Googlization(s) of education: intermediary work brokering platform dependence in three national school systems

References

• Baars, L. 2021, 2 March. Scholen gingen tijdens de lockdown massaal met Google in zee: win dan je privacy maar eens terug. Trouw.
   Google Scholar
• Baker, P. 2017. Apple May Have Already Lost the Battle to Google for a New Generation of Students. Vox. https://www.vox.com/2017/3/8/14858162/chromebooks-surpass-apple-ipad-school-students-education.
   Google Scholar
• Bisschop, P., M. Imandt, A. L. Van der Vegt, and M. Bomhof. 2016. Kwaliteit, betrouwbaarheid of innovatie: onderzoek naar de leermiddelenmarkt in het primair onderwijs.
   Google Scholar
• Bouma, K., and L. Van der Klift. 2019. Google wordt steeds grotere speler op scholen, tot zorg van privacyorganisaties. De Volkskrant. https://www.volkskrant.nl/nieuws-achtergrond/google-wordt-steeds-grotere-speler-op-scholen-tot-zorg-van-privacyorganisaties~bae18dcd/.
   Google Scholar
• Bourdieu, P. 1984. Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Carlsson, H. 2021. “Bridging the Gap Between Policy and Practice: Unpacking the Commercial Rhetoric of Google for Education.” European Educational Research Journal 21 (4): 680–701. https://doi.org/10.1177/1474904121997213.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castells, M. 2009. Communication Power. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Chen, D. 2016. “Teaching the Teachers: The New Google for Education Certified Trainer Program.” Google Cloud Blog. https://blog.google/outreach-initiatives/education/teaching-teachers-new-google-for/.
   Google Scholar
• Colley, A. 2020. “ACT Puts out Call for 20K Chromebooks.” CRN: Connecting the Australian Channel. https://www.crn.com.au/news/act-puts-out-call-for-20k-chromebooks-553157.
   Google Scholar
• Cone, L., K. Brøgger, M. Berghmans, M. Decuypere, A. Förschler, E. Grimaldi, & L. Vanermen. 2021. “Pandemic Acceleration: Covid-19 and the Emergency Digitalization of European Education.” European Educational Research Journal 21 (5): 845–868. https://doi.org/10.1177/14749041211041793.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Decuypere, M., E. Grimaldi, and P. Landri. 2021. “Introduction: Critical Studies of Digital Education Platforms.” Critical Studies in Education 62 (1): 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/17508487.2020.1866050.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Decuypere, M., and M. Landri. 2021. “Governing by Visual Shapes: University Rankings, Digital Education Platforms, and Cosmologies of Higher Education.” Critical Studies in Education 62 (1): 17–33. https://doi.org/10.1080/17508487.2020.1720760.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Desimone, Laura M., Amy Stornaiuolo, Nelson Flores, Katie Pak, Adam Edgerton, T. Philip Nichols, Emily C. Plummer, and Andrew Porter. 2019. “Successes and Challenges of the “New” College- and Career-Ready Standards: Seven Implementation Trends.” Educational Researcher 48 (3): 167–178. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X19837239.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Vynck, G., and M. Bergen. 2020. “Google Classroom Users Doubled as Quarantines Spread.” Yahoo Finance. https://finance.yahoo.com/news/google-doubled-numbers-classroom-quarantine-114500325.html.
   Google Scholar
• Frissen, P. H., M. Van der Steen, M. Noordegraaf, E. Hooge, and I. de Jong. 2016. Autonomie in Afhankelijkheid: Verbeteren van onderwijskwaliteit via krachtige koppelingen. Nationaal Regieorgaan Onderwijsonderzoek (NWO).
   Google Scholar
• Gleason, B., and M. K. Heath. 2021. “Injustice Embedded in Google Classroom and Google Meet: A Techno-Ethical Audit of Remote Educational Technologies.” Italian Journal of Educational Technology 26 (2): 26–41. https://doi.org/10.17471/2499-4324/1209.
   Google Scholar
• Google. 2023. “COOL Platform – App Specifications.” Chromebookapphub. https://chromebookapphub.withgoogle.com/apps/cloudwise-cool-school-portal.
   Google Scholar
• Gulson, K. N., C. Perrotta, B. Williamson, and K. Witzenberger. 2021. “Should we be Worried About Google Classroom? The Pedagogy of Platforms in Education.” Journal of Professional Learning, Semester 2. https://cpl.asn.au/journal/semester-2-2021/should-we-be-worried-about-google-classroom-the-pedagogy-of-platforms-in.
   Google Scholar
• Gulson, K., and K. Witzenberger. 2020. “Repackaging Authority: Artificial Intelligence, Automated Governance, and Educational Trade Shows.” Journal of Education Policy. 37 (1): 145–160. https://doi.org/10.1080/02680939.2020.1785552.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henderson, J. 2018. “How Google Took Control of the Classroom, Through the Channel.” ARN-IDG. https://www.arnnet.com.au/article/633245/how-google-took-control-classroom-through-channel/.
   Google Scholar
• Julian, A. 2018. “Why my School had Every Teachers Become a Google Certified Educator.” Medium. https://andrewjjulian.medium.com/why-my-school-had-every-teacher-become-a-google-certified-educator-b25c40c7da53.
   Google Scholar
• Kerssens, N., and J. Van Dijck. 2021. “The Platformization of Primary Education in The Netherlands.” Learning, Media and Technology, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439884.2021.1876725.
   Google Scholar
• Kerssens, N., and J. Van Dijck. 2022. “Governed by Edtech? Valuing Pedagogical Autonomy in a Platform Society.” Harvard Educational Review 92 (2): 284–303. https://doi.org/10.17763/1943-5045-92.2.284.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiernan, S. 2015. “ACT Schools Make Huge Google Apps, Chromebooks Switch.” CRN: Connecting the Australian Channel. https://www.crn.com.au/news/act-schools-make-huge-google-apps-chromebooks-switch-408026.
   Google Scholar
• Krutka, D. G., R. M. Smits, and T. A. Wilhelm. 2021. “Don’t be Evil: Should we Use Google in Schools?” TechTrends 65 (4): 421–431. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11528-021-00599-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Latour, B. 2006. Reassembling the Social: An Introduction to Actor-Network Theory. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lazare, M. 2021. A Peek at What’s Next for Google Classroom. https://blog.google/outreach-initiatives/education/classroom-roadmap/.
   Google Scholar
• Lindh, M., and J. Nolin. 2016. “Information We Collect: Surveillance and Privacy in the Implementation of Google Apps for Education.” European Educational Research Journal 15 (6): 644–663. https://doi.org/10.1177/1474904116654917.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindh, M., J. Nolin, and K. N. Hedvall. 2016. “Pupils in the Clouds: Implementation of Google Apps for Education.” First Monday. https://doi.org/10.5210/fm.v21i4.6185.
   Google Scholar
• Lossec, N., and N. Millar. 2021. “Learning Management System Adoption in Schools: A Consideration of the Impact on Teachers’ Professional Ethics.” Tampere Universities of Applied Sciences. http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:amk-2021052912453.
   Google Scholar
• National Center for Education Statistics (NCES). 2020. “The Condition of Education 2020.” https://nces.ed.gov/pubs2020/2020144.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Nieborg, D., T. Poell, and J. Van Dijck. 2022. “Platforms and Platformization.” The SAGE Handbook of the Digital Media Economy 29.
   Google Scholar
• Office of Educational Technology (OET). 2017. “Reimagining the Role of Technology in Education: 2017 National Education Technology Plan Update.” U.S. Department of Education. https://tech.ed.gov/files/2017/01/NETP17.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Pangrazio, L., N. Selwyn, and B. Cumbo. 2022. “A Patchwork of Platforms: Mapping Data Infrastructures in Schools.” Learning, Media and Technology, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439884.2022.2035395.
   Google Scholar
• Perrotta, C., K. N. Gulson, B. Williamson, and K. Witzenberger. 2020. “Automation, APIs and the Distributed Labour of Platform Pedagogies in Google Classroom.” Critical Studies in Education 62 (1): 97–113. https://doi.org/10.1080/17508487.2020.1855597.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poell, T., D. Nieborg, and J. Van Dijck. 2019. “Platformisation.” Internet Policy Review 8 (4): 1–13. https://doi.org/10.14763/2019.4.1425.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rennie, E., K. Schmieder, J. Thomas, S. K. Howard, J. Ma, and J. Yang. 2019. “Privacy and App Use in Australian Primary Schools: Insights into School-Based Internet Governance.” Media International Australia, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.171/1737/2193829787X8X1918982288368.
   Google Scholar
• Rogers, R. 2009. The Googlization Question, and the Inculpable Engine. Deep Search: The Politics of Search Engines. Edison, NJ: Transaction Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Saldana, C., K. Welner, S. Malcolm, and E. Tisch. 2021. “Teachers as Market Influencers: Towards a Policy Framework for Teacher Brand Ambassador Programs in K-12 Schools.” Education Policy Analysis Archives 29 (109): 1–36. https://doi.org/10.14507/epaa.29.5654.
   Google Scholar
• Schrock, A., and G. Shaffer. 2017. “Data Ideologies of an Interested Public: A Study of Grassroots Open Government Data Intermediaries.” Big Data & Society 4 (1): 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1177/2053951717690750.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharon, T. 2016. “The Googlization of Health Research: From Disruptive Innovation to Disruptive Ethics.” Personalized Medicine 13 (6): 563–574. https://doi.org/10.2217/pme-2016-0057.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singer, N. 2017. How Google Took Over the Classroom. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/13/technology/google-education-chromebooks-schools.html.
   Google Scholar
• Souto-Otero, M., and R. Beneito-Montagut. 2013. “Power On: Googlecracy, Privatisation and the Standardisation of Sources.” Journal of Education Policy 28 (4): 481–500. https://doi.org/10.1080/02680939.2013.775347.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaidhyanathan, S. 2011. The Googlization of Everything. Berkeley, CA : University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Van Dijck, J. 2020. “Seeing the Forest for the Trees: Visualizing Platformization and its Governance.” New Media & Society 23 (9): 2801–2819. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444820940293.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Dijck, J., T. Poell, and M. De Waal. 2018. The Platform Society. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Veale, M. 2022. “Schools Must Resist big EdTech – But It Won’t be Easy.” Education Data Futures: Critical, Regulatory and Practical Reflections. Digital Futures Commission; 5Rights Foundation.
   Google Scholar
• Williamson, B. 2021a. Google’s Plans to Bring AI to Education Make its Dominance in Classrooms More Alarming. https://www.fastcompany.com/. https://www.fastcompany.com/90641049/google-education-classroom-ai?s=03.
   Google Scholar
• Williamson, B. 2021b. “Making Markets Through Digital Platforms: Pearson, Edu-Business, and the (E)valuation of Higher Education.” Critical Studies in Education 62 (1): 50–66. https://doi.org/10.1080/17508487.2020.1737556.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williamson, B. 2021c. “Meta-Edtech.” Learning, Media and Technology 46 (1): 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439884.2021.1876089.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williamson, B., K. N. Gulson, C. Perrotta, and K. Witzenberger. 2022. “Amazon and the New Global Connective Architectures of Education Governance.” Harvard Educational Review 92 (2): 231–256. https://doi.org/10.17763/1943-5045-92.2.231.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yeskel, Z. 2014. “More Teaching, Less Teaching: Google Classroom Launches Today.” Google Cloud Blog. https://cloud.googleblog.com/2014/08/more-teaching-less-tech-ing-google.html.
   Google Scholar