Presence of meaning in life mediates the effects of gratitude and caring for bliss on flourishing in college students: a three-wave longitudinal study

References

• Ashby, F. G., Isen, A. M., & Turken, A. U. (1999). A neuropsychological theory of positive affect and its influence on cognition. Psychological Review, 106(3), 529–550. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.106.3.529
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bali, M., Bakhshi, A., Khajuria, A., & Anand, P. (2022). Examining the association of gratitude with psychological well-being of emerging adults: The mediating role of spirituality. Trends in Psychology, 30(4), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43076-022-00153-y
   Google Scholar
• Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
   Google Scholar
• Cohn, M. A., Fredrickson, B. L., Brown, S. L., Mikels, J. A., & Conway, A. M. (2009). Happiness unpacked: Positive emotions increase life satisfaction by building resilience. Emotion, 9(3), 361–368. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015952
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cole, D. A., & Maxwell, S. E. (2003). Testing mediational models with longitudinal data: Questions and tips in the use of structural equation modeling. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 112(4), 558–577. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.112.4.558
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dambrun, M. (2017). Self-centeredness and selflessness: Happiness correlates and mediating psychological processes. PeerJ, 5, e3306. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3306
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Datu, J. A. D. (2018). Flourishing is associated with higher academic achievement and engagement in filipino undergraduate and high school students. Journal of Happiness Studies, 19(1), 27–39. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-016-9805-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Datu, J. A. D., Fincham, F., & Buenconsejo, J. U. (2022). Psychometric validity and measurement invariance of the caring for bliss scale in the Philippines and the United States. Journal of American College Health, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2022.2076562
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Datu, J. A. D., Labarda, C. E., & Salanga, M. G. C. (2020). Flourishing is associated with achievement goal orientations and academic delay of gratification in a collectivist context. Journal of Happiness Studies, 21(4), 1171–1182. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-019-00122-w
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Datu, J. A. D., & Mateo, N. J. (2015). Gratitude and life satisfaction among filipino adolescents: The mediating role of meaning in life. International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling, 37(2), 198–206. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10447-015-9238-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diener, E., Wirtz, D., Tov, W., Kim-Prieto, C., Choi, D. W., Oishi, S., & Biswas-Diener, R. (2010). New well-being measures: Short scales to assess flourishing and positive and negative feelings. Social Indicators Research, 97(2), 143–156. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-009-9493-y
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Disabato, D. J., Kashdan, T. B., Short, J. L., & Jarden, A. (2017). What predicts positive life events that influence the course of depression? A longitudinal examination of gratitude and meaning in life. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 41(3), 444–458. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-016-9785-x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edwards, M. J., & Holden, R. R. (2001). Coping, meaning in life, and suicidal manifestations: Examining gender differences. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 57(12), 1517–1534. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.10206
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ekman, P., Davidson, R. J., Ricard, M., & Alan Wallace, B. (2005). Buddhist and psychological perspectives on emotions and well-being. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 14(2), 59–63. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0963-7214.2005.00335.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emmons, R. A., & Mishra, A. (2011). Why gratitude enhances well-being: What we know, what we need to know. In K. M. Sheldon, T. B. Kashdan, & M. F. Steger (Eds.), Designing positive psychology: Taking stock and moving forward (pp. 248–262). Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Erschens, R., Keifenheim, K. E., Herrmann-Werner, A., Loda, T., Schwille-Kiuntke, J., Bugaj, T. J., Nikendei, C., Huhn, D., Zipfel, S., Junne, F. (2019). Professional burnout among medical students: Systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Medical Teacher, 41(2), 172–183. https://doi.org/10.1080/0142159X.2018.1457213
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fitzke, R. E., Marsh, D. R., & Prince, M. A. (2021). A longitudinal investigation of the meaning‐making model in midlife adults who have experienced trauma. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 77(12), 2878–2893. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.23272
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fredrickson, B. L. (1998). What good are positive emotions? Review of General Psychology, 2(3), 300–319. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.2.3.300
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fredrickson, B. L. (2001). The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. American Psychologist, 56(3), 219–226. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.56.3.218
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fredrickson, B. L. (2013). Positive emotions broaden and build. In P. Devine & A. Plant (Eds.), Advances in experimental social psychology (pp. 1–53). Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Fredrickson, B. L., Cohn, M. A., Coffey, K. A., Pek, J., & Finkel, S. M. (2008). Open hearts build lives: Positive emotions, induced through loving-kindness meditation, build consequential personal resources. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95(5), 1045–1062. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013262
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Froh, J. J., Fan, J., Emmons, R. A., Bono, G., Huebner, E. S., & Watkins, P. (2011). Measuring gratitude in youth: Assessing the psychometric properties of adult gratitude scales in children and adolescents. Psychological Assessment, 23(2), 311. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021590
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garland, E. L., Fredrickson, B., Kring, A. M., Johnson, D. P., Meyer, P. S., & Penn, D. L. (2010). Upward spirals of positive emotions counter downward spirals of negativity: Insights from the broaden-and-build theory and affective neuroscience on the treatment of emotion dysfunctions and deficits in psychopathology. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(7), 849–864. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2010.03.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• George, L. S., & Park, C. L. (2016). Meaning in life as comprehension, purpose, and mattering: Toward integration and new research questions. Review of General Psychology, 20(3), 205–220. https://doi.org/10.1037/gpr00000
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• George, L. S., & Park, C. L. (2017). The multidimensional existential meaning scale: A tripartite approach to measuring meaning in life. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 12(6), 613–627. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2016.1209546
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heffner, A. L., & Antaramian, S. P. (2016). The role of life satisfaction in predicting student engagement and achievement. Journal of Happiness Studies, 17(4), 1681–1701. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-015-9665-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heintzelman, S. J., & King, L. A. (2014). Life is pretty meaningful. American Psychologist, 69(6), 561–574. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035049
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howell, A. J., & Buro, K. (2015). Measuring and predicting student well-being: Further evidence in support of the flourishing scale and the scale of positive and negative experiences. Social Indicators Research, 121(3), 903–915. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-014-0663-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King, L. A., Hicks, J. A., Krull, J. L., & Del Gaiso, A. K. (2006). Positive affect and the experience of meaning in life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90(1), 179–196. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.90.1.179
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kinnier, R. T., Metha, A. T., Keim, J. S., Okey, J. L., Adler-Tabia, R. L., Berry, M. A., & Mulvenon, S. W. (1994). Depression, meaninglessness, and substance abuse in“normal” and hospitalized adolescents. Journal of Alcohol and Drug Education, 39(2), 101–111.
   Google Scholar
• Kleiman, E. M., Adams, L. M., Kashdan, T. B., & Riskind, J. H. (2013). Gratitude and grit indirectly reduce risk of suicidal ideations by enhancing meaning in life: Evidence for a mediated moderation model. Journal of Research in Personality, 47(5), 539–546. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2013.04.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kong, F., Ding, K., & Zhao, J. (2015). The relationships among gratitude, self-esteem, social support and life satisfaction among undergraduate students. Journal of Happiness Studies, 16(2), 477–489. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-014-9519-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kong, F., Yang, K., Yan, W., & Li, X. (2021). How does trait gratitude relate to subjective well-being in Chinese adolescents? The mediating role of resilience and social support. Journal of Happiness Studies, 22(4), 1611–1622. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-020-00286-w
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar, M., & Sahu, K. (2019). Mental health and academic achievement: A review of studies. IAHRW International Journal of Social Sciences Review, 7(6–I), 2074–2076.
   Google Scholar
• Ledermann, T., & Macho, S. (2015). Assessing mediation in simple and complex models. In L. Rivera (Ed.), Structural equation modeling (SEM): Concepts, applications and misconceptions (pp. 69–101). Nova Science Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Li, J. B., Dou, K., & Liang, Y. (2021). The relationship between presence of meaning, search for meaning, and subjective well-being: A three-level meta-analysis based on the meaning in life questionnaire. Journal of Happiness Studies, 22(1), 467–489. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-020-00230-y
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin, C. C. (2015). Self-esteem mediates the relationship between dispositional gratitude and well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, 85, 145–148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.04.045
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martela, F., & Steger, M. F. (2016). The three meanings of meaning in life: Distinguishing coherence, purpose, and significance. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 11(5), 531–545. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2015.1137623
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• May, R. W., Bauer, K. N., & Fincham, F. D. (2015). School burnout: Diminished academic and cognitive performance. Learning and Individual Differences, 42, 126–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2015.07.015
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• May, R. W., Bauer, K. N., Seibert, G. S., Jaurequi, M. E., & Fincham, F. D. (2020). School burnout is related to sleep quality and perseverative cognition regulation at bedtime in young adults. Learning and Individual Differences, 78, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2020.101821
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCullough, M. E., Emmons, R. A., & Tsang, J. A. (2002). The grateful disposition: A conceptual and empirical topography. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82(1), 112–127. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.82.1.112
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCullough, M. E., Tsang, J. A., & Emmons, R. A. (2004). Gratitude in intermediate affective terrain: Links of grateful moods to individual differences and daily emotional experience. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86(2), 295. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.86.2.295
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meriläinen, M. (2014). Factors affecting study-related burnout among Finnish university students: Teaching-learning environment, achievement motivation and the meaning of life. Quality in Higher Education, 20(3), 309–329. https://doi.org/10.1080/13538322.2014.978136
   Google Scholar
• Nickerson, C., Diener, E. D., & Schwarz, N. (2011). Positive affect and college success. Journal of Happiness Studies, 12(4), 717–746. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-010-9224-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park, C. L. (2010). Making sense of the meaning literature: An integrative review of meaning making and its effects on adjustment to stressful life events. Psychological Bulletin, 136(2), 257. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018301
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parks, A. C., Kleiman, E., Kashdan, T., Hausmann, L. R. M., Meyer, P., Day, A. M., Spillane, N.S., Kahler, C. W. (2015). Positive psychotherapeutic and behavioral interventions. In D. V. Jeste & B. W. Palmer (Eds.), Positive psychiatry: A clinical handbook (pp. 147–165). American Psychiatric Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2004). Character strengths and virtues: A handbook and classification. Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• R Core Team. (2022). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. https://www.R-project.org/
   Google Scholar
• Rashid, T. (2015). Positive psychotherapy: A strength-based approach. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 10(1), 25–40. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2014.920411
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosseel, Y. (2012). lavaan: An R Package for structural equation modeling. Journal of Statistical Software, 48(2). https://doi.org/10.18637/jss v048. i02
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rudaz, M., Ledermann, T., & Fincham, F. D. (2022a). Caring for bliss moderates the association between mindfulness, self-compassion, and well-being in college-attending emerging adults. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 18(3), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2022.2036795
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rudaz, M., Ledermann, T., & Fincham, F. D. (2022b). Initial development and validation of a brief scale to measure genuine happiness in the United States. Journal of Religion and Health, 62(3), 2163–2180. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-022-01659-6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rudaz, M., Ledermann, T., & Fincham, F. D. (2022c). The interplay between mindfulness and caring for bliss on later student burnout. Journal of American College Health, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2021.2024549
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rudaz, M., Ledermann, T., May, R. W., & Fincham, F. D. (2020). A brief scale to measure caring for bliss: Conceptualization, initial development, and validation. Mindfulness, 11(3), 615–626. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-019-01267-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rudaz, M., Ledermann, T., Twohig, M. P., & Levin, M. E. (2019). Does a brief mindfulness training enhance heartfulness in students? Results of a pilot study. OBM Integrative and Complementary Medicine, 4(4), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.21926/obm.icm.1904059
   Google Scholar
• Schutte, L., Brdar, I., Wissing, M. P., Tončić, M., Araujo, U., Carlquist, E., Castro Solano, A., Freire, T., Hernández-Pozo, M. D. R., Jose, P. E., Martos, T., Nakamura, J., Nuñez Del Prado Chaves, P., Russo-Netzer, P., Singh, K., Slezackova, A., Soosai-Nathan, L., Unanue, W., Vella-Brodrick, D. A., & Delle Fave, A. (2023). Measurement invariance of the meaning in life Questionnaire across 17 countries. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 18(3), 1–29. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482-023-10150-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seligman, M. E., Rashid, T., & Parks, A. C. (2006). Positive psychotherapy. American Psychologist, 61(8), 774–788. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.61.8.774
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seligman, M. E., Steen, T. A., Park, N., & Peterson, C. (2005). Positive psychology progress: Empirical validation of interventions. American Psychologist, 60(5), 410–421. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.60.5.410
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheldon, E., Simmonds-Buckley, M., Bone, C., Mascarenhas, T., Chan, N., Wincott, M., Gleeson, H., Sow, K., Hind, D., Barkham, M. (2021). Prevalence and risk factors for mental health problems in university undergraduate students: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 287, 282–292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.03.054
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steger, M. F. (2012). Experiencing meaning in life – optimal functioning at the nexus of well-being, psychopathology, and spirituality. In P. T. P. Wong (Ed.), The human quest for meaning: Theories, research, and applications (2nd ed., pp. 165–184). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Steger, M. F., Frazier, P., Oishi, S., & Kaler, M. (2006). The meaning in life questionnaire: Assessing the presence of and search for meaning in life. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 53(1), 80–93. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.53.1.80
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Temane, L., Khumalo, I. P., & Wissing, M. P. (2014). Validation of the meaning in life Questionnaire in a South African context. Journal of Psychology in Africa, 24(1), 81–95. https://doi.org/10.1080/14330237.2014.904088
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tlili, M. A., Aouicha, W., Sahli, J., Testouri, A., Hamoudi, M., Mtiraoui, A., Ben Dhiab, M., Chelbi, S., Ajmi, T., Ben Rejeb, M., Mallouli, M. (2021). Prevalence of burnout among health sciences students and determination of its associated factors. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 26(2), 212–220. https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2020.1802050
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valdez, J. P. M., & Datu, J. A. D. (2021). How do grit and gratitude relate to flourishing? The mediating role of emotion regulation. In L. E. van Zyl, C. Olckers, & L. van der Vaart (Eds.), Multidisciplinary perspectives on grit. Contemporary theories, assessments, applications and critiques (pp. 1–16). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57389-8_1
   Google Scholar
• Valikhani, A., Ahmadnia, F., Karimi, A., & Mills, P. J. (2019). The relationship between dispositional gratitude and quality of life: The mediating role of perceived stress and mental health. Personality and Individual Differences, 141, 40–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2018.12.014
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wallace, B. A. (2005). Genuine happiness: Meditation as the path to fulfillment. John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Watkins, P. C., Uhder, J., & Pichinevskiy, S. (2015). Grateful recounting enhances subjective well-being: The importance of grateful processing. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 10(2), 91–98. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2014.927909
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wei, H., Dorn, A., Hutto, H., Webb Corbett, R., Haberstroh, A., & Larson, K. (2021). Impacts of nursing student burnout on psychological well-being and academic achievement. Journal of Nursing Education, 60(7), 369–376. https://doi.org/10.3928/01484834-20210616-02
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood, A. M., Froh, J. J., & Geraghty, A. W. (2010). Gratitude and well-being: A review and theoretical integration. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(7), 890–905. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2010.03.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar