Publication Cover
Global Public Health
An International Journal for Research, Policy and Practice
Volume 12, 2017 - Issue 5
3,483
Views
18
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

How does a national poverty programme influence sexual debut among Kenyan adolescents?

, , , , &
Pages 617-638 | Received 05 Feb 2015, Accepted 02 Nov 2015, Published online: 07 Feb 2016

References

  • Andresen, E. M., Malmgren, J. A., Carter, W. B., & Patrick, D. L. (1994). Screening for depression in well older adults: Evaluation of a short form of the CES-D. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 10(2), 77–84.
  • Angrist, J. D., & Pischke, J.-S. (2009). Mostly harmless econometrics: An empiricist's companion. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Ardington, C., & Case, A. (2009). Health: Analysis of the NIDS wave 1 dataset [Discussion Paper No. 2]. Cape Town: NIDS, University of Cape Town.
  • Baird, S., Chirwa, E., McIntosh, C., & Ozler, B. (2010). The short-term impacts of a schooling conditional cash transfer program on the sexual behavior of young women. Health Economics, 19(Suppl), 55–68. doi: 10.1002/hec.1569
  • Baird, S., De Hoop, J., & Özler, B. (2013). Income shocks and adolescent mental health. Journal of Human Resources, 48(2), 370–403. doi: 10.1353/jhr.2013.0014
  • Baird, S. J., Garfein, R. S., McIntosh, C. T., & Ozler, B. (2012). Effect of a cash transfer programme for schooling on prevalence of HIV and herpes simplex type 2 in Malawi: A cluster randomised trial. The Lancet, 379(9823), 1320–1329. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61709-1
  • Barnett, T., Seeley, J., Levin, J., & Katongole, J. (2015). Hope: A new approach to understanding structural factors in HIV acquisition. Global Public Health, 10(4), 417–437. doi: 10.1080/17441692.2015.1007154
  • Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173–1182. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173
  • Beegle, K., & Krutikova, S. (2007). Adult mortality and children's transition into marriage. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper (4139).
  • Beguy, D., Kabiru, C. W., Nderu, E. N., & Ngware, M. W. (2009). Inconsistencies in self-reporting of sexual activity among young people in Nairobi, Kenya. Journal of Adolescent Health, 45(6), 595–601. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2009.03.014
  • Behrman, J. R., & Hoddinott, J. (2005). Programme evaluation with unobserved heterogeneity and selective implementation: The Mexican progresa impact on child nutrition. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 67(4), 547–569. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-0084.2005.00131.x
  • Birdthistle, I., Floyd, S., Nyagadza, A., Mudziwapasi, N., Gregson, S., & Glynn, J. R. (2009). Is education the link between orphanhood and HIV/HSV-2 risk among female adolescents in urban Zimbabwe? Social Science & Medicine, 68(10), 1810–1818. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.02.035
  • Bjorkman Nyqvist, M., Corno, L., De Walque, D., & Jakob, S. (2015). Using lotteries to incentivize safer sexual behavior: Evidence from a randomized controlled trial on HIV prevention. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper (7215).
  • Boey, K. W. (1999). Cross-validation of a short form of the CES-D in Chinese elderly. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 14(8), 608–617. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1166(199908)14:8<608::AID-GPS991>3.0.CO;2-Z
  • Bojorquez Chapela, I., & de Snyder, N. S. (2009). Psychometric characteristics of the center for epidemiological studies-depression scale (CES-D), 20- and 10-item versions, in women from a Mexican rural area. Salud Mental, 32(4), 299–307.
  • Brown, L. K., Danovsky, M. B., Lourie, K. J., DiClemente, R. J., & Ponton, L. E. (1997). Adolescents with psychiatric disorders and the risk of HIV. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 36(11), 1609–1617.
  • Cheung, Y. B., Liu, K. Y., & Yip, P. S. F. (2007). Performance of the CES-D and its short forms in screening suicidality and hopelessness in the community. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 37(1), 79–88. doi: 10.1521/suli.2007.37.1.79
  • Cho, H., Hallfors, D. D., Mbai, I. I., Itindi, J., Milimo, B. W., Halpern, C. T., & Iritani, B. J. (2011). Keeping adolescent orphans in school to prevent human immunodeficiency virus infection: Evidence from a randomized controlled trial in Kenya. Journal of Adolescent Health, 48(5), 523–526. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2010.08.007
  • Cluver, L., Boyes, M., Orkin, M., Pantelic, M., Molwena, T., & Sherr, L. (2013). Child-focused state cash transfers and adolescent risk of HIV infection in South Africa: A propensity-score-matched case–control study. The Lancet Global Health, 1(6), e362–e370. doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(13)70115-3
  • Cluver, L., & Gardner, F. (2007). Risk and protective factors for psychological well-being of children orphaned by AIDS in cape town: A qualitative study of children and caregivers’ perspectives. AIDS Care, 19(3), 318–325. doi: 10.1080/09540120600986578
  • Covarrubias, K., Davis, B., & Winters, P. (2012). From protection to production: Productive impacts of the Malawi social cash transfer scheme. Journal of Development Effectiveness, 4(1), 50–77. doi: 10.1080/19439342.2011.641995
  • Davis, B., Gaarder, M., Handa, S., & Yablonski, J. (2012). Evaluating the impact of cash transfer programmes in sub-Saharan Africa: An introduction to the special issue. Journal of Development Effectiveness, 4(1), 1–8. doi: 10.1080/19439342.2012.659024
  • Deaton, A. (1997). The analysis of household surveys: A microeconometric approach to development policy. Washington, DC: World Bank Publications
  • De Walque, D., Dow, W. H., Nathan, R., Abdul, R., Abilahi, F., Gong, E., … Krishnan, S. (2012). Incentivising safe sex: A randomised trial of conditional cash transfers for HIV and sexually transmitted infection prevention in rural Tanzania. BMJ Open, 2(1), 1–10. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2011-000747
  • Donenberg, G. R. (2005). Youths and HIV/AIDS: Psychiatry's role in a changing epidemic. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 44(8), 728–747. doi: 10.1097/01.chi.0000166381.68392.02
  • Donenberg, G. R., Emerson, E., Bryant, F. B., Wilson, H., & Weber-Shifrin, E. (2001). Understanding AIDS-risk behavior among adolescents in psychiatric care: Links to psychopathology and peer relationships. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 40(6), 642–653. doi: 10.1097/00004583-200106000-00008
  • Doyle, A. M., Mavedzenge, S. N., Plummer, M. L., & Ross, D. A. (2012). The sexual behaviour of adolescents in sub-Saharan Africa: Patterns and trends from national surveys. Tropical Medicine & International Health, 17(7), 796–807. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2012.03005.x
  • Duflo, E., Dupas, P., & Kremer, M. (2014). Education, HIV, and early fertility: Experimental evidence from Kenya ( Working Paper No. w20784). National Bureau of Economic Research. Retrieved from http://www.nber.org/papers/w20784
  • Duflo, E., Dupas, P., Kremer, M., & Sinei, S. (2006). Education and HIV/AIDS prevention: Evidence from a randomized evaluation in Western Kenya ( Working Paper No. 4024). World Bank. Retrieved from http:10.1596/1813-9450-4024.
  • Eggleston, E., Leitch, J., & Jackson, J. (2000). Consistency of self-reports of sexual activity among young adolescents in Jamaica. International Family Planning Perspectives, 26(2), 79–83. doi: 10.2307/2648271
  • Fernald, L. C. H., Gertler, P. J., & Neufeld, L. M. (2008). Role of cash in conditional cash transfer programmes for child health, growth, and development: An analysis of Mexico's Oportunidades. The Lancet, 371(9615), 828–837. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60382-7
  • Ferré, C. (2009). Age at first child does education delay fertility timing? The Case of Kenya, World Bank Policy Research (Working Paper No. 4833). Retrieved from http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1344718
  • Flisher, A. J., Lund, C., Funk, M., Banda, M., Bhana, A., Doku, V., … Omar, M. (2007). Mental health policy development and implementation in four African countries. Journal of Health Psychology, 12(3), 505–516. doi: 10.1177/1359105307076237
  • Gore, F. M., Bloem, P. J. N., Patton, G. C., Ferguson, J., Joseph, V., Coffey, C., … Mathers, C. D. (2011). Global burden of disease in young people aged 10–24 years: A systematic analysis. The Lancet, 377(9783), 2093–2102. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60512-6
  • Greif, M. J., Dodoo, F. N.-A., & Jayaraman, A. (2011). Urbanisation, poverty and sexual behaviour: The tale of five African cities. Urban Studies, 48(5), 947–957. doi: 10.1177/0042098010368575
  • Hallfors, D., Cho, H., Rusakaniko, S., Iritani, B., Mapfumo, J., & Halpern, C. (2011). Supporting adolescent orphan girls to stay in school as HIV risk prevention: Evidence from a randomized controlled trial in Zimbabwe. American Journal of Public Health, 101(6), 1082–1088. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2010.300042
  • Handa, S., Halpern, C. T., Pettifor, A., & Thirumurthy, H. (2014). The government of Kenya's cash transfer program reduces the risk of sexual debut among young people age 15–25. PLoS One, 9(1), e85473. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0085473
  • Handa, S., Huang, C., Hypher, N., Teixeira, C., Soares, F. V., & Davis, B. (2012). Targeting effectiveness of social cash transfer programmes in three African countries. Journal of Development Effectiveness, 4(1), 78–108. doi: 10.1080/19439342.2011.641994
  • Handa, S., Peterman, A., Huang, C., Halpern, C., Pettifor, A., & Thirumurthy, H. (2015). Impact of the Kenya cash transfer for orphans and vulnerable children on girls’ early pregnancy and marriage. Social Science and Medicine, 141, 36–45.
  • Heinrich, C., Hoddinott, J., Samson, M., MacQuene, K., van Nikerk, I., & Renaud, B. (2012). The South African child support grant impact assessment. Pretoria: Department of Social Development, South African Social Security Agency, UNICEF.
  • Heise, L., Lutz, B., Ranganathan, M., & Watts, C. (2013). Cash transfers for HIV prevention: Considering their potential. Journal of the International AIDS Society, 16(18615). Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3752431/pdf/JIAS-16-18615.pdf
  • Hoddinott, J., & Skoufias, E. (2004). The impact of Progresa on food consumption. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 53(1), 37–61. doi: 10.1086/423252
  • Jukes, M., Simmons, S., & Bundy, D. (2008). Education and vulnerability: The role of schools in protecting young women and girls from HIV in southern Africa. AIDS, 22, S41–S56. doi: 10.1097/01.aids.0000341776.71253.04
  • Kelly, C. A., Soler-Hampejsek, E., Mensch, B. S., & Hewett, P. C. (2013). Social desirability bias in sexual behavior reporting: Evidence from an interview mode experiment in rural Malawi. International Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, 39(1), 14–21. doi: 10.1363/3901413
  • The Kenya CT-OVC Evaluation Team. (2012a). The impact of Kenya's cash transfer for orphans and vulnerable children on human capital. Journal of Development Effectiveness, 4(1), 38–49. doi: 10.1080/19439342.2011.653578
  • The Kenya CT-OVC Evaluation Team. (2012b). The impact of the Kenya cash transfer program for orphans and vulnerable children on household spending. Journal of Development Effectiveness, 4(1), 9–37. doi: 10.1080/19439342.2011.653980
  • Kilburn, K., Thirumurthy, H., Halpern, C. T., Pettifor, A., & Handa, S. (2014). Effects of a large-scale unconditional cash transfer program on mental health outcomes of young people in Kenya: A cluster randomized trial. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina.
  • Kohler, H.-P., & Thornton, R. L. (2012). Conditional cash transfers and HIV/AIDS prevention: Unconditionally promising? The World Bank Economic Review, 26(2), 165–190 doi: 10.1093/wber/lhr041
  • Luke, N. (2003). Age and economic asymmetries in the sexual relationships of adolescent girls in sub-Saharan Africa. Studies in Family Planning, 34(2), 67–86. doi: 10.1111/j.1728-4465.2003.00067.x
  • Lund, C., De Silva, M., Plagerson, S., Cooper, S., Chisholm, D., Das, J., … Patel, V. (2011). Poverty and mental disorders: Breaking the cycle in low-income and middle-income countries. The Lancet, 378(9801), 1502–1514. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60754-X
  • Madise, N., Zulu, E., & Ciera, J. (2007). Is poverty a driver for risky sexual behaviour? Evidence from national surveys of adolescents in four African countries: Original research article. African Journal of Reproductive Health, 11(3), 83–98. doi: 10.2307/25549733
  • McQueston, K., Silverman, R., & Glassman, A. (2013). The efficacy of interventions to reduce adolescent childbearing in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review. Studies in Family Planning, 44(4), 369–388. doi: 10.1111/j.1728-4465.2013.00365.x
  • Medlin, C., & De Walque, D. (2008). Potential applications of conditional cash transfers for prevention of sexually transmitted infections and HIV in sub-Saharan Africa. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper Series.
  • Mensch, B. S., Hewett, P. C., Gregory, R., & Helleringer, S. (2008). Sexual behavior and STI/HIV status among adolescents in rural Malawi: An evaluation of the effect of interview mode on reporting. Studies in Family Planning, 39(4), 321–334. doi: 10.1111/j.1728-4465.2008.00178.x
  • Niño-Zarazúa, M., Barrientos, A., Hickey, S., & Hulme, D. (2012). Social protection in sub-Saharan Africa: Getting the politics right. World Development, 40(1), 163–176. doi: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2011.04.004
  • Onuoha, F. N., Munakata, T., Serumaga-Zake, P. A. E., Nyonyintono, R. M., & Bogere, S. M. (2009). Negative mental health factors in children orphaned by AIDS: Natural mentoring as a palliative care. AIDS and Behavior, 13(5), 980–988. doi: 10.1007/s10461-008-9459-0
  • Ozier, O. (2011). The impact of secondary schooling in Kenya: A regression discontinuity analysis. Berkeley. Retrieved from http://economics.ozier.com/owen/papers/ozier_JMP_20110117.pdf
  • Palen, L.-A., Smith, E. A., Caldwell, L. L., Flisher, A. J., Wegner, L., & Vergnani, T. (2008). Inconsistent reports of sexual intercourse among South African high school students. Journal of Adolescent Health, 42(3), 221–227. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2007.08.024
  • Palermo, T., & Peterman, A. (2009). Are female orphans at risk for early marriage, early sexual debut, and teen pregnancy? Evidence from sub-Saharan Africa. Studies in Family Planning, 40(2), 101–112. doi: 10.1111/j.1728-4465.2009.00193.x
  • Patel, V., & Kleinman, A. (2003). Poverty and common mental disorders in developing countries. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 81(8), 609–615.
  • Paul Schultz, T. (2004). School subsidies for the poor: Evaluating the Mexican Progresa poverty program. Journal of Development Economics, 74(1), 199–250. doi: 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2003.12.009
  • Paxson, C., & Schady, N. (2007). Cognitive development among young children in Ecuador the roles of wealth, health, and parenting. Journal of Human Resources, 42(1), 49–84. doi: 10.3368/jhr.XLII.1.49
  • Pettifor, A., MacPhail, C., Nguyen, N., & Rosenberg, M. (2012). Can money prevent the spread of HIV? A review of cash payments for HIV prevention. AIDS and Behavior, 16(7), 1729–1738. doi: 10.1007/s10461-012-0240-z
  • Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D scale a self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1(3), 385–401. doi: 10.1177/014662167700100306
  • Ravallion, M. (1998). Poverty lines in theory and practice. Washington, DC: World Bank Publications.
  • Robinson, J., & Yeh, E. (2011). Transactional sex as a response to risk in Western Kenya. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 3(1), 35–64.
  • Rosenberg, M., Pettifor, A., Thirumurthy, H., Halpern, C. T., & Handa, S. (2014). The impact of a national poverty reduction program on the characteristics of sex partners among Kenyan adolescents. AIDS and Behavior, 18(2), 311–316. doi: 10.1007/s10461-013-0487-z
  • Senefeld, S., Strasser, S., Campbell, J., & Perrin, J. (2011). Measuring adolescent well-being: The development of a standardized measure for adolescents participating in orphans and vulnerable children programming. Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies, 6(4), 346–359. doi: 10.1080/17450128.2011.635722
  • Snyder, C., Richard, B. H., Pelham, W. E., Rapoff, M., Ware, L., Danovsky, M., … Stahl, K. J. (1997). The development and validation of the children's hope scale. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 22(3), 399–421. doi: 10.1093/jpepsy/22.3.399
  • The Transfer Project. (2015). Measuring health and well-being of young people in the transfer project (research brief). Chapel Hill, NC: Carolina Population Center.
  • UNAIDS. (2012). Fact sheet: Adolescents, young people and HIV. Author.
  • Wamoyi, J., Mshana, G., Mongi, A., Neke, N., Kapiga, S., & Changalucha, J. (2014). A review of interventions addressing structural drivers of adolescents’ sexual and reproductive health vulnerability in sub-Saharan Africa: Implications for sexual health programming. Reproductive Health, 11(1), Article no. 88. doi: 10.1186/1742-4755-11-88
  • World Bank. (2009). Conditional cash transfers: Reducing present and future poverty. Washington, DC: Author.
  • World Health Organization. (2014). Health for the world's adolescents: A second chance in the second decade. Geneva: WHO.
  • Zuilkowski, S. S., & Jukes, M. C. H. (2012). The impact of education on sexual behavior in sub-Saharan Africa: A review of the evidence. AIDS Care, 24(5), 562–576. doi: 10.1080/09540121.2011.630351