Overconfident and unaware: Intellectual humility and the calibration of metacognition

References

• Alfano, M., Iurino, K., Stey, P., Robinson, B., Christen, M., Yu, F., & Lapsley, D. (2017). Development and validation of a multi-dimensional measure of intellectual humility. PloS One, 12, 8. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0182950
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Altemeyer, R. A., & Altemeyer, B. (1996). The authoritarian specter. Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ashton, M. C., Lee, K., Vernon, P. A., & Jang, K. L. (2000). Fluid intelligence, crystallized intelligence, and the openness/intellect factor. Journal of Research in Personality, 34(2), 198–207. https://doi.org/10.1006/jrpe.1999.2276
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beat the Wonderlic. (2017, May). The Complete Guide to the Wonderlic Personnel Test (WPT-Q & WPT-R). Beat the Wonderlic. https://beatthewonderlic.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/WPT-Study-Guide-Sample-.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Bing, M. N., Kluemper, D., Davison, H. K., Taylor, S., & Novicevic, M. (2011). Overclaiming as a measure of faking. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 116(1), 148–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2011.05.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cattell, R. B. (1963). Theory of fluid and crystallized intelligence: A critical experiment. Journal of Educational Psychology, 54(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0046743
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Church, I. M., & Barrett, J. L. (2016). Intellectual humility. In Handbook of humility (pp. 78–91). Routledge
   Google Scholar
• Cronbach, L. J., & Meehl, P. E. (1955). Construct validity in psychological tests. Psychological Bulletin, 52(4), 281. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0040957
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darke, P. R., Chaiken, S., Bohner, G., Einwiller, S., Erb, H. P., & Hazlewood, J. D. (1998). Accuracy motivation, consensus information, and the law of large numbers: Effects on attitude judgment in the absence of argumentation. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24(11), 1205–1215. https://doi.org/10.1177/01461672982411007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, D. E., Rice, K., McElroy, S., DeBlaere, C., Choe, E., Van Tongeren, D. R., & Hook, J. N. (2016). Distinguishing intellectual humility and general humility. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 11(3), 215–224. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2015.1048818
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deffler, S. A., Leary, M. R., & Hoyle, R. H. (2016). Knowing what you know: Intellectual humility and judgments of recognition memory. Personality and Individual Differences, 96, 255–259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.03.016
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunning, D. (2011). The Dunning–Kruger effect: On being ignorant of one’s own ignorance. In Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (Vol. 44, pp. 247–296). Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Epley, N., & Dunning, D. (2006). The mixed blessings of self-knowledge in behavioral prediction: Enhanced discrimination but exacerbated bias. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32(5), 641–655. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167205284007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Buchner, A., & Lang, A.-G. (2009). Statistical power analyses using G*Power 3.1: Tests for correlation and regression analyses. Behavior Research Methods, 41, 1149–1160. https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.41.4.1149
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gignac, G. E., & Zajenkowski, M. (2020). The Dunning-Kruger effect is (mostly) a statistical artefact: Valid approaches to testing the hypothesis with individual differences data. Intelligence, 80, 101449. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2020.101449
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gregg, A. P., & Mahadevan, N. (2014). Intellectual arrogance and intellectual humility: An evolutionary-epistemological account. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 42(1), 7–18. https://doi.org/10.1177/009164711404200102
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haggard, M., Rowatt, W. C., Leman, J. C., Meagher, B., Moore, C., Fergus, T., Whitcomb, D., Battaly, H., Baehr, J., & Howard-Snyder, D. (2018). Finding middle ground between intellectual arrogance and intellectual servility: Development and assessment of the limitations-owning intellectual humility scale. Personality and Individual Differences, 124, 184–193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.12.014
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• John, O. P., Donahue, E. M., & Kentle, R. L. (1991). Big five inventory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
   Google Scholar
• Koriat, A., Lichtenstein, S., & Fischhoff, B. (1980). Reasons for confidence. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 6(2), 107.
   Google Scholar
• Kramer, R. M., Newton, E., & Pommerenke, P. L. (1993). Self-enhancement biases and negotiator judgment: Effects of self-esteem and mood. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 56(1), 110–133. https://doi.org/10.1006/obhd.1993.1047
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kruger, J., & Dunning, D. (1999). Unskilled and unaware of it: How difficulties in recognizing one’s own incompetence lead to inflated self-assessments. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77(6), 1121. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.77.6.1121
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krumrei-Mancuso, E. J. (2017). Intellectual humility and prosocial values: Direct and mediated effects. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 12(1), 13–28. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2016.1167938
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krumrei-Mancuso, E. J., Haggard, M. C., LaBouff, J. P., & Rowatt, W. C. (2020). Links between intellectual humility and acquiring knowledge. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 15(2), 155–170. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2019.1579359
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krumrei-Mancuso, E. J., & Rouse, S. V. (2016). The development and validation of the comprehensive intellectual humility scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 98(2), 209–221. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2015.1068174
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leary, M. R., Diebels, K. J., Davisson, E. K., Jongman-Sereno, K. P., Isherwood, J. C., Raimi, K. T., Deffler, S. A., & Hoyle, R. H. (2017). Cognitive and interpersonal features of intellectual humility. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 43(6), 793–813. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167217697695
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, K., & Ashton, M. C. (2004). Psychometric Properties of the HEXACO Personality Inventory. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 39(2), 329–358. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327906mbr3902_8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leman, J. C. (2019). Are intellectually humble people aware of their reputation? An empirical investigation of the metaperception and meta-accuracy of intellectual humility (Doctoral dissertation). Baylor University.
   Google Scholar
• Ludeke, S. G., & Makransky, G. (2016). Does the Over-Claiming Questionnaire measure overclaiming? Absent convergent validity in a large community sample. Psychological Assessment, 28(6), 765. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000211
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matthews, T. D., & Lassiter, K. S. (2007). What does the wonderlic personnel test measure?. Psychological reports, 100(3), 707–712
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matthews, T. D., & Lassiter, K. S. (2007). What does the Wonderlic personnel test measure? Psychological Reports, 100(3), 707–712. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.100.3.707-712
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayseless, O., & Kruglanski, A. W. (1987). What makes you so sure? Effects of epistemic motivations on judgmental confidence. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 39(2), 162–183. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(87)90036-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meagher, B. R., Leman, J. C., Bias, J. P., Latendresse, S. J., & Rowatt, W. C. (2015). Contrasting self-report and consensus ratings of intellectual humility and arrogance. Journal of Research in Personality, 58, 35–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2015.07.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mengelkamp, C., & Bannert, M. (2010). Accuracy of confidence judgments: Stability and generality in the learning process and predictive validity for learning outcome. Memory & Cognition, 38(4), 441–451. https://doi.org/10.3758/MC.38.4.441
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mischel, W. (2004). Toward an integrative science of the person. Annual Review of Psychology, 55(1), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.55.042902.130709
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ng, V., & Tay, L. (2020). Lost in Translation: The Construct Representation of Character Virtues. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 15(2), 1745691619886014.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paulhus, D. L., Harms, P. D., Bruce, M. N., & Lysy, D. C. (2003). The over-claiming technique: Measuring self-enhancement independent of ability. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(4), 890. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.84.4.890
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peer, E., Vosgerau, J., & Acquisti, A. (2014). Reputation as a sufficient condition for data quality on Amazon Mechanical Turk. Behavior Research Methods, 46(4), 1023–1031. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-013-0434-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pennycook, G., Ross, R. M., Koehler, D. J., & Fugelsang, J. A. (2017). Dunning–Kruger effects in reasoning: Theoretical implications of the failure to recognize incompetence. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 24(6), 1774–1784. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-017-1242-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porter, T., & Schumann, K. (2018). Intellectual humility and openness to the opposing view. Self and Identity, 17(2), 139–162. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298868.2017.1361861
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raskin, R. N., & Hall, C. S. (1979). A narcissistic personality inventory. Psychological Reports, 45(2), 590. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1979.45.2.590
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts, R. C., & Wood, W. J. (2003). Humility and epistemic goods. In Linda Zagzebski & Michael DePaul (eds.), Intellectual Virtue: Perspectives From Ethics and Epistemology (pp. 257–279). New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Rosenthal, J. A. (1996). Qualitative descriptors of strength of association and effect size. Journal of Social Service Research, 21(4), 37–59. https://doi.org/10.1300/J079v21n04_02
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rowatt, W. C., Powers, C., Targhetta, V., Comer, J., Kennedy, S., & Labouff, J. (2006). Development and initial validation of an implicit measure of humility relative to arrogance. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 1(4), 198–211. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760600885671
   Google Scholar
• Samuelson, P. L., Jarvinen, M. J., Paulus, T. B., Church, I. M., Hardy, S. A., & Barrett, J. L. (2015). Implicit theories of intellectual virtues and vices: A focus on intellectual humility. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 10(5), 389–406. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2014.967802
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheldon, O. J., Dunning, D., & Ames, D. R. (2014). Emotionally unskilled, unaware, and uninterested in learning more: Reactions to feedback about deficits in emotional intelligence. Journal of Applied Psychology, 99(1), 125. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0034138
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simons, D. J. (2013). Unskilled and optimistic: Overconfident predictions despite calibrated knowledge of relative skill. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 20(3), 601–607. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-013-0379-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stapel, D. A., Koomen, W., & Zeelenberg, M. (1998). The impact of accuracy motivation on interpretation, comparison, and correction processes: Accuracy × knowledge accessibility effects. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(4), 878. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.74.4.878
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanesini, A. (2018). Intellectual humility as attitude. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 96(2), 399–420. https://doi.org/10.1111/phpr.12326
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tauber, S. K., Dunlosky, J., Rawson, K. A., Rhodes, M. G., & Sitzman, D. M. (2013). General knowledge norms: Updated and expanded from the Nelson and Narens (1980) norms. Behavior Research Methods, 45(4), 1115–1143. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-012-0307-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Webster, D. M., & Kruglanski, A. W. (1994). Individual differences in need for cognitive closure. Journal of personality and social psychology, 67(6), 1049
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitcomb, D., Battaly, H., Baehr, J., & Howard-Snyder, D. (2017). Intellectual humility: Owning our limitations. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 94(3), 509–539. https://doi.org/10.1111/phpr.12228
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, E. F., Dunning, D., & Kruger, J. (2013). The hobgoblin of consistency: Algorithmic judgment strategies underlie inflated self-assessments of performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 104(6), 976. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032416
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Windschitl, P. D., Scherer, A. M., Smith, A. R., & Rose, J. P. (2013). Why so confident? The influence of outcome desirability on selective exposure and likelihood judgment. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 120(1), 73–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2012.10.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wonderlic. (2017, March). Wonderlic Personnel Test – Quicktest Sample Report. Wonderlic. https://www.wonderlic.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/WPT-QSampleReport.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Zell, E., & Krizan, Z. (2014). Do people have insight into their abilities? A metasynthesis. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 9(2), 111–125. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691613518075
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar