Caregiver and community insights on coping strategies used by adolescents living in conflict-affected communities

References

• Attanayake, V., McKay, R., Joffres, M., Singh, S., Burkle, F., Jr., & Mills, E. (2009). Prevalence of mental disorders among children exposed to war: A systematic review of 7,920 children. Medicine Conflict and Survival, 25(1), 4–19. doi: 10.1080/13623690802568913
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ballard, P. J., & Syme, S. L. (2016). Engaging youth in communities: A framework for promoting adolescent and community health. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 70(2), 202–206. doi: 10.1136/jech-2015-206110
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barber, B. K. (1999). Political violence, family relations, and Palestinian youth functioning. Journal of Adolescent Research, 14(2), 206–230. doi: 10.1177/0743558499142004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bayer, C., Klasen, F., & Adam, H. (2007). Association of trauma and PTSD symptoms with openness to reconciliation and feelings of revenge among former Ugandan and Congolese child soldiers. JAMA, 298(5), 555–559. doi: 10.1001/jama.298.5.555
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernard, H. R. (2011). Research methods in anthropology: Qualitative and quantitative approaches. Lanham, MD: Rowman Altamira.
   Google Scholar
• Betancourt, T. S., Borisova, I., Williams, T. P., Meyers-Ohki, S. E., Rubin-Smith, J. E., Annan, J., & Kohrt, B. A. (2013). Psychosocial adjustment and mental health in former child soldiers – Systematic review of the literature and recommendations for future research. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 54(1), 17–36. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2012.02620.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Betancourt, T. S., Brennan, R. T., Rubin-Smith, J., Fitzmaurice, G. M., & Gilman, S. E. (2010). Sierra Leone’s former child soldiers: A longitudinal study of risk, protective factors, and mental health. Journal of the Americal Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 49(6), 606–615. doi: 10.1016/j.jaac.2010.03.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boxer, P., Sloan-Power, E., Mercado, I., & Schappell, A. (2012). Coping with stress, coping with violence: Links to mental health outcomes among at-risk youth. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 34(3), 405–414. doi: 10.1007/s10862-012-9285-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development: Experiments by nature and design. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Campbell-Sills, L., Cohan, S. L., & Stein, M. B. (2006). Relationship of resilience to personality, coping, and psychiatric symptoms in young adults. Behavioral Reearch and Theapy, 44(4), 585–599. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2005.05.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chandra-Mouli, V., Camacho, A. V., & Michaud, P.-A. (2013). WHO guidelines on preventing early pregnancy and poor reproductive outcomes among adolescents in developing countries. Journal of Adolescent Health, 52(5), 517–522. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.03.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charmaz, K. (2006). Constructing grounded theory: A practical guide through qualitative analysis. London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Cherewick, M., Kohli, A., Remy, M. M., Murhula, C. M., Kurhorhwa, A. K. B., Mirindi, A. B., … Kindja, G. M. (2015). Coping among trauma-affected youth: A qualitative study. Conflict and Health, 9(1), 1–12. doi: 10.1186/s13031-015-0062-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Creswell, J. W., & Zhang, W. (2009). The application of mixed methods designs to trauma research. Journal of Trauma Stress, 22(6), 612–621. doi: 10.1002/jts.20479
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crone, E. A., & Dahl, R. E. (2012). Understanding adolescence as a period of social–affective engagement and goal flexibility. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 13(9), 636–650. doi: 10.1038/nrn3313
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Derluyn, I., & Broekaert, E. (2007). Different perspectives on emotional and behavioural problems in unaccompanied refugee children and adolescents. Ethnicity and Health, 12(2), 141–162. doi: 10.1080/13557850601002296
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dishion, T. J., Ha, T., & Véronneau, M.-H. (2012). An ecological analysis of the effects of deviant peer clustering on sexual promiscuity, problem behavior, and childbearing from early adolescence to adulthood: An enhancement of the life history framework. Developmental Psychology, 48(3), 703–717. doi: 10.1037/a0027304
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durakovic-Belko, E., Kulenovic, A., & Dapic, R. (2003). Determinants of posttraumatic adjustment in adolescents from Sarajevo who experienced war. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 59(1), 27–40. doi: 10.1002/jclp.10115
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ehntholt, K. A., & Yule, W. (2006). Practitioner review: Assessment and treatment of refugee children and adolescents who have experienced war-related trauma. Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry, 47(12), 1197–1210. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2006.01638.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falb, K. L., Tanner, S., Ward, L., Erksine, D., Noble, E., Assazenew, A., … Mallinga, P. (2016). Creating opportunities through mentorship, parental involvement, and safe spaces (COMPASS) program: Multi-country study protocol to protect girls from violence in humanitarian settings. BMC Public Health, 16(1), 1. doi: 10.1186/s12889-016-2894-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Folkman, S., & Moskowitz, J. T. (2004). COPING: Pitfalls and promise. Annual Review of Psychoogyl, 55(1), 745–774. doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.55.090902.141456
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garmezy, N. (1971). Vulnerability research and the issue of primary prevention. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 41(1), 101–116. doi: 10.1111/j.1939-0025.1971.tb01111.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glass, N., Perrin, N. A., Kohli, A., & Remy, M. M. (2014). Livestock/animal assets buffer the impact of conflict-related traumatic events on mental health symptoms for rural women. PLoS One, 9(11), e111708. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111708
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glass, N., Ramazani, P., Tosha, M., Mpanano, M., & Cinyabuguma, M. (2012). A Congolese–US participatory action research partnership to rebuild the lives of rape survivors and their families in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo. Global Public Health, 7(2), 184–195. doi: 10.1080/17441692.2011.594449
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodman, J. H. (2004). Coping with trauma and hardship among unaccompanied refugee youths from Sudan. Qualitative Health Research, 14(9), 1177–1196. doi: 10.1177/1049732304265923
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hundt, G. L., Chatty, D., Thabet, A. A., & Abuateya, H. (2004). Advocating multi-disciplinarity in studying complex emergencies: The limitations of a psychological approach to understanding how young people cope with prolonged conflict in Gaza. Journal of Biosocial Science, 36(4), 417–431. doi: 10.1017/S0021932004006649
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunter, M. (2002). The materiality of everyday sex: Thinking beyond ‘prostitution’. African Studies, 61(1), 99–120. doi.10.1080/00020180220140091
   Google Scholar
• James, A. (2007). Giving voice to children’s voices: Practices and problems, pitfalls and potentials. American Anthropologist, 109(2), 261–272. doi: 10.1525/aa.2007.109.2.261
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jensen, R., & Thornton, R. (2003). Early female marriage in the developing world. Gender & Development, 11(2), 9–19. doi: 10.1080/741954311
   Google Scholar
• Kinzie, J. D., Fredrickson, R. H., Ben, R., Fleck, J., & Karls, W. (1984). Posttraumatic stress disorder among survivors of Cambodian concentration camps. American Journal of Psychiatry, 141(5), 645–650. doi: 10.1176/ajp.141.5.645
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kliewer, W., Lepore, S. J., Oskin, D., & Johnson, P. D. (1998). The role of social and cognitive processes in children’s adjustment to community violence. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66(1), 199–209. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.66.1.199
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kohli, R. K., & Connolly, H. (2009). Transitions for young people seeking asylum. In A. Petch (Ed.), Managing transitions: Support for individuals at key points of transition (pp. 73–92). Bristol: Policy Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kuterovac-Jagodic, G. (2003). Posttraumatic stress symptoms in Croatian children exposed to war: A prospective study. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 59(1), 9–25. doi: 10.1002/jclp.10114
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. New York, NY: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (1990). Judging the quality of case study reports. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 3(1), 53–59. doi: 10.1080/0951839900030105
   Google Scholar
• Luke, N. (2003). Age and economic asymmetries in the sexual relationships of adolescent girls in sub-Saharan Africa. Studies in FamilyPplanning, 34(2), 67–86. doi: 10.1111/j.1728-4465.2003.00067.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magaya, L., Asner-Self, K. K., & Schreiber, J. B. (2005). Stress and coping strategies among Zimbabwean adolescents. British Journal of Eduational Psychology, 75(Pt 4), 661–671. doi: 10.1348/000709905x25508
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin, W., & Dorothy, F. (2000). Subjects, objects or participants: Dilemmas of psychological research with children. In P. Christensen & A. James (Eds.), Research with children: Perspectives and practices (pp. 10–39). London: Falmer Press.
   Google Scholar
• Masten, A. S., & Narayan, A. J. (2012). Child development in the context of disaster, war, and terrorism: Pathways of risk and resilience. Annual Review of Psychology, 63, 227–257. doi: 10.1146/annurev-psych-120710-100356
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mels, C., Derluyn, I., Broekaert, E., & García-Pérez, C. (2015). Coping behaviours and post-traumatic stress in war-affected eastern Congolese adolescents. Stress & Health, 31(1), 83–88. doi:10.1002/smi.2540
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mels, C., Derluyn, I., Broekaert, E., & Rosseel, Y. (2009). Screening for traumatic exposure and posttraumatic stress symptoms in adolescents in the war-affected eastern Democratic Republic of Congo. Archives of Pediatric & Adolescent Medicine, 163(6), 525–530. doi: 10.1001/archpediatrics.2009.56
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mertens, D. M. (2009). Transforming research and evaluation. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mukwege, D. M., Mohamed-Ahmed, O., & Fitchett, J. R. (2010). Rape as a strategy of war in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. International Health, 2(3), 163–164. doi: 10.1016/j.inhe.2010.06.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oshri, A., Rogosch, F. A., & Cicchetti, D. (2013). Child maltreatment and mediating influences of childhood personality types on the development of adolescent psychopathology. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 42(3), 287–301. doi: 10.1080/15374416.2012.715366
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Panter-Brick, C. (2002). Street children, human rights, and public health: A critique and future directions. Annual Review of Anthropology, 31, 147–171. doi: 10.1146/annurev.anthro.31.040402.085359
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petersen, I., Bhana, A., & McKay, M. (2005). Sexual violence and youth in South Africa: The need for community-based prevention interventions. Child Abuse & Neglect, 29(11), 1233–1248. doi: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2005.02.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pincus, D. B., & Friedman, A. G. (2004). Improving children’s coping with everyday stress: Transporting treatment interventions to the school setting. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 7(4), 223–240. doi: 10.1007/s10567-004-6087-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prout, A. (2002). Researching children as social actors: An introduction to the children 5–16 programme. Children & Society, 16(2), 67–76. doi: 10.1002/chi.710
   Google Scholar
• Rutter, M. (2007). Resilience, competence, and coping. Child Abuse & Neglect, 31(3), 205–209. doi: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2007.02.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherrod, L. R., Flanagan, C., & Youniss, J. (2002). Dimensions of citizenship and opportunities for youth development: The what, why, when, where, and who of citizenship development. Applied Developmental Science, 6(4), 264–272. doi: 10.1207/S1532480XADS0604_14
   Google Scholar
• Skinner, E. A., Edge, K., Altman, J., & Sherwood, H. (2003). Searching for the structure of coping: A review and critique of category systems for classifying ways of coping. Psychological Bulletin, 129(2), 216–269. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.129.2.216
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spencer, D., Karim, N., Greene, M., Picard, M., Boender, C., Sauvarin, J., & Christiaensen, L. (2015). To protect her honour. Child marriage in emergencies-the fatal confusion between protecting girls and sexual violence. London: Care International.
   Google Scholar
• Stoolmiller, M. (1994). Antisocial behavior, delinquent peer association, and unsupervised wandering for boys: Growth and change from childhood to early adolescence. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 29(3), 263–288. doi: 10.1207/s15327906mbr2903_4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thabet, A., Abed, Y., & Vostanis, P. (2004). Comorbidity of PTSD and depression among refugee children during war conflict … post traumatic stress disorder. Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry, 45(3), 533–542. doi:10.4236/health.2013.56132 doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00243.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Theron, L. C., Theron, A. M. C., & Malindi, M. J. (2013). Toward an African definition of resilience: A rural South African community’s view of resilient Basotho youth. Journal of Black Psychology, 39(1), 63–87. doi: 10.1177/0095798412454675
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ungar, M., Ghazinour, M., & Richter, J. (2013). Annual research review: What is resilience within the social ecology of human development? Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry, 54(4), 348–366. doi: 10.1111/jcpp.12025
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UNICEF. (2011). Guidelines for child friendly spaces in emergencies. New York, NY: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Walker, J.-A. (2012). Early marriage in Africa – Trends, harmful effects and interventions. African Journal of Reproductive Health, 16(2), 231–242. doi: 10.1201/b13821-7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Werner, E. E. (2012). Children and war: Risk, resilience, and recovery. Developmental Psychopathology, 24(02), 553–558. doi:10.1017/S09545794120000156 doi: 10.1017/S0954579412000156
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar