Educational data brokers: using the walkthrough method to identify data brokering by edtech platforms

References

• ACCC. 2019. “Digital Platforms Final Report.” edited by accc.gov.au. https://www.accc.gov.au/system/files/Digital%20platforms%20inquiry%20-%20final%20report.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• An, Tao, and Martin Oliver. 2021. “What in the World is Educational Technology? Rethinking the Field from the Perspective of the Philosophy of Technology.” Learning, Media and Technology 46 (1), https://doi.org/10.1080/17439884.2020.1810066.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arantes, Janine A. 2020. “The Servitization of Australian K-12 Educational Settings.” Postdigital Science and Education, 1–29. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42438-019-00097-0.
   Google Scholar
• Birch, Kean, Margaret Chiappetta, and Anna Artyushina. 2020. “The Problem of Innovation in Technoscientific Capitalism: Data Rentiership and the Policy Implications of Turning Personal Digital Data into a Private Asset.” Journal of Policy Studies 41 (5): 468–487. https://doi.org/10.1080/01442872.2020.1748264.
   Google Scholar
• Crain, Matthew. 2018. “The limits of transparency: Data brokers and commodification.” New Media & Society 20 (1): 88–104. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444816657096.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Decuypere, Mathias. 2019. “Researching educational apps: Ecologies, technologies, subjectivities and learning regimes.” Learning, Media and Technology 44 (4): 414–429. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439884.2019.1667824.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dollinger, Mollie, Danny Liu, Natasha Arthars, and Jason Lodge. 2019. “Working Together in Learning Analytics Towards the Co-Creation of Value.” Journal of Learning Analytics 6 (2): 10–26. https://doi.org/10.18608/jla.2019.62.2.
   Google Scholar
• Fyfield, Matt, Michael Henderson, and Michael Phillips. 2021. “Navigating Four Billion Videos: Teacher Search Strategies and the YouTube Algorithm.” Learning, Media and Technology 46 (1). https://doi.org/10.1080/17439884.2020.1781890.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gillham, B. 2000. Case Study Research Methods. London: Bloomsbury Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Gulson, Kalervo N., and P. Taylor Webb. 2017. “Mapping an Emergent Field of ‘Computational Education Policy’: Policy Rationalities, Prediction and Data in the Age of Artificial Intelligence.” Research in Education 98 (1): 14–26. https://doi.org/10.1177/0034523717723385.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hakimi, Laura, Rebecca Eynon, and Victoria A Murphy. 2021. “The Ethics of Using Digital Trace Data in Education: A Thematic Review of the Research Landscape.” Review of Educational Research, https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543211020116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IBIS Capital. 2020. Global EdTech Market to Reach $404B by 2025 - 16.3% CAGR. HolonIQ. https://www.holoniq.com/notes/global-education-technology-market-to-reach-404b-by-2025.
   Google Scholar
• Ideland, M. 2021. “Google and the End of the Teacher? How a Figuration of the Teacher is Produced through an Edtech Discourse.” Learning, Media and Technology 46 (1), doi:10.1080/17439884.2020.1809452.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kemp, Katharine. 2019. “Concealed Data Practices and Competition Law: Why Privacy Matters.” UNSW Law Research Paper (19-53), https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3432769.
   Google Scholar
• Komljenovic, Janja. 2021. “The Rise of Education Rentiers: Digital Platforms, Digital Data and Rents.” Learning, Media and Technology, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439884.2021.1891422.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuykendall, K. August, 2022. Edmodo Users: One Week Left to Save Your Data Before It’s Deleted on Sept. 23. THE Journal. https://thejournal.com/articles/2022/09/15/how-to-save-your-content-and-data-before-edmodo-closes-and-deletes-everything-on-sept-22.aspx#:~:text=22%2C%20all%20data%20from%20Edmodo’ s,2022%2C%E2%80%9D%20the%20announcement%20said.
   Google Scholar
• Lankford, Hamilton, Susanna Loeb, and James Wyckoff. 2002. “Teacher Sorting and the Plight of Urban Schools: A Descriptive Analysis.” Educational Evaluation Policy Analysis 24 (1): 37–62. https://doi.org/10.3102/01623737024001037.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Light, Ben, Jean Burgess, and Stefanie Duguay. 2018. “The Walkthrough Method: An Approach to the Study of Apps.” New Media & Society 20 (3): 881–900. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444816675438.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lupton, Deborah. 2021. “‘Honestly no, I’ve never looked at it’: teachers’ understandings and practices related to students’ personal data in digitized health and physical education.” Learning, Media and Technology 46 (3): 281–293. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439884.2021.1896541.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCluskey, Fiona, and Matthew Winter. 2014. “Academic freedom in the digital age.” On the Horizon 22 (2): 136–146. https://doi.org/10.1108/OTH-09-2013-0033.
   Google Scholar
• McDonald, Aleecia M, and Lorrie Faith Cranor. 2008. “The Cost of Reading Privacy Policies.” ISJLP 4: 543.
   Google Scholar
• Ministry of Education, Edmodo Ghana. n.d. https://www.edmodo.com.gh/.
   Google Scholar
• Moore, Shannon Dawn Maree, Bruno De Oliveira Jayme, and Joanna Black. 2021. “Disaster Capitalism, Rampant Edtech Opportunism, and the Advancement of Online Learning in the Era of Covid19.” Critical Education 12 (2).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Netdragon. 2018a. “2018 Annual Report.” edited by Netdragon Websoft Holdings Ltd. http://file.download.99.com/down/ir_e_20190430.pdf, 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Netdragon. 2018b. “Disclosable Transaction in Relation to the Merger of Merger Sub with and into Edmodo.” http://file.download.99.com/down/ir_e_20180408.pdf: Netdragon Websoft Holdings Limited, 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Netdragon. 2019. “Interim Report.” Stock Code 777 (2019).
   Google Scholar
• Netdragon. 2022a. “Edmodo Announced Closure of its B2C version to Focus on Country Rollout Opportunities.” (2022) http://file.download.99.com/down/ir_en_20220818.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Netdragon. 2022b. “NetDragon (0777.HK) 2022 lnterim Results Conference Call and Webcast.” (2022) http://file.download.99.com/down/ir_e_20220902_1.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Netdragon. 2022c. “Netdragon announces Fiscal Year 2021 financial results.” (2022) http://file.download.99.com/down/ir_en_20220329.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Obar, J., and A. Oeldorf-Hirsch. 2016. “The Biggest Lie on the Internet: Ignoring the Privacy Policies and Terms of Service Policies of Social Networking Services.” In TPRC 44: The 44th Research Conference on Communication, Information and Internet Policy 2016, 1–33. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2757465.
   Google Scholar
• Perrotta, Carlo, Kalervo N Gulson, Ben Williamson, and Kevin Witzenberger. 2020. “Automation, APIs and the Distributed Labour of Platform Pedagogies in Google Classroom.” Journal of Critical Studies in Education, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/724sc.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perrotta, Carlo, and Neil Selwyn. 2019. “Deep Learning Goes to School: Toward a Relational Understanding of AI in Education.” Learning, Media and Technology, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/48t7e.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peters, Michael A. 2009. “Personalization, Personalized Learning and the Reform of Social Policy: The Prospect of Molecular Governance in the Digitized Society.” Policy Futures in Education 7 (6): 615–627. https://doi.org/10.2304/pfie.2009.7.6.615.
   Google Scholar
• Plantin, Jean-Christophe, and Aswin Punathambekar. 2019. “Digital Media Infrastructures: Pipes, Platforms, and Politics.” Media, Culture and Society 41 (2): 163–174.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PRnewswire. Aug 18, 2022. Edmodo Announced Closure of its B2C version to Focus on Country Rollout Opportunities. NetDragon Websoft Holdings Limited. https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/edmodo-announced-closure-of-its-b2c-version-to-focus-on-country-rollout-opportunities-301608283.html.
   Google Scholar
• Rennie, Ellie, Kathrin Schmieder, Julian Thomas, Sarah K. Howard, Jun Ma, and Jack Yang. 2019. “Privacy and App Use in Australian Primary Schools: Insights into School-Based Internet Governance.” Media International Australia, https://doi.org/10.1177/1329878X19828368.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Royakkers, Lambèr, Jelte Timmer, Linda Kool, and Rinie van Est. 2018. “Societal and Ethical Issues of Digitization.” Ethics and Information Technology, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10676-018-9452-x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell, N Cameron, Joel R Reidenberg, Elizabeth Martin, and Thomas B Norton. 2018. “Transparency and the Marketplace for Student Data.” Virginia Journal of Law and Technology 22: 107. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3191436.
   Google Scholar
• Sadowski, Jathan. 2019. “When Data Is Capital: Datafication, Accumulation, and Extraction.” Big Data & Society 6 (1): 2053951718820549. https://doi.org/10.1177/2053951718820549.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sellar, Sam, and Kalervo N. Gulson. 2021. “Becoming Information Centric: The Emergence of New Cognitive Infrastructures in Education Policy.” Journal of Education Policy 36 (3): 309–326. https://doi.org/10.1080/02680939.2019.1678766.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selwyn, Neil. 2020. “The Human Labour of School Data: Exploring the Production of Digital Data in Schools.” Oxford Review of Education, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/03054985.2020.1835628.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shneiderman, Ben, and Catherine Plaisant. 2010. Designing the User Interface: Strategies for Effective Human-Computer Interaction. Pearson Education India.
   Google Scholar
• Srnicek, Nick. 2017. Platform Capitalism. John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Staff, Nile. April 14, 2020. Minister Of Education Announces That Students Nationwide Will Use E-Learning Platform “Edmodo” To Continue Studies. https://nilefm.com/digest/article/5440/minister-of-education-announces-that-students-nationwide-will-use-e-learning-platform-edmodo-to-continue-studies.
   Google Scholar
• Swant, Marty. 2022. Europe’s New Ruling On Data Consent Pop-Ups Challenges Privacy Policies For Publishers And Advertisers, Forbes. Feb 2, 2022. Retrieved from https://www.forbes.com/sites/martyswant/2022/02/02/europes-new-ruling-on-data-consent-pop-ups-challenges-privacy-policies-for-publishers-and-advertisers/?sh=283e1b1827e6.
   Google Scholar
• Troeger, Jasmin, and Annekatrin Bock. 2022. “The sociotechnical walkthrough–a methodological approach for platform studies.” Studies in Communication Sciences 22 (1): 43–52. https://doi.org/10.24434/j.scoms.2022.01.3064.
   Google Scholar
• Vogel, Brennan, and Daniel Henstra. 2015. “Studying Local Climate Adaptation: A Heuristic Research Framework for Comparative Policy Analysis.” Journal of Global Environmental Change 31: 110–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2015.01.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• West, Deborah, David Heath, and Henk Huijser. 2016. “Let’s Talk Learning Analytics: A Framework for Implementation in Relation to Student Retention.” Online Learning 20 (2): 150–170. https://doi.org/10.1145/2460296.2460299.
   Google Scholar
• Williamson, Ben. 2021. “Meta-Edtech.” Learning, Media and Technology 46 (1): 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439884.2021.1876089.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williamson, Ben, and Anna Hogan. 2020. “Commercialization and Privatization in/of Education in the Context of Covid-19.” Journal of Education International Research.
   Google Scholar