Training character: Character attributes and performance profiles among cadets at the United States military academy

References

• ADRP 6-22 Leadership Requirements Model and Example Behavioral Indicators. (2014). U.S. Army performance evaluation guide. Retrieved from http://usacac.army.mil/sites/default/files/documents/cal/US%20Army%20Performance%20Evaluation%20Guide%2015_JaN_14.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Asparouhov, T., & Muthén, B. (2014). Auxiliary variables in mixture modeling: Three-step approaches using M plus. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 21(3), 329–341.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartone, P. T. (1999). Hardiness protects against war-related stress in Army reserve forces. Consulting Psychology Journal, 51(2), 72–82.
   Google Scholar
• Baxter-Magolda, M. B. (2008). Three elements of self-authorship. Journal of College Student Development, 49(4), 269–284.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bundick, M., Andrews, M., Jones, A., Mariano, J. M., Bronk, K. C., & Damon, W. (2006). Revised youth purpose survey (Unpublished instrument)Stanford, CA: Stanford Center on Adolescence.
   Google Scholar
• Callina, K. S., Burkhard, B., Schaefer, H. S., Powers, J., Murray, E. D., Kobylski, G., … Lerner, R. M. (2018). Character in context: Character structure among United States Military Academy cadets. Journal of Moral Education, 48(4), 1–26.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Callina, K. S., Ryan, D., Murray, E. D., Colby, A., Damon, W., Matthews, M., & Lerner, R. M. (2017). Developing leaders of character at the United States Military Academy: A relational developmental systems analysis. Journal of College and Character, 18(1), 9–27.
   Google Scholar
• Chickering, A. W., & Reisser, L. (1993). Education and identity. The Jossey-Bass higher and adult education series. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass Inc., Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Colby, A., & Sullivan, W. M. (2008). Formation of professionalism and purpose: Perspective from the preparation for the professions program. University of St. Thomas Law Journal, 5(2), 404–427.
   Google Scholar
• Dahling, J. J., Whitaker, B. G., & Levy, P. E. (2008). The development and validation of a newmachiavellianism scale. Journal of Management, 35(2), 219–257.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Damon, W., & Colby, A. (2015). The power of ideals: The real story of moral choice. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Davis, D. E., Hook, J. N., Worthington, E. L., Jr, Van Tongeren, D. R., Gartner, A. L., Jennings, D. J., & Emmons, R. A. (2011). Relational humility: Conceptualizing and measuring humility as a personality judgment. Journal of Personality Assessment, 93(3), 225–234.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, M. H. (1983). Measuring individual differences in empathy: Evidence for a multidimensional approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology: Personality Processes and Individual Differences, 44(1), 113–126.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duckworth, A. L., & Quinn, P. D. (2009). Development and validation of the short grit scale (Grit–S). Journal of Personality Assessment, 91(2), 166–174.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Enders, C. K., & Bandalos, D. L. (2001). The relative performance of full information maximum likelihood estimation for missing data in structural equation models. Structural Equation Modeling, 8(3), 430–457.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guiffrida, D. A., & Douthit, K. Z. (2010). The Black student experience at predominantly White colleges: Implications for school and college counselors. Journal of Counseling & Development, 88(3), 311–318.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King, P. M., & Kitchener, K. S. (2004). Reflective judgment: Theory and research on the development of epistemic assumptions through adulthood. Educational Psychologist, 39(1), 5–18.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lerner, R. M., & Callina, K. S. (2014). The study of character development: Towards tests of a relational developmental systems model. Human Development, 57(6), 322–346.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Little, T. D., & Rhemtulla, M. (2013). Planned missing data designs for developmental researchers. Child Development Perspectives, 7(4), 199–204.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lo, Y., Mendell, N. R., & Rubin, D. B. (2001). Testing the number of components in a normal mixture. Biometrika, 88(3), 767–778.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magidson, J., & Vermunt, J. K. (2004). Latent class models. In D. Kaplan (ed.), The Sage handbook of quantitative methodology (pp. 175–198). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Marsh, H. W., & O’Neill, R. (1984). Self description questionnaire III: The construct validity ofmultidimensional self-concept ratings by late adolescents. Journal of Educational Measurement, 21(2), 153–174.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matthews, M. D., Ryan, D. M., & Lerner, R. M. (in press). Developing military leaders of character: The sample case of LTG Robert L. Caslen, USMA Superintendent. Journal of Character Education.
   Google Scholar
• McElroy, S. E., Rice, K. G., Davis, D. E., Hook, J. N., Hill, P. C., Worthington, E. L., Jr, & Van Tongeren, D. R. (2014). Intellectual humility: Scale development and theoretical elaborations in the context of religious leadership. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 42(1), 19–30.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moskos, C. (2007). Diversity in the armed forces of the United States. In J.L. Soeters & J. Van der Meulen (Eds.), Cultural diversity in the armed forces (pp. 29–44). London, UK: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (1998–2017). Mplus user’s guide (8th ed.). Los Angeles, CA: Muthén & Muthén.
   Google Scholar
• Narvaez, D. (2008). Human flourishing and moral development: Cognitive and neurobiological perspectives of virtue development. In L. Nucci, D. Narvaez, & T. Krettenauer (Eds.), Handbook of moral and character education (pp. 310–327). New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Parker, K., Cilluffo, A., & Stepler, R. (2017). 6 facts about the US Military and its changing demographics. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/04/13/6-facts-about-the-u-s-military-and-its-changing-demographics/
   Google Scholar
• Peel, D., & McLachlan, G. J. (2000). Robust mixture modelling using the t distribution. Statistics and Computing, 10(4), 339–348.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. (2004). Character strengths and virtues: A handbook and classification. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
   Google Scholar
• Scheier, M. F., Carver, C. S., & Bridges, M. W. (1994). Distinguishing optimism from Neuroticism (and trait anxiety, self-mastery, and self-esteem): A reevaluation of the life orientation test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology: Personality Processes and Individual Differences, 67(6), 1063–1078.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwartz, G. (1978). Estimating the dimension of a model. The Annals of Statistics, 6(2), 461–464.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Statista. (2019). Distribution of active-duty enlisted women and men in the U.S. Military in 2016, by race and ethnicity. Retrieved from https://www.statista.com/statistics/214869/share-of-active-duty-enlisted-women-and-men-in-the-us-military/
   Google Scholar
• United States Military Academy. (2015). Character program (Goldbook). New York, NY: West Point. Retrieved from http://www.usma.edu/scpme/SiteAssets/SitePages/Gold%20Book/Gold%20Book.pdf
   Google Scholar
• United States Military Academy. (2016a). Military program (Greenbook). New York, NY: West Point. Retrieved from https://www.usma.edu/studentconsumerinfo/SiteAssets/SitePages/Home/Greenbook%20(Military).pdf
   Google Scholar
• United States Military Academy. (2016b). Physical program (Whitebook). New York, NY: West Point. Retrieved from https://www.usma.edu/studentconsumerinfo/SiteAssets/SitePages/Home/Whitebook%20(Physical).pdf
   Google Scholar