Three Good Tools: Positively reflecting backwards and forwards is associated with robust improvements in well-being across three distinct interventions

References

• Adair, K. C., Quow, K., Frankel, A., Mosca, P. J., Profit, J., Hadley, A., Leonard, M., & Bryan Sexton, J. (2018). The Improvement Readiness scale of the SCORE survey: A metric to assess capacity for quality improvement in healthcare. BMC Health Services Research, 18(1), 975. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-018-3743-0
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Adair, K. C., Rodriguez-Homs, L. G., Masoud, S., Mosca, P. J., & Sexton, J. B. (2020). Gratitude at Work: Prospective Cohort Study of a Web-Based, Single-Exposure Well-Being Intervention for Health Care Workers. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 22(5), e15562. https://doi.org/10.2196/15562
   Google Scholar
• Ahola, K., Väänänen, A., Koskinen, A., Kouvonen, A., & Shirom, A. (2010). Burnout as a predictor of all-cause mortality among industrial employees: A 10-year prospective register-linkage study. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 69(1), 51–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2010.01.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aiken, L. H., Clarke, S. P., Sloane, D. M., Sochalski, J., & Silber, J. H. (2002). Hospital nurse staffing and patient mortality, nurse burnout, and job dissatisfaction. JAMA, 288(16), 1987–1993. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.288.16.1987
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andresen, E. M., Malmgren, J. A., Carter, W. B., & Patrick, D. L. (1994). Screening for depression in well older adults: Evaluation of a short form of the CES-D (Center for epidemiologic studies depression scale). American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 10(2), 77–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0749-3797(18)30622-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cimiotti, J. P., Aiken, L. H., Sloane, D. M., & Wu, E. S. (2012). Nurse staffing, burnout, and health care–associated infection. American Journal of Infection Control, 40(6), 486–490. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2012.02.029
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dugani, S., Afari, H., Hirschhorn, L. R., Ratcliffe, H., Veillard, J., Martin, G., Lagomarsino, G., Basu, L., & Bitton, A. (2018). Prevalence and factors associated with burnout among frontline primary health care providers in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review. Gates Open Res. 2018;2:4. Published 2018 Jun 11. doi:10.12688/gatesopenres.12779.3 https://doi.org/10.12688/gatesopenres.12779.1
   Google Scholar
• Eysenbach, G. (2005). The law of attrition. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 7(1), e11. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.7.1.e11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fredrickson, B. L. (2001). The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. American Psychologist, 56(3), 218. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.56.3.218
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fredrickson, B. L., Cohn, M. A., Coffey, K. A., Pek, J., & Finkel, S. M. (2008). Open hearts build lives: Positive emotions, induced through loving-kindness meditation, build consequential personal resources. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95(5), 1045–1062. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013262
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fredrickson, B. L., & Joiner, T. (2002). Positive emotions trigger upward spirals toward emotional well-being. Psychological Science, 13(2), 172–175. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.00431
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fredrickson, B. L., & Levenson, R. W. (1998). Positive emotions speed recovery from the cardiovascular sequelae of negative emotions. Cognition & Emotion, 12(2), 191–220. https://doi.org/10.1080/026999398379718
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fredrickson, B. L., Mancuso, R. A., Branigan, C., & Tugade, M. M. (2000). The undoing effect of positive emotions. Motivation and Emotion, 24(4), 237–258. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010796329158
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gloria, C. T., & Steinhardt, M. A. (2016). Relationships among positive emotions, coping, resilience and mental health. Stress and Health: Journal of the International Society for the Investigation of Stress, 32(2), 145–156. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.2589
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gong, S., & Li, Q. (2017). Rebuilding self-control after ego depletion: The role of positive emotions. In Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Management Science and Engineering Management (pp. 1401–1411). Singapore : Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-1837-4_113
   Google Scholar
• Gong, Z., Schooler, J. W., Wang, Y., & Tao, M. (2018). Research on the Relationship between Positive Emotions, Psychological Capital and Job Burnout in Enterprises’ Employees: Based on the Broaden-and-Build Theory of Positive Emotions. Canadian Social Science, 14(5),42–48. doi:https://doi.org/10.3968/10383
   Google Scholar
• Hall, L. H., Johnson, J., Watt, I., Tsipa, A., & O’Connor, D. B. (2016). Healthcare staff wellbeing, burnout, and patient safety: A systematic review. PloS One, 11(7), 7. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0159015
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hedden, S. L., Kennet, J., Lipari, R., Medley, G., Tice, P., Copello, E. A. P., & Kroutil, L. A. (2015). Key substance use and mental health indicators in the United States: Results from the 2015 national Survey on Drug Use and Health. 74.
   Google Scholar
• Kumar, S. (2016). Burnout and doctors: Prevalence, prevention and intervention. Healthcare, 4(3), 37. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare4030037
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin, J.-D., Lin, P.-Y., & Wu, C.-L. (2010). Wellbeing perception of institutional caregivers working for people with disabilities: Use of subjective happiness scale and satisfaction with life scale analyses. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 31(5), 1083–1090. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2010.03.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyubomirsky, S., & Lepper, H. S. (1999). A measure of subjective happiness: Preliminary reliability and construct validation. Social Indicators Research, 46(2), 137–155. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006824100041
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyubomirsky, S., Sheldon, K. M., & Schkade, D. (2005). Pursuing happiness: The architecture of Sustainable change. Review of General Psychology, 9(2), 111–131. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.9.2.111
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mata, D. A., Ramos, M. A., Bansal, N., Khan, R., Guille, C., Angelantonio, E. D., & Sen, S. (2015). Prevalence of depression and depressive symptoms among resident physicians: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA, 314(22), 2373–2383. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2015.15845
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petitta, L., Jiang, L., & Härtel, C. E. J. (2017). Emotional contagion and burnout among nurses and doctors: Do joy and anger from different sources of stakeholders matter? Stress and Health, 33(4), 358–369. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.2724
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poghosyan, L., Clarke, S. P., Finlayson, M., & Aiken, L. H. (2010). Nurse burnout and quality of care: Cross-national investigation in six countries. Research in Nursing & Health, 33(4), 288–298. https://doi.org/10.1002/nur.20383
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Profit, J., Adair, K. C., Cui, X., Mitchell, B., Brandon, D., Tawfik, D. S., Rigdon, J., Gould, J. B., Lee, H. C., & Sexton, J. B. (2018). Randomized controlled trial of the “WISER” program to reduce healthcare worker burnout. Under Review.
   Google Scholar
• Schaufeli, W. B., Bakker, A. B., Hoogduin, K., Schaap, C., & Kladler, A. (2001). On the clinical validity of the maslach burnout inventory and the burnout measure. Psychology & Health, 16(5), 565–582. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870440108405527
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheier, M. F., Carver, C. S., & Bridges, M. W. (1994). Distinguishing optimism from neuroticism (and trait anxiety, self-mastery, and self-esteem): A reevaluation of the life orientation test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67(6), 1063–1078. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.67.6.1063
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwartz, S. P., Adair, K. C., Bae, J., Rehder, K. J., Shanafelt, T. D., Profit, J., & Sexton, J. B. (2019). Work-life balance behaviours cluster in work settings and relate to burnout and safety culture: A cross-sectional survey analysis. BMJ Quality & Safety, 28(2), 142–150. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjqs-2018-007933
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seligman, M. E. P. (1991). Learned optimism. Knopf
   Google Scholar
• Seligman, M. E. P., Steen, T. A., Park, N., & Peterson, C. (2005). Positive psychology progress: Empirical validation of interventions. The American Psychologist, 60(5), 410–421. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.60.5.410
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sexton, J. B., & Adair, K. C. (2018). 45 Good things: a prospective pilot study of the three good things well-being intervention in the US for healthcare worker emotional exhaustion, depression, work-life balance, and happiness. BMJ Open, Under Review.
   Google Scholar
• Sexton, J. B., & Adair, K. C. (2019). Forty-five good things: A prospective pilot study of the Three Good Things well-being intervention in the USA for healthcare worker emotional exhaustion, depression, work–life balance and happiness. BMJ Open, 9(3), e022695. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-022695
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sexton, J. B., Adair, K. C., Leonard, M. W., Frankel, T. C., Proulx, J., Watson, S. R., Magnus, B., Bogan, B., Jamal, M., Schwendimann, R., & Frankel, A. S. (2018). Providing feedback following leadership walkrounds is associated with better patient safety culture, higher employee engagement and lower burnout. BMJ Quality & Safety, 27(4), 261–270. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjqs-2016-006399
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sexton, J. B., Schwartz, S. P., Chadwick, W. A., Rehder, K. J., Bae, J., Bokovoy, J., Doram, K., Sotile, W., Adair, K. C., & Profit, J. (2017). The associations between work–life balance behaviours, teamwork climate and safety climate: Cross-sectional survey introducing the work–life climate scale, psychometric properties, benchmarking data and future directions. BMJ Quality & Safety, 26(8), 632–640. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjqs-2016-006032
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shanafelt, T. D., Hasan, O., Dyrbye, L. N., Sinsky, C., Satele, D., Sloan, J., & West, C. P. (2015). Changes in burnout and satisfaction with work-life balance in physicians and the general US working population between 2011 and 2014. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 90(12), 1600–1613. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocp.2015.08.023
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shanafelt, T. D., West, C. P., Sinsky, C., Trockel, M., Tutty, M., Satele, D. V., Carlasare, L. E., & Dyrbye, L. N. (2019). Changes in burnout and satisfaction with work-life integration in physicians and the general US Working population between 2011 and 2017. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 94(9), 1681–1694. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocp.2018.10.023
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snyder, C. R. (2002). TARGET ARTICLE: Hope Theory: Rainbows in the Mind. Psychological Inquiry, 13(4),249–275. doi:doi.10.1207/S15327965PLI1304_01
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• West, C. P., Dyrbye, L. N., Rabatin, J. T., Call, T. G., Davidson, J. H., Multari, A., Romanski, S. A., Hellyer, J. M. H., Sloan, J. A., & Shanafelt, T. D. (2014). Intervention to promote physician well-being, job satisfaction, and professionalism: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Internal Medicine, 174(4), 527–533. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.14387
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wheeler, D. L., Vassar, M., Worley, J. A., & Barnes, L. L. B. (2011). A reliability generalization meta-analysis of coefficient alpha for the maslach burnout inventory. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 71(1), 231–244. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164410391579
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. (2017). Depression and other common mental disorders: Global health estimates ( Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO).
   Google Scholar