01-25-00999.x
   Google Scholar
• Creswell, J. W. (1998). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five traditions. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Creswell, J. W., Hanson, W. E., Clark Plano, V. L., & Morales, A. (2007). Qualitative research designs: Selection and implementation. The Counseling Psychologist, 35, 236–264. doi:10.1177/0011000006287390
   Google Scholar
• Cutcliffe, J. R. (2004). The inspiration of hope in bereavement counseling. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 25, 165–190. doi:10.1080/01612840490268234
   Google Scholar
• Du, H., & King, R. B. (2013). Placing hope in self and others: Exploring the relationships among self-construals, locus of hope, and adjustment. Personality and Individual Differences, 54, 332–337. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2012.09.015
   Google Scholar
• Elkin, I., Yamaguchi, J., Arnkoff, D., Glass, C., Sotsky, S., & Krupnick, J. (1999). ‘Patient-treatment fit’ and early engagement in therapy. Psychotherapy Research, 9, 437–451. doi:10.1093/ptr/9.4.437
   Google Scholar
• Elliott, R. (1984). A discovery-oriented approach to significant change events in psychotherapy: Interpersonal process recall and comprehensive process analysis. In L. S. Greenberg & L. N. Rice (Eds.), Patterns of change (pp. 249–286). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Elliott, R., Fischer, C. T., & Rennie, D. L. (1999). Evolving guidelines for publication of qualitative research studies in psychology and related fields. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 38, 215–229. doi:10.1348/014466599162782
   Google Scholar
• Evans, C., Margison, F., & Barkham, M. (1998). The contribution of reliable and clinically significant change methods to evidence-based mental health. Evidence Based Mental Health, 1, 70–72. doi:10.1136/ebmh.1.3.70
   Google Scholar
• Fennell, M. J., & Teasdale, J. D. (1987). Cognitive therapy for depression: Individual differences and the process of change. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 11, 253–271. doi:10.1007/BF01183269
   Google Scholar
• Fitzpatrick, M. R., Janzen, J., Chamodraka, M., & Park, J. (2006). Client critical incidents in the process of early alliance development: A positive emotion-exploration spiral. Psychotherapy Research, 16, 486–498. doi:10.1080/10503300500485391
   Google Scholar
• Frank, J. D., & Frank, J. B. (1991). Persuasion and healing. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Given, L. M. (Ed.). (2008). The SAGE encyclopedia of qualitative research methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Greenberg, R. P., Constantino, M. J., & Bruce, N. (2006). Are patient expectations still relevant for psychotherapy process and outcome? Clinical Psychology Review, 26, 657–678. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2005.03.002
   Google Scholar
• Guba, E. G., & Lincoln, Y. S. (1994). Competing paradigms in qualitative research. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research (pp. 105–117). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Hardy, G. E., Barkham, M., Shapiro, D. A., Reynolds, S., & Rees, A. (1995). Credibility and outcome of cognitive-behavioural and psychodynamic-interpersonal psychotherapy. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 34, 555–569. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1995.tb01489.x
   Google Scholar
• Hayes, S. C., Villatte, M., Levin, M., & Hildebrandt, M. (2011). Open, aware, and active: Contextual approaches as an emerging trend in the behavioral and cognitive therapies. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 7, 141–168. doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032210-104449
   Google Scholar
• Hill, C. E., Thompson, B. J., & Williams, E. N. (1997). A guide to conducting consensual qualitative research. The Counseling Psychologist, 25, 517–572. doi:10.1177/0011000097254001
   Google Scholar
• Howard, K. I., Kopta, S. M., Krause, M. S., & Orlinsky, D. E. (1986). The dose-effect relationship in psychotherapy. American Psychologist, 41, 159–164. doi:10.1037//0003-066X.41.2.159
   Google Scholar
• Hubble, M. A., & Miller, S. D. (2004). The client: Psychotherapy’s missing link for promoting a positive psychology. In P. A. Linley & S. Joseph (Eds.), Positive psychology in practice (pp. 335–353). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Irving, L. M., Snyder, C. R., Cheavens, J., Gravel, L., Hanke, J., Hilberg, P., & Nelson, N. (2004). The relationships between hope and outcomes at the pretreatment, beginning, and later phases of psychotherapy. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 14, 419–443. doi:10.1037/1053-0479.14.4.419
   Google Scholar
• Kelly, T. A., & Strupp, H. H. (1992). Patient and therapist values in psychotherapy: Perceived changes, assimilation, similarity, and outcome. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 60, 34–40. doi:10.1037//0022-006X.60.1.34
   Google Scholar
• Lambert, M. L., & Bergin, A. E. (1994). The effectiveness of psychotherapy. In A. E. Bergin & S. L. Garfield (Eds.), Handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change (4th ed., pp. 143–189). New York, NY: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Larsen, D., Edey, W., & Lemay, L. (2007). Understanding the role of hope in counselling: Exploring the intentional uses of hope. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 20, 401–416. doi:10.1080/0951507070169003
   Google Scholar
• Larsen, D., & Stege, R. (2010a). Hope-focused practices during early psychotherapy sessions: Part I: Implicit approaches. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 20, 271–292. doi:10.1037/a0020820
   Google Scholar
• Larsen, D., & Stege, R. (2010b). Hope-focused practices during early psychotherapy sessions: Part II: Explicit approaches. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 20, 293–311. doi:10.1037/a0020821
   Google Scholar
• Larsen, D., & Stege, R. (2012). Client accounts of hope in early counseling sessions: A qualitative study. Journal of Counseling & Development, 90, 45–54. doi:10.1111/j.1556-6676.2012.00007.x
   Google Scholar
• Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry. Beverly Hill, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Lopez, S. J., Floyd, R. K., Ulven, J. C., & Snyder, C. R. (2000). Hope therapy: Helping clients build a house of hope. In C. R. Snyder (Ed.), Handbook of hope (pp. 123–150). San Diego, CA: Academic.10.1016/B978-012654050-5/50009-9
   Google Scholar
• Mills, J., Bonner, A., & Francis, K. (2006). The development of constructivist grounded theory. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 5, 1–10. Retrieved January 18, 2016, from http://www.ualberta.ca/~iiqm/backissues/5_1/pdf/mills.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Morrow, S. L., & Smith, M. L. (2000). Qualitative research for counseling psychology. In S. D. Brown & R. W. Lent (Eds.), Handbook of counseling psychology (3rd ed., pp. 199–230). New York, NY: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Norcross, J. C., & Norcross, J. C. (2011). Evidence-based therapy relationships. In J. C. Norcross (Ed.), Psychotherapy relationships that work (2nd ed., pp. 3–22). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199737208.001.0001
   Google Scholar
• QSR International Pty Ltd. (2008). NVivo (Version 8) [Qualitative data analysis software].
   Google Scholar
• Rennie, D. L. (2000). Aspects of the client’s conscious control of the psychotherapeutic process. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 10, 151–167. doi:10.1023/A:1009496116174
   Google Scholar
• Seligman, M. E. P., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2000). Positive psychology: An introduction. American Psychologist, 55, 5–14. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.5
   Google Scholar
• Snyder, C. R. (1994). The psychology of hope: You can get there from here. New York, NY: Free Press.
   Google Scholar
• Snyder, C. R. (2002). Target article: Hope theory: Rainbows in the mind. Psychological Inquiry, 13, 249–275. doi:10.1207/S15327965PLI1304_01
   Google Scholar
• Snyder, C. R., Ilardi, S. S., Michael, S. T., & Cheavens, J. (2000). Hope theory: Updating a common process for psychological change. In C. R. Snyder & R. E. Ingram (Eds.), Handbook of psychological change: Psychotherapy processes and practices for the 21st century (pp. 128–153). New York, NY: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Snyder, C. R., Michael, S. T., & Cheavens, J. (1999). Hope as a psychotherapeutic foundation of common factors, placebos, and expectancies. In M. A. Hubble, B. L. Duncan, & S. D. Miller (Eds.), The heart and soul of change: What works in therapy (pp. 179–200). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.10.1037/11132-000
   Google Scholar
• Snyder, C. R., Sympson, S. C., Ybasco, F. C., Borders, T. F., Babyak, M. A., & Higgins, R. L. (1996). Development and validation of the State Hope Scale. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 321–335. doi:10.1037//0022-3514.70.2.321
   Google Scholar
• Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. (1994). Grounded theory methodology: An overview. In N. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of qualitative research (pp. 273–285). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. (1998). Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Swift, J. K., & Derthick, A. O. (2013). Increasing hope by addressing clients’ outcome expectations. Psychotherapy, 50, 284–287. doi:10.1037/a0031941
   Google Scholar
• Tompkins, K. A., Swift, J. K., & Callahan, J. L. (2013). Working with clients by incorporating their preferences. Psychotherapy, 50, 279–283. doi:10.1037/a0032031
   Google Scholar
• Tracey, T. J., & Dundon, M. (1988). Role anticipations and preferences over the course of counseling. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 35, 3–14. doi:10.1037//0022-0167.35.1.3
   Google Scholar
• Van Audenhove, C., & Vertommen, H. (2000). A negotiation approach to intake and treatment choice. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 10, 287–299. doi:10.1023/A:1009401129920
   Google Scholar