U.S. college students’ lay beliefs about hope: A mixed-methods study

References

• Alvarez, P., & Squire, L. R. (1994). Memory consolidation and the medial temporal lobe: A simple network model. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 91, 7041–7045.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asma, S. T. (2018). Why we need religion: An agnostic celebration of spiritual emotions. Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Aspinwall, L. G., & Leaf, S. L. (2002). In search of the unique aspects of hope: Pinning our hopes on positive emotions, future-oriented thinking, hard times, and other people. Psychological Inquiry, 13, 276–288.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Averill, J. R., Catlin, G., & Chon, K. K. (1990). Rules of hope. New York: Springer-Verlag.
   Google Scholar
• Baltes, P. B, Reese, H. W, & Nesselroade, J. R. (1977). Life-span developmental psychology: introduction to research methods. Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole.
   Google Scholar
• Bartolini, S., Bilancini, E., & Pugno, M. (2013). Did the decline in social connections depress Americans’ happiness? Social Indicators Research, 110(3), 1033–1059.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benzein, E. G., Saveman, B. I., & Norberg, A. (2000). The meaning of hope in healthy, nonreligious Swedes. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 22(3), 303–319.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruininks, P., & Malle, B. F. (2005). Distinguishing hope from optimism and related affective states. Motivation and Emotion, 29(4), 324–352.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryant, F. B., & Cvengros, J. A. (2004). Distinguishing hope and optimism: Two sides of a coin, or two separate coins? Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 23(2), 273–302.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burr, V. (2015). Social constructionism. London, England: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Cacioppo, J. T., & Patrick, W. (2008). Loneliness: Human nature and the need for social connection. New York: WW Norton & Company.
   Google Scholar
• Carr, A. (2013). Positive psychology: The science of happiness and human strengths. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Chamberlain, J. M., & Haaga, D. A. (2001). Unconditional self-acceptance and psychological health. Journal of Rational-Emotive and Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 19(3), 163–176.
   Google Scholar
• Cotton Bronk, K., Hill, P. L., Lapsley, D. K., Talib, T. L., & Finch, H. (2009). Purpose, hope, and life satisfaction in three age groups. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 4(6), 500–510.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crocker, J., & Knight, K. M. (2005). Contingencies of self-worth. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 14(4), 200–203.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crocker, J., Luhtanen, R. K., Cooper, M. L., & Bouvrette, A. (2003). Contingencies of self-worth in college students: Theory and measurement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(5), 894–908.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Curry, L. A., Snyder, C. R., Cook, D. L., Ruby, B. C., & Rehm, M. (1997). Role of hope in academic and sport achievement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73(6), 1257–1267.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Debats, D. L. (1999). Sources of meaning: An investigation of significant commitments in life. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 39(4), 30–57.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diener, E., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2004). Beyond money: Toward an economy of well-being. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 5(1), 1–31.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Diener, E. D., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49(1), 71–75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dik, B. J., Duffy, R. D., Allan, B. A., O’Donnell, M. B., Shim, Y., & Steger, M. F. (2015). Purpose and meaning in career development applications. The Counseling Psychologist, 43(4), 558–585.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eliott, J., & Olver, I. (2002). The discursive properties of “hope”: A qualitative analysis of cancer patients’ speech. Qualitative Health Research, 12(2), 173–193.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eliott, J. A., & Olver, I. N. (2009). Hope, life, and death: A qualitative analysis of dying cancer patients’ talk about hope. Death Studies, 33(7), 609–638.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emmons, R. A. (2005, August). Mindfulness, selflessness, and meaningfulness in hope and gratitude. Presentation at a symposium entitled “Hope and gratitude as the emotional pillars of positive psychology” at the annual convention of the American Psychological Association, Washington, DC.
   Google Scholar
• Emmons, R. A., & Paloutzian, R. F. (2003). The psychology of religion. Annual Review of Psychology, 54(1), 377–402.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feldman, D. B., & Snyder, C. R. (2005). Hope and the meaningful life: Theoretical and empirical associations between goal–Directed thinking and life meaning. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 24(3), 401–421.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frankish, K. (2010). Dual‐process and dual‐system theories of reasoning. Philosophy Compass, 5(10), 914–926.
   Google Scholar
• Frankl, V. E. (1985). Man’s search for meaning: An introduction to logotherapy. New York: Washington Square Press.
   Google Scholar
• Furnham, A. F. (1988). Lay theories: Everyday understanding of problems in the social sciences. New York: Pergamon Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gadamer, H.-G. (1976). Philosophical heremeneutics. Berkeley: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gallagher, M. W., & Lopez, S. J. (2009). Positive expectancies and mental health: Identifying the unique contributions of hope and optimism. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 4(6), 548–556.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• George, L. S., & Park, C. L. (2017). The multidimensional existential meaning scale: A tripartite approach to measuring meaning in life. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 12(6), 613–627.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gergen, K. J. (1985). The social constructionist movement in modern psychology. American Psychologist, 40(3), 266–275.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gordon, A. K., Musher-Eizenman, D. R., Holub, S. C., & Dalrymple, J. (2004). What are children thankful for? An archival analysis of gratitude before and after the attacks of September 11. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 25(5), 541–553.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guinness, O. (2018). The call: Finding and fulfilling God’s purpose for your life. Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson.
   Google Scholar
• Helland, M. R., & Winston, B. E. (2005). Towards a deeper understanding of hope and leadership. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 12(2), 42–54.
   Google Scholar
• Hill, P. C., & Pargament, K. I. (2008). Advances in the conceptualization and measurement of religion and spirituality: Implications for physical and mental health research. American Psychologist, 58(1), 64–74.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holleran, S., & Snyder, C. R. (1990). Discriminant and convergent validation of the hope scale (Unpublished manuscript). University of Kansas, Lawrence.
   Google Scholar
• Hoover-Kinsinger, S. E. (2018). Hoping against hope: An integration of the hope theology of Jürgen Moltmann and CR Snyder’s psychology of hope. Journal of Psychology & Christianity, 37(4), 313–322.
   Google Scholar
• Hsieh, H. F., & Shannon, S. E. (2005). Three approaches to qualitative content analysis. Qualitative Health Research, 15(9), 1277–1288.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kasser, T. (2002). The high price of materialism. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Königseder, A., & Wetzel, J. (2001). Waiting for hope: Jewish displaced persons in post-World War II Germany. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ladd, K. L., & Spilka, B. (2013). Prayer: A review of the empirical literature. In K. I. Pargament, J. J. Exline, & J. W. Jones (Eds.), APA handbooks in psychology. APA handbook of psychology, religion, and spirituality (Vol. 1): Context, theory, and research (pp. 293–310). Washington, DC, US: American Psychological Association.
   Google Scholar
• Larsen, D. J., & Stege, R. (2012). Client accounts of hope in early counseling sessions: A qualitative study. Journal of Counseling & Development, 90(1), 45–54.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, D. R. (2006). Who says money cannot buy happiness? The Independent Review, 10(3), 385–400.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, P. F. J., Wong, Y. J., & Chao, R. C. L. (2019). Happiness and meaning in life: Unique, differential, and indirect associations with mental health. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 1–19.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lloyd, T. J., & Hastings, R. (2009). Hope as a psychological resilience factor in mothers and fathers of children with intellectual disabilities. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 53(12), 957–968.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopez, S. J., Floyd, R. K., Ulven, J. C., & Snyder, C. R. (2000). Hope therapy: Helping clients build a house of hope. In C. R. Snyder (Ed.), Handbook of hope (pp. 123–150). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lucado, M. (2018). Unshakable hope: Building our lives on the promises of God. Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson.
   Google Scholar
• Luthans, F., & Jensen, S. M. (2002). Hope: A new positive strength for human resource development. Human Resource Development Review, 1(3), 304–322.
   Google Scholar
• Lyubomirsky, S., King, L. A., & Diener, E. (2005). The benefits of frequent positive affect: Does happiness lead to success? Psychological Bulletin, 131, 803–855.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyubomirsky, S., & Lepper, H. S. (1999). A measure of subjective happiness: Preliminary reliability and construct validation. Social Indicators Research, 46(2), 137–155.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madden, W., Green, S., & Grant, A. M. (2011). A pilot study evaluating strengths-based coaching for primary school students: Enhancing engagement and hope. International Coaching Psychology Review, 6(1), 71–83.
   Google Scholar
• Malloy, T. E., & Albright, L. (1990). Interpersonal perception in a social context. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58(3), 419–428.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McAdams, D. P., & McLean, K. C. (2013). Narrative identity. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 22(3), 233–238.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDermott, R. C., Cheng, H. L., Wong, J., Booth, N., Jones, Z., & Sevig, T. (2017). Hope for help-seeking: A positive psychology perspective of psychological help-seeking intentions. The Counseling Psychologist, 45(2), 237–265.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMahan, E. A., & Estes, D. (2011). Measuring lay conceptions of well-being: The beliefs about well-being scale. Journal of Happiness Studies, 12(2), 267–287.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Medvide, M. B. (2014). Hope in the lives of low income students of color: A qualitative study of experiences in a work-based learning program (Doctoral dissertation). Available from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global.
   Google Scholar
• Mok, E., Lam, W. M., Chan, L. N., Lau, K. P., Ng, J. S., & Chan, K. S. (2010). The meaning of hope from the perspective of Chinese advanced cancer patients in Hong Kong. International Journal of Palliative Nursing, 16(6), 298–305.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ong, A. D., Edwards, L. M., & Bergeman, C. S. (2006). Hope as a source of resilience in later adulthood. Personality and Individual Differences, 41(7), 1263–1273.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park, N., Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. (2004). Strengths of character and well-being: A closer look at hope and modesty. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 23(5), 628–634.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patterson, T. G., & Joseph, S. (2006). Development of a self-report measure of unconditional positive self-regard. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 79(4), 557–570.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reichard, R. J., Avey, J. B., Lopez, S., & Dollwet, M. (2013). Having the will and finding the way: A review and meta-analysis of hope at work. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 8(4), 292–304.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogers, C. R. (1957). The necessary and sufficient conditions of therapeutic personality change. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 21, 95–103.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ryff, C. D., & Singer, B. (1998). The contour of positive human health. Psychological Inquiry, 9, 1–28.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheier, M. F., & Carver, C. S. (1985). Optimism, coping, and health: Assessment and implications of generalized outcome expectancies. Health Psychology, 4(3), 219–247.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneider, K. J. (2011). Awakening to an awe-based psychology. The Humanistic Psychologist, 39, 247–252.
   Google Scholar
• Schueller, S., & Parks, A. (2014). The science of self-help translating positive psychology research into increased individual happiness. European Psychologist, 19(2), 145–155.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scioli, A. (2007). Hope and spirituality in the age of anxiety. In R. Estes (Ed.), Advancing quality of life in a turbulent world (pp. 135–150). New York: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Scioli, A., Ricci, M., Nyugen, T., & Scioli, E. R. (2011). Hope: Its nature and measurement. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 3(2), 78–97.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shatté, A. J., Gillham, J. E., & Reivich, K. (2000). Promoting hope in children and adolescents. In J. E. Gillham (Ed.), Laws of life symposia series. The science of optimism and hope: Research essays in honor of Martin E. P. Seligman (pp. 215–234). West Conshohocken, PA, US: Templeton Foundation Press.
   Google Scholar
• Shepperd, J. A., Waters, E. A., Weinstein, N. D., & Klein, W. M. (2015). A primer on unrealistic optimism. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 24(3), 232–237.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smedslund, J. (1978). Bandura’s theory of self-efficacy: A set of common sense theorems. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 19(1), 1–14.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, B. W., Dalen, J., Wiggins, K., Tooley, E., Christopher, P., & Bernard, J. (2008). The brief resilience scale: Assessing the ability to bounce back. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 15(3), 194–200.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, E. R., & DeCoster, J. (2000). Dual-process models in social and cognitive psychology: Conceptual integration and links to underlying memory systems. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 4(2), 108–131.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snyder, C. R. (1994). The psychology of hope: You can get there from here. New York: Free Press.
   Google Scholar
• Snyder, C. R. (2000). Hypothesis: There is hope. In C. R. Snyder (Ed.), Handbook of hope: Theory, measures, and applications (pp. 3–21). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Snyder, C. R. (2002). Hope theory: Rainbows in the mind. Psychological Inquiry, 13(4), 249–275.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snyder, C. R., Harris, C., Anderson, J. R., Holleran, S. A., Irving, L. M., Sigmon, S. T., … Harney, P. (1991). The will and the ways: Development and validation of an individual-differences measure of hope. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60(4), 570–585.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snyder, C. R., Lopez, S. J., Shorey, H. S., Rand, K. L., & Feldman, D. B. (2003). Hope theory, measurements, and applications to school psychology. School Psychology Quarterly, 18(2), 122–139.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanovich, K. E. (1999). Who is rational?: Studies of individual differences in reasoning. New York: Psychology Press.
   Google Scholar
• Strack, F., & Deutsch, R. (2015). The duality of everyday life: dual-process and dual system models in social psychology. In M. Mikulincer, P. R. Shaver, E. Borgida, & J. A. Bargh (Eds.), APA handbooks in psychology®. APA handbook of personality and social psychology, Vol. 1. Attitudes and social cognition (pp. 891–927). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/14341-028
   Google Scholar
• Tong, E. M., Fredrickson, B. L., Chang, W., & Lim, Z. X. (2010). Re-examining hope: The roles of agency thinking and pathways thinking. Cognition and Emotion, 24(7), 1207–1215.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, R., Liu, H., Jiang, J., & Song, Y. (2017). Will materialism lead to happiness? A longitudinal analysis of the mediating role of psychological needs satisfaction. Personality and Individual Differences, 105, 312–317.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ward, D. B., Griswold, K. R., Johnson, K., & Grahe, J. E. (2017). Beyond pathways and agency: Validating a four-factor theory of hope. The American Journal of Family Therapy, 45(2), 95–110.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Witvliet, C. V., Richie, F. J., Root Luna, L. M., & Van Tongeren, D. R. (2019). Gratitude predicts hope and happiness: A two-study assessment of traits and states. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 14(3), 271–282.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong, Y. J., Ringo Ho, M.-H., Wang, S.-Y., & Fisher, A. R. (2016). Subjective masculine norms among university students in Singapore: A mixed-methods study. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 17(1), 30–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0039025
   Google Scholar
• Wong, Y. J., Ho, R. M., Li, P., Shin, M., & Tsai, P. C. (2011). Chinese Singaporeans’ lay beliefs, adherence to Asian values, and subjective well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, 50(6), 822–827.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong, Y. J., Tran, K. K., Kim, S. H., Van Horn Kerne, V., & Calfa, N. A. (2010). Asian Americans’ lay beliefs about depression and professional help seeking. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 66(3), 317–332.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar