Characterising HIV/AIDS knowledge and attitudes in the Middle East and North Africa: Systematic review and data synthesis

References

• Abu-Raddad, L.J., et al., Epidemiology of HIV infection in the Middle East and North Africa. AIDS, 2010. 24 Suppl 2: p. S5–S23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abu-Raddad, L., et al., Characterizing the HIV/AIDS epidemic in the Middle East and North Africa: Time for Strategic Action. Middle East and North Africa HIV/AIDS Epidemiology Synthesis Project. World Bank/UNAIDS/WHO Publication. Found at http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2010/06/04/000333038_20100604011533/Rendered/PDF/548890PUB0EPI11C10Dislosed061312010.pdf, Last accessed November 2018. 2010, Washington DC: The World Bank Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mumtaz, G., et al., Are HIV epidemics among men who have sex with men emerging in the Middle East and North Africa?: a systematic review and data synthesis. PLoS Med, 2011. 8(8): p. e1000444.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mumtaz, G.R., G. Riedner, and L.J. Abu-Raddad, The emerging face of the HIV epidemic in the Middle East and North Africa. Curr Opin HIV AIDS, 2014. 9(2): p. 183–91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mumtaz, G.R., et al., HIV among people who inject drugs in the Middle East and North Africa: Systematic review and data synthesis. PLoS Med, 2014. 11(6): p. e1001663.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, L., K. Macintyre, and L. Trujillo, Interventions to reduce HIV/AIDS stigma: what have we learned? AIDS Educ Prev, 2003. 15(1): p. 49–69.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerbert, B., et al., Primary care physicians and AIDS. Attitudinal and structural barriers to care. JAMA, 1991. 266(20): p. 2837–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herek, G., Illness, stigma, and AIDS, in Psychological aspects of serious illness: Chronic conditions, fatal diseases, and clinical care, P. Costa and G.R. VandenBos, Editors. 1990, Washington, DC:American Psychological Association. p. 103–150.
   Google Scholar
• Herek, G. and E. Glunt, An epidemic of stigma: Public reactions to AIDS. American Psychologist, 1988. 43(11): p. 886–891.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macintyre, K., L. Brown, and S. Sosler, “It's not what you know, but who you knew": examining the relationship between behavior change and AIDS mortality in Africa. AIDS Educ Prev, 2001. 13(2): p. 160–74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malcolm, A., et al., HIV-related stigmatization and discrimination: Its forms and contexts. Critical Public Health, 1998. 8(4): p. 347–370.
   Google Scholar
• Becker, M. and L. Maiman, Sociobehavioral determinants of compliance with health and medical care recommendations. Medical care, 1975. 13(1): p. 10–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Low, N., et al., Global control of sexually transmitted infections. Lancet, 2006. 368(9551): p. 2001–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SAR AIDS and The World Bank, Mapping and Situation Assessment of Key Populations at High Risk of HIV in Three Cities of Afghanistan. Human Development Sector, South Asia Region, Washington DC, USA: World Bank. 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Action Aid Afghanistan, HIV AIDS in Afghanistan. A study on knowledge, attitude, behavior, and practice in high risk and vulnerable groups in Afghanistan. 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Todd, C.S., et al., HIV awareness and condom use among female sex workers in Afghanistan: implications for intervention. AIDS Care, 2011. 23(3): p. 348–56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zafar, T., et al., HIV knowledge and risk behaviors among Pakistani and Afghani drug users in Quetta, Pakistan. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr, 2003. 32(4): p. 394–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salama, I.I., et al., HIV/AIDS knowledge and attitudes among alcohol and drug abusers in Egypt. J Egypt Public Health Assoc, 1998. 73(5-6): p. 479–500.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Family Health International and Ministry of Health Egypt, HIV/AIDS Biological & Behavioral Surveillance Survey: Round One Summary Report, Cairo, Egypt 2006. FHI in collaboration with the Ministry of Health and support from USAID – IMPACT project. Found at http://www.fhi360.org/sites/default/files/media/documents/EgyptBioBSSsummaryreport2006.pdf, Last accessed November 2018. 2006.
   Google Scholar
• El-Sayyed, N., I.A. Kabbash, and M. El-Gueniedy, Risk behaviours for HIV/AIDS infection among men who have sex with men in Cairo, Egypt. East Mediterr Health J, 2008. 14(4): p. 905–15.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Khajehkazemi, R., et al., Risk and vulnerability of key populations to HIV infection in Iran; knowledge, attitude and practises of female sex workers, prison inmates and people who inject drugs. Sex Health, 2014. 11(6): p. 568–74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tehrani, F.R., & Malek-Afzalip, H. Knowledge, attitudes and practices concerning HIV/AIDS among Iranian at-risk sub-populations. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal, 2008. 14(1): p. 142–156.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kolahi, A.A., et al., The knowledge and attitudes of a female at-risk population towards the prevention of AIDS and sexually transmitted infections in Tehran. J Res Med Sci, 2011. 16(11): p. 1452–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sakha, M.A., et al., Effect of an educational intervention on knowledge, attitudes and preventive behaviours related to HIV and sexually transmitted infections in female sex workers in southern Iran: a quasi-experimental study. Int J STD AIDS, 2013. 24(9): p. 727–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shokoohi, M., et al., Correlates of HIV Testing among Female Sex Workers in Iran: Findings of a National Bio-Behavioural Surveillance Survey. PLoS One, 2016. 11(1): p. e0147587.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eftekhar, M., et al., Bio-Behavioural Survey on HIV and its Risk Factors among Homeless Men Who Have Sex with Men in Teharan -2006-07. Unpublished manuscript. 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Ahmadi, K., et al., Unprotected Sex with Injecting Drug Users among Iranian Female Sex Workers: Unhide HIV Risk Study. AIDS Res Treat, 2012. 2012: p. 651070.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Alkaiyat, A., et al., Condom use and HIV testing among men who have sex with men in Jordan. J Int AIDS Soc, 2014. 17: p. 18573.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hermez, J., et al., HIV/AIDS prevention among vulnerable groups in Beirut, Lebanon. Powerpoint presentation. Lebanon National AIDS Control Program, Beirut, Lebanon.
   Google Scholar
• Mishwar, An integrated bio-behavioral surveillance study among four vulnerable groups in lebanon: men who have sex with men; prisoners; commercial sex workers and intravenous drug users. Final Report. November 2008. 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Rady, A. Knowledge, Attitudes and Prevalence of Condom Use among Female Sex Workers in Lebanon: Behavioral Surveillance Study. Beirut: UNFPA. 2005.
   Google Scholar
• Dewachi, O., HIV/AIDS Prevention through outreach to vulnearable populations in Beirut, Lebanon. “Men who have sex with ohter men and HIV AIDS: a situation analysis in Beirut, Lebanon”. Lebanon Ministry of Health, beirut, Lebanon. Final Report. April 29, 2001. 2001.
   Google Scholar
• Aaraj, E. and SICD Director, Report on The Situation Analysis on Vulnerable Groups in Beirut, Lebanon. IVDU Group. unknown.
   Google Scholar
• Valadez, J.J., et al., Filling the Knowledge Gap: Measuring HIV Prevalence and Risk Factors among Men Who Have Sex with Men and Female Sex Workers in Tripoli, Libya. PLoS One, 2013. 8(6): p. e66701.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pakistan National AIDS Control Program, Integrated Biological & Behavioral Surveillance 2004-05. Report of the Pilot Study in Karachi & Rawalpindi. Ministry of Health Canada-Pakistan HIV/AIDS Surveillance Project. 2005.
   Google Scholar
• Pakistan National AIDS Control Program, HIV Second Generation Surveillance In Pakistan. National Report Round I. Canada-Pakistan HIV/AIDS Surveillance Project. National Aids Control Program, Ministry Of Health, Pakistan. Found at http://www.nacp.gov.pk/library/reports/Surveillance%20&%20Research/HIV-AIDS%20Surveillance%20Project-HASP/HIV%20Second%20Generation%20Surveillance%20in%20Pakistan%20-%20Round%201%20Report%20-%202005.pdf, Last accessed November 2018. 2005.
   Google Scholar
• Pakistan National AIDS Control Program, HIV Second Generation Surveillance In Pakistan. National Report Round II. Canada-Pakistan HIV/AIDS Surveillance Project. National Aids Control Program, Ministry Of Health, Pakistan. Found at http://www.nacp.gov.pk/library/reports/Surveillance%20&%20Research/HIV-AIDS%20Surveillance%20Project-HASP/HIV%20Second%20Generation%20Surveillance%20in%20Pakistan%20-%20Round%202%20Report%202006-07.pdf. Last accessed November 2018. 2006-07.
   Google Scholar
• Bokhari, A., et al., HIV risk in Karachi and Lahore, Pakistan: an emerging epidemic in injecting and commercial sex networks. Int J STD AIDS, 2007. 18(7): p. 486–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan, M.S., et al., HIV, STI prevalence and risk behaviours among women selling sex in Lahore, Pakistan. BMC Infect Dis, 2011. 11: p. 119.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jamal, N., I.A. Khushk, and Z. Naeem, Knowledge and attitudes regarding AIDS among female commercial sex workers at Hyderabad City, Pakistan. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak, 2006. 16(2): p. 91–3.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Baqi, S., et al., Seroprevalence of HIV, HBV, and syphilis and associated risk behaviours in male transvestites (Hijras) in Karachi, Pakistan. Int J STD AIDS, 1999. 10(5): p. 300–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rehan, N., I. Chaudhary, and S.K. Shah, Socio-sexual behaviour of hijras of Lahore. J Pak Med Assoc, 2009. 59(6): p. 380–4.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pakistan National AIDS Control Program, HIV Second Generation Surveillance In Pakistan. National Report Round III. Canada-Pakistan HIV/AIDS Surveillance Project. National Aids Control Program, Ministry Of Health, Pakistan. Found at http://www.nacp.gov.pk/library/reports/Surveillance%20&%20Research/HIV-AIDS%20Surveillance%20Project-HASP/HIV%20Second%20Generation%20Surveillance%20in%20Pakistan%20-%20National%20report%20Round%20III%202008.pdf, Last accessed November 2018. 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Siddiqui, A.U., et al., Condom use during commercial sex among clients of Hijra sex workers in Karachi, Pakistan (cross-sectional study). BMJ Open, 2011. 1(2): p. e000154.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samo, R.N., A. Altaf, and S.A. Shah, Correlates of Knowledge of HIV Transmission Among Incident Cases of HIV in a Cohort of Injection Drug Users Receiving Harm Reduction Services at Karachi, Pakistan. J Int Assoc Provid AIDS Care, 2017. 16(3): p. 286–289.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shahid, S., et al., Expanding access to HIV testing and counseling and exploring vulnerabilities among spouses of HIV-positive men who inject drugs in Pakistan. Curr Opin HIV AIDS, 2016. 11 Suppl 1: p. S6–S12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haroon, A., Dancers of the Night. World AIDS, 1994. 11.
   Google Scholar
• Altaf, A., A. Zahidie, and A. Agha, Comparing risk factors of HIV among hijra sex workers in Larkana and other cities of Pakistan: an analytical cross sectional study. BMC Public Health, 2012. 12: p. 279.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haque, N., et al., High-risk sexual behaviours among drug users in Pakistan: implications for prevention of STDs and HIV/AIDS. Int J STD AIDS, 2004. 15(9): p. 601–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khawaja, Z.A., et al., HIV/AIDS and its risk factors in Pakistan. Aids, 1997. 11(7): p. 843–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yousif, M.E.A., Health Education Programme among Female Sex workers in Wad Medani Town - Gezira State. Final Report. Sudan. 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Ahmed, S.M., Sex Sellers. Situation Analysis-Behavioral Survey. Results & Discussions. Report. Sudan National AIDS Control Program. 2004.
   Google Scholar
• ACCORD, Socio Economic Research on HIV/AIDS Prevention among Informal Sex Workers. Agency for Co-operation and Research in Development. Federal Ministry of Health, Sudan National AIDS Control Program, and the World Health Organization. 2005.
   Google Scholar
• Ati, H.A., HIV/AIDS/STIs Social and Geographical Mapping of Prisoners, Tea Sellers and Commercial Sex Workers in Port Sudan Town, Red Sea State. Ockenden International, Sudan. Draft 2. 2005.
   Google Scholar
• ACCORD, Qualitative Socio Economic Research on Female Sex Workers and their Vulnerability to HIV/AIDS in Khartoum State. Agency for Co-operation and Research in Development. 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Elrashied, S.M., Generating Strategic Information and assessing HIV/AIDS Knowledge, Attitude and Behaviour and Practices as well as Prevalence of HIV1 among MSM in Khartoum State, 2005. A draft report submitted to Sudan National AIDS Control Programme. Together Against AIDS Organization (TAG). Khartoum, Sudan. 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Bayoumi, A., Baseline Survey of Intravenous Drug Users (IDUs) in Karthoum State (KS). Cross-Sectional and Case-Control Study. Assignment Report. Inter Agency Technical Committee. Sudan National AIDS Programme. Federal Ministry of Health, Khartoum, Sudan. 2005.
   Google Scholar
• Ahmed, S.M., AIDS Patients. Situation Analysis-Behavioral Survey. Results & Discussions. Report. Sudan National AIDS Control Program. 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Syria National AIDS Programme, HIV/AIDS Female Sex Workers KABP Survey in Syria. Damascus, Syria 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Syria Mental Health Directorate and Syria National AIDS Programme, Assessment of HIV Risk and Sero-prevalence among Drug Users in Greater Damascus. Syrian Ministry of Health. UNODC. UNAIDS. Damascus, Syria 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Hsairi, M. and S. Ben Abdallah, Analyse de la situation de vulnérabilité vis-à-vis de l’infection à VIH des hommes ayant des relations sexuelles avec des hommes. Rapport Final, version abrégée (French) [Analysis of the HIV vulnerability settings of men who have sex with men. Final report, short version]. Tunisia Ministry of Health, Tunis, Tunisia. 2007.
   Google Scholar
• Mirzazadeh, A., et al., HIV prevalence and related risk behaviors in men who have sex with men, Yemen 2011. AIDS Behav, 2014. 18 Suppl 1: p. 11–8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ebrahim, H., Iranian epidemiological training programs for AIDS prevention in Mazandaran Province. Pak J Biol Sci, 2008. 11(17): p. 2109–15.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Majdi, M.R., et al., Knowledge, attitudes and practices towards HIV/AIDS among Iranian prisoners in Mazandaran province in the south-coast area of the Caspian Sea. East Mediterr Health J, 2011. 17(12): p. 904–10.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nakhaee, F.H., Prisoners’ knowledge of HIV/AIDS and its prevention in Kerman, Islamic Republic of Iran. East Mediterr Health J, 2002. 8(6): p. 725–31.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zamani, S., et al., Patterns of drug use and HIV-related risk behaviors among incarcerated people in a prison in Iran. J Urban Health, 2010. 87(4): p. 603–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laraqui, S., et al., The assessment of seafarers’ knowledge, attitudes and practices related to STI/HIV/AIDS in northern Morocco. Int Marit Health, 2017. 68(1): p. 26–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ishtiaq, R., et al., Knowledge and Attitude About Sexually Transmitted Infections Amongst Truck Drivers in Southern Punjab, Pakistan. Cureus, 2017. 9(3): p. e1118.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheikh, N.S., et al., Awareness of HIV and AIDS among fishermen in coastal areas of Balochistan. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak, 2003. 13(4): p. 192–4.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Altaf, A., et al., High-risk behaviours among juvenile prison inmates in Pakistan. Public Health, 2009. 123(7): p. 470–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmed, S.M., Military. Situation Analysis-Behavioral Survey. Results & Discussions. Report. Sudan National AIDS Control Program. 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Courtney, L.P., et al., HIV prevalence and behavioral risk factors in the Sudan People's Liberation Army: Data from South Sudan. PLoS One, 2017. 12(11): p. e0187689.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sudan National HIV/AIDS Control Program, HIV/AIDS/STIs Prevalence, Knowledge, Attitude, Practices and Risk Factors among University Students and Military Personnel. Sudan 2004. Khartoum, Sudan: Federal Ministry of Health. 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Ahmed, S.M., TB Patients. Situation Analysis-Behavioral Survey. Results & Discussions. Report. Sudan National AIDS Control Program. 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Štulhofer, A. and I. Božicevic, HIV bio-behavioural survey among FSWs in Aden, Yemen, 2008. 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Kabbash, I.A., et al., Condom use among males (15-49 years) in Lower Egypt: knowledge, attitudes and patterns of use. East Mediterr Health J, 2007. 13(6): p. 1405–16.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ahmed, S.M., Truck Drivers. Situation Analysis-Behavioral Survey. Results & Discussions. Report. Sudan National AIDS Control Program. 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Farah, M.S. and S. Hussein, HIV Prevalence, Knowledge, Attitude, Practices and Risk Factors among Truck Drivers in Karthoum State. Sudan National AIDS Control Program, Khartoum, Sudan. 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Fageeh, W.M., Sexual behavior and knowledge of human immunodeficiency virus/aids and sexually transmitted infections among women inmates of Briman Prison, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. BMC Infect Dis, 2014. 14: p. 290.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Todd, C.S., et al., Prevalence and correlates of HIV, syphilis, and hepatitis knowledge among intrapartum patients and health care providers in Kabul, Afghanistan. AIDS Care, 2009. 21(1): p. 109–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mansoor, A.B., et al., Gender differences in KAP related to HIV/AIDS among freshmen in Afghan universities. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health, 2008. 39(3): p. 404–18.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Todd, C.S., et al., Seroprevalence & correlates of HIV, syphilis, & hepatitis B & C infection among antenatal patients & testing practices & knowledge among obstetric care providers in Kabul, powerpoint presentation. 2007.
   Google Scholar
• van Egmond, K., et al., Reproductive health in Afghanistan: results of a knowledge, attitudes and practices survey among Afghan women in Kabul. Disasters, 2004. 28(3): p. 269–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Todd, C.S., et al., Prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus infection, risk behavior, and HIV knowledge among tuberculosis patients in Afghanistan. Sex Transm Dis, 2007. 34(11): p. 878–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Badahdah, A.M. and C.E. Foote, Role of shame in the stigmatization of people with human immunodeficiency virus: a survey of female college students in 3 Arab countries. East Mediterr Health J, 2010. 16(9): p. 982–7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rodier, G.R., et al., HIV infection among secondary school students in Djibouti, horn of Africa: knowledge, exposure and prevalence. East Afr Med J, 1993. 70(7): p. 414–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Measure DHS, Egypt: Demographic and Health Survey 2005, in Demographic and Health Surveys, M.E.a.N. Africa, Editor. 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Iraq Family Health Survey Study Group. Violence-Related Mortality in Iraq from 2002 to 2006. N Engl J Med, 2008. 5: p. 484–493.
   Google Scholar
• Measure DHS, Egypt: Demographic and Health Survey 2003, in Demographic and Health Surveys, M.E.a.N. Africa, Editor. 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Saleh, W.F., et al., Reproductive health and HIV awareness among newly married Egyptian couples without formal education. Int J Gynaecol Obstet, 2014. 126(3): p. 209–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohsen, A.M., Assessment and upgrading of knowledge and attitudes among nurses and university graduates towards AIDS. J Egypt Public Health Assoc, 1998. 73(5-6): p. 433–48.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• El Gelany, S. and O. Moussa, Reproductive health awareness among educated young women in Egypt. Int J Gynaecol Obstet, 2013. 120(1): p. 23–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shama, M., L.E. Fiala, and M.A. Abbas, HIV/AIDS perceptions and risky behaviors in squatter areas in Cairo, Egypt. J Egypt Public Health Assoc, 2002. 77(1-2): p. 173–200.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yazdi, C.A., et al., Knowledge, attitudes and sources of information regarding HIV/AIDS in Iranian adolescents. AIDS Care, 2006. 18(8): p. 1004–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shamsipour, M., et al., Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of Clerical Students with Respect to HIV/AIDS in Iran, 2011. J Relig Health, 2016. 55(1): p. 26–37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montazeri, A., AIDS knowledge and attitudes in Iran: results from a population-based survey in Tehran. Patient Educ Couns, 2005. 57(2): p. 199–203.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Askarian, M., K. Mirzaei, and O. Assadian, Iranians’ attitudes about possible human immunodeficiency virus transmission in dental settings. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol, 2007. 28(2): p. 234–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bagheri Amiri, F., et al., Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices Regarding HIV and TB Among Homeless People in Tehran, Iran. Int J Health Policy Manag, 2018. 7(6): p. 549–555.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ataei, B., et al., Evaluation of Knowledge and Practice of Hairdressers in Women's Beauty Salons in Isfahan About Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, and AIDS in 2010 and 2011. Hepat Mon, 2013. 13(3): p. e6215.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khalajabadi Farahani, F., et al., HIV/STI RISK-TAKING SEXUAL BEHAVIOURS AND RISK PERCEPTION AMONG MALE UNIVERSITY STUDENTS IN TEHRAN: IMPLICATIONS FOR HIV PREVENTION AMONG YOUTH. J Biosoc Sci, 2018. 50(1): p. 86–101.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazloomy, S.S. and M.H. Baghianimoghadam, Knowledge and attitude about HIV/ AIDS of schoolteachers in Yazd, Islamic Republic of Iran. East Mediterr Health J, 2008. 14(2): p. 292–7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hedayati-Moghaddam, M.R., M. Moradi Marjaneh, and I.E. Mashhadi, Knowledge and attitudes of physicians in private practice towards HIV/AIDS in Mashhad, Iran. Int J STD AIDS, 2012. 23(8): p. e11–6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Majid, T., et al., Preventing Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV/AIDS: Do Iranian Pregnant Mothers Know about it? J Reprod Infertil, 2010. 11(1): p. 53–7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shokoohi, M., et al., HIV Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices of Young People in Iran: Findings of a National Population-Based Survey in 2013. PLoS One, 2016. 11(9): p. e0161849.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sadeghi, M. and H. Hakimi, Iranian dental students’ knowledge of and attitudes towards HIV/AIDS patients. J Dent Educ, 2009. 73(6): p. 740–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mirzaee, M., Y. Jahani, and H. Sharifi, Reasons for Inconsistent Condom Use Found as Answers to a Multiple Response Question: A National Survey of Iranian Adults, 2013. J Res Health Sci, 2017. 17(3): p. e00389.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamid Albujeer, A.N., A.R. Shamshiri, and A. Taher, HIV/AIDS awareness among Iraqi medical and dental students. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent, 2015. 5(5): p. 372–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayyawi, A.H., et al., HIV/AIDS knowledge, attitudes and beliefs among a group of Iraqis. East Mediterr Health J, 2010. 16(1): p. 18–23.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ismael, A.S. and J.M. Sabir Zangana, Knowledge, attitudes and practice of condom use among males aged (15-49) years in Erbil Governorate. Glob J Health Sci, 2012. 4(4): p. 27–36.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Othman, S.M., Knowledge about HIV/AIDS among high school students in Erbil city/Iraq. Glob J Health Sci, 2014. 7(1): p. 16–23.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jordan 2012 DHS. Stud Fam Plann, 2015. 46(2): p. 217-26.
   Google Scholar
• Alkhasawneh, E., et al., Insight into Jordanian thinking about HIV: knowledge of Jordanian men and women about HIV prevention. J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care, 2014. 25(1): p. e1–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Measure DHS, Jordan: Demographic and Health Survey 2002, in Demographic and Health Surveys, M.E.a.N. Africa, Editor. 2003.
   Google Scholar
• Measure DHS, Jordan: Demographic and Health Survey 1997, in Demographic and Health Surveys, M.E.a.N. Africa, Editor. 1998.
   Google Scholar
• Al-Khasawneh, E.M., et al., Predictors of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Knowledge among Jordanian Youths. Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J, 2013. 13(2): p. 232–40.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hassan, Z.M. and M.A. Wahsheh, Knowledge and attitudes of Jordanian nurses towards patients with HIV/AIDS: findings from a nationwide survey. Issues Ment Health Nurs, 2011. 32(12): p. 774–84.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• AlMuzaini, A.A., et al., HIV/AIDS: dental assistants’ self-reported knowledge and attitudes in Kuwait. Int Dent J, 2015. 65(2): p. 96–102.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellepola, A.N., et al., Knowledge and attitudes towards HIV/AIDS amongst Kuwait University dental students. Eur J Dent Educ, 2011. 15(3): p. 165–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Owaish, R., et al., Knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and practices about HIV/AIDS in Kuwait. AIDS Educ Prev, 1999. 11(2): p. 163–73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janahi, E.M., et al., Public knowledge, perceptions, and attitudes towards HIV/AIDS in Bahrain: A cross-sectional study. J Infect Dev Ctries, 2016. 10(9): p. 1003–1011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jurjus, A.R. Knowledge, Attitudes, Beliefs, and Practices of the Lebanese Concerning HIV/AIDS. Beirut, Lebanon: World Health Organization and National AIDS control Program. 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Lebanon Ministry of Public Health and National AIDS Control Program, General population evaluation survey assesing knowledge, attitudes, beliefs and practices related to HIV/AIDS in Lebanon. 1996.
   Google Scholar
• Kahhaleh, J.G., M. El Nakib, and A.R. Jurjus, Knowledge, attitudes, beliefs and practices in Lebanon concerning HIV/AIDS, 1996-2004. East Mediterr Health J, 2009. 15(4): p. 920–33.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kobeissi, L., et al., HIV/AIDS-related knowledge and its association with socioeconomic status among women: results of Lebanese Survey for Family Health (PAPFAM) 2004. Asia Pac J Public Health, 2015. 27(2): p. Np734–45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boutayeb, H., A. Aamoum, and N. Benchemsi, [Knowledge about hepatitis B and C viruses and HIV among blood donors in Casablanca]. East Mediterr Health J, 2006. 12(5): p. 538–47.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ahmed Zidouh and Ministère de la Santé au Maroc, VIH/SIDA et Infections sexuellement transmissibles: connaissance et attitudes. Enquête sur la Population et la Santé Familiale (EPSF) 2003-04. 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Al-Jabri, A.A. and J.H. Al-Abri, Knowledge and attitudes of undergraduate medical and non-medical students in Sultan Qaboos University toward acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Saudi Med J, 2003. 24(3): p. 273–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Jabri, A.A., et al., Knowledge, attitudes and intended behaviours towards HIV testing and self-protection: a survey of Omani pregnant women. East Mediterr Health J, 2014. 20(10): p. 614–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan, S.J., et al., Awareness about common diseases in selected female college students of Karachi. J Pak Med Assoc, 2005. 55(5): p. 195–8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bawany, F.I., et al., Knowledge and practices of barbers regarding HIV transmission in Karachi: a cross-sectional study. J Community Health, 2014. 39(5): p. 951–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmad, Z., et al., Comparison of Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices of Educated and Uneducated Adults Regarding Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Karachi, Pakistan. Cureus, 2017. 9(6): p. e1338.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hussain, M.F., et al., Knowledge, attitudes & practices (KAP) of general practitioners (GPS) regarding sexually transmitted diseases (STDS) and HIV/AIDS in Karachi, Pakistan. J Pak Med Assoc, 2011. 61(2): p. 202–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raza, M.I., et al., Knowledge, attitude and behaviour towards AIDS among educated youth in Lahore, Pakistan. J Pak Med Assoc, 1998. 48(6): p. 179–82.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Janjua, N.Z., B. Mahmood, and M. Imran Khan, Does knowledge about bloodborne pathogens influence the reuse of medical injection syringes among women in Pakistan? J Infect Public Health, 2014. 7(4): p. 345–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yousuf, F., et al., Awareness of women towards an emerging threat. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad, 2009. 21(1): p. 79–82.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zafar, A., et al., Knowledge, attitudes and practices of health care workers regarding needle stick injuries at a tertiary care hospital in Pakistan. J Pak Med Assoc, 2008. 58(2): p. 57–60.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Khan, M.S., et al., Knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome and sexually transmitted infections among health care providers in Lahore, Pakistan. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad, 2009. 21(4): p. 1–6.
   Google Scholar
• Ali, G., et al., Knowledge and attitudes of medical students to people with HIV and AIDS. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak, 1996. 6(1): p. 58–61.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Faisel, A. and J. Cleland, Study of the Sexual Behaviours and Prevalence of STIs Among Migrant Men in Lahore, Pakistan. Arjumand and Associates. Centre for Population Studies, London School of hygine and Tropical Medicine. London, United Kingdom. 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Haider, G., et al., Knowledge about AIDS/HIV infection among women attending obstetrics and gynaecology clinic at a university hospital. J Pak Med Assoc, 2009. 59(2): p. 95–8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shaikh, M.A. and S. Assad, Adolescent's knowledge about AIDS–perspective from Islamabad. J Pak Med Assoc, 2001. 51(5): p. 194–5.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thaver, D.H., N. Masud, and M. Ashraf, Are school children ready to donate blood? J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad, 2014. 26(1): p. 68–70.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Farid-ul-Hasnain, S., E. Johansson, and G. Krantz, What do young adults know about the HIV/AIDS epidemic? Findings from a population based study in Karachi, Pakistan. BMC Infect Dis, 2009. 9: p. 38.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Measure DHS Pakistan, Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey 2006-07. Preliminary report. National Institute for Population Studies. MEASURE DHS, Macro International. 2007.
   Google Scholar
• Pakistan AIDS Prevention Society, Project Report on Sexual Behavior/practices of International Travellers to Areas with High Prevalence of HIV Infection. Karachi, Pakistan. 1992-1993.
   Google Scholar
• Siddiqi, S., S.A. Majeed, and M. Saeed Khan, Knowledge, attitude and practice survey of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) among paramedicals in a tertiary care hospital in Pakistan. J Pak Med Assoc, 1995. 45(8): p. 200–2.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Khan, T.M., Country watch: Pakistan. AIDS STD Health Promot Exch, 1995(4): p. 7–8.
   Google Scholar
• Raheel, H., et al., Knowledge and beliefs of adolescents regarding sexually transmitted infections and HIV/AIDS in a rural district in Pakistan. J Pak Med Assoc, 2007. 57(1): p. 8–11.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Memish, Z.A., et al., Knowledge and Attitudes of Doctors Toward People Living With HIV/AIDS in Saudi Arabia. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr, 2015. 69(1): p. 61–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alwafi, H.A., et al., Knowledge and attitudes toward HIV/AIDS among the general population of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. J Infect Public Health, 2018. 11(1): p. 80–84.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Ghanim, S.A., Exploring public knowledge and attitudes towards HIV/AIDS in Saudi Arabia. A survey of primary health care users. Saudi Med J, 2005. 26(5): p. 812–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Memish, Z.A., et al., Knowledge and Attitudes about HIV/AIDS in Illegal Residents in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. J Glob Infect Dis, 2015. 7(3): p. 103–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Badahdah, A.M., Stigmatization of persons with HIV/AIDS in Saudi Arabia. J Transcult Nurs, 2010. 21(4): p. 386–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Badahdah, A., Saudi attitudes towards people living with HIV/AIDS. Int J STD AIDS, 2005. 16(12): p. 837–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Mazrou, Y.Y., M.S. Abouzeid, and M.H. Al-Jeffri, Knowledge and attitudes of paramedical students in Saudi Arabia toward HIV/AIDS. Saudi Med J, 2005. 26(8): p. 1183–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abolfotouh, M.A., The impact of a lecture on AIDS on knowledge, attitudes and beliefs of male school-age adolescents in the Asir Region of southwestern Saudi Arabia. J Community Health, 1995. 20(3): p. 271–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IGAD, IGAD/World Bank Cross Border Mobile Population Mapping Exercise. Sudan. Draft Report. Intergovernmental Authority on Development. 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Mahfouz, A.A., et al., Knowledge and attitudes towards AIDS among primary health care physicians in the Asir Region, Saudi Arabia. J R Soc Health, 1995. 115(1): p. 23–5.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Abdi, I.A., et al., Knowledge and attitudes about AIDS/HIV in a semi-nomadic population in Somaliland. J Community Health, 2013. 38(2): p. 246–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO/ EMRO, Presentation of WHO Somalia's experience in supporting the National Response. Somalia. Regional Consultation Towards improving HIV/AIDS & STD surveillance in the countries of EMRO, Beirut, Lebanon, 30 Oct to 2 Nov 2000. 2002.
   Google Scholar
• IRIB, Poll of Teharan Public on AIDS. Unpublished. 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Mohamed, B.A. and M.S. Mahfouz, Factors associated with HIV/AIDS in Sudan. Biomed Res Int, 2013. 2013: p. 971203.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nasir, E.F., et al., HIV and AIDS related knowledge, sources of information, and reported need for further education among dental students in Sudan–a cross sectional study. BMC Public Health, 2008. 8: p. 286.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmed, S.M., STDs. Situation Analysis-Behavioral Survey. Results & Discussions. Report. Sudan National AIDS Control Program. 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Mahmoud, M.M., et al., Knowledge and attitude toward HIV voluntary counseling and testing services among pregnant women attending an antenatal clinic in Sudan. J Med Virol, 2007. 79(5): p. 469–73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ali, M.H.M., et al., The Effect of AIDS Peer Health Education on Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices of Secondary School Students in Khartoum, Sudan. AIMS Public Health, 2015. 2(4): p. 718–726.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmed, S.M., University Students. Situation Analysis-Behavioral Survey. Results & Discussions. Report. Sudan National AIDS Control Program. 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Somaliland Ministry of Health and Labour, Somaliland 2007 HIV/syphilis seroprevalence survey. A technical report. Ministry of Health and Labour. In collaboration with the World Health Organization, UNAIDS, UNICEF/GFATM, and SOLNAC. 2007.
   Google Scholar
• Elbadawi, A. and H. Mirghani, Assessment of HIV/AIDS comprehensive correct knowledge among Sudanese university: a cross-sectional analytic study 2014. Pan Afr Med J, 2016. 24: p. 48.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tebourski, F. and A. Najem, Differences in Tunisian adolescents’ knowledge, misconceptions and attitudes towards HIV/AIDS from 1997 to 2002. Afr J AIDS Res, 2005. 4(1): p. 7–10.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tebourski, F. and D. Ben Alaya, Knowledge and attitudes of high school students regarding HIV/AIDS in Tunisia: does more knowledge lead to more positive attitudes? J Adolesc Health, 2004. 34(3): p. 161–2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Premadasa, G., et al., Knowledge of and attitudes towards HIV/AIDS: a survey among dental students in Ajman, UAE. J Investig Clin Dent, 2015. 6(2): p. 147–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barss, P., et al., Effects of a rapid peer-based HIV/AIDS educational intervention on knowledge and attitudes of high school students in a high-income Arab country. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr, 2009. 52(1): p. 86–98.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ganczak, M., et al., Break the silence: HIV/AIDS knowledge, attitudes, and educational needs among Arab university students in United Arab Emirates. J Adolesc Health, 2007. 40(6): p. 572.e1–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Badahdah, A.M., Attitudes Toward Restricting the Sexual and Reproductive Rights of Women Living With HIV Infection in Yemen. J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care, 2016. 27(2): p. 180–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Iryani, B., et al., Evaluation of a school-based HIV prevention intervention among Yemeni adolescents. BMC Public Health, 2011. 11: p. 279.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Iryani, B., et al., HIV knowledge and stigmatization among adolescents in Yemeni schools. Int Q Community Health Educ, 2010. 30(4): p. 311–20.
   Google Scholar
• Busulwa, R., HIV/AIDS Situation Analysis study, conducted in Hodeidah, Taiz and Hadhramut, Republic of Yemen. The Detailed Report of the Findings. 2003.
   Google Scholar
• Al-Serouri, A.W., et al., Knowledge, attitudes and beliefs about HIV/AIDS in Sana'a, Yemen. East Mediterr Health J, 2002. 8(6): p. 706–15.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Al-Rabeei, N.A., A.M. Dallak, and F.G. Al-Awadi, Knowledge, attitude and beliefs towards HIV/AIDS among students of health institutes in Sana'a city. East Mediterr Health J, 2012. 18(3): p. 221–6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gharamah, F.A. and N.A. Baktayan, Exploring HIV/AIDS knowledge and attitudes of secondary school students (10th &11th grade) in Al-Tahreer district- Sana'a city. Yemen- March- April 2006. 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Raja, Y. and A. Farhan, Knowledge and attitude of 10th and 11th grade students towards HIV/AIDS in Aden governorate. Republic of Yemen. 2005.
   Google Scholar
• Al Mulla, K.M.A., et al., Travel-Related AIDS Awareness Among Young Gulf Arab Men. J Travel Med, 1996. 3(4): p. 224–226.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Al-Serouri, A.W., Assessment of knowledge, attitudes and beliefs about HIV/AIDS among young people residing in high risk communities in Aden governatore, Republic of Yemen. Society for the Development of Women & Children (SOUL), Education, Health, Welfare. United Nations Children's Fund. Yemen Country Office. HIV/AIDS Project. 2005.
   Google Scholar
• Al-Serouri, A.W., et al., AIDS awareness and attitudes among Yemeni young people living in high-risk areas. East Mediterr Health J, 2010. 16(3): p. 242–50.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Badahdah, A.M. and N. Sayem, HIV-related knowledge and AIDS stigma among college students in Yemen. East Mediterr Health J, 2010. 16(8): p. 901–6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Anonymous, Improving HIV/AIDS Response among Most at Risk Population in Sudan. Orientation Workshop, 16th April 2007. 2007.
   Google Scholar
• Todd, C.S., N. Safi, and S.A. Strathdee, Drug use and harm reduction in Afghanistan. Harm Reduct J, 2005. 2: p. 13.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Basha, H.M., Vulnerable Population Research in Darfur. 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Abdelmoneim, I., et al., Knowledge and attitudes towards AIDS among Saudi and non-Saudi bus drivers. East Mediterr Health J, 2002. 8(6): p. 716–24.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zafar, M., et al., Knowledge, attitude and practices regarding HIV/AIDS among adult fishermen in coastal areas of Karachi. BMC Public Health, 2014. 14: p. 437.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmed, S.M., Prisoners. Situation Analysis-Behavioral Survey. Results & Discussions. Report. Sudan National AIDS Control Program. 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Assal, M., HIV prevalence, knowledge, attitude, practices, and risk factors among prisoners in Khartoum State, Sudan. Sudan National Aids Control Program, Khartoum, Sudan. 2006.
   Google Scholar
• El-Tawila, S., O. El-Gibaly, and B. Ibrahim, et al, Transitions to Adulthood: A National Survey of Adolescents in Egypt. Cairo, Egypt: Population Council. 1999.
   Google Scholar
• Faris, R. and A. Shouman, Study of the knowledge, attitude of Egyptian health care workers towards occupational HIV infection. J Egypt Public Health Assoc, 1994. 69(1-2): p. 115–28.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sallam, S.A., et al., Continuing medical education needs regarding AIDS among Egyptian physicians in Alexandria, Egypt and in the Asir Region, Saudi Arabia. AIDS Care, 1995. 7(1): p. 49–54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farghaly, A.G. and M.M. Kamal, Study of the opinion and level of knowledge about AIDS problem among secondary school students and teachers in Alexandria. J Egypt Public Health Assoc, 1991. 66(1-2): p. 209–25.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Askarian, M., K. Mirzaei, and B. Cookson, Knowledge, attitudes, and practice of iranian dentists with regard to HIV-related disease. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol, 2007. 28(1): p. 83–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tavoosi, A., et al., Knowledge and attitude towards HIV/AIDS among Iranian students. BMC Public Health, 2004. 4: p. 17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siziya, S., A.S. Muula, and E. Rudatsikira, HIV and AIDS-related knowledge among women in Iraq. BMC Res Notes, 2008. 1: p. 123.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Petro-Nustas, W., A. Kulwicki, and A.F. Zumout, Students’ knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs about AIDS: a cross-cultural study. J Transcult Nurs, 2002. 13(2): p. 118–25.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Petro-Nustas, W., University students’ knowledge of AIDS. Int J Nurs Stud, 2000. 37(5): p. 423–33.
   Google Scholar
• Fido, A. and R. Al Kazemi, Survey of HIV/AIDS knowledge and attitudes of Kuwaiti family physicians. Fam Pract, 2002. 19(6): p. 682–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ali, M., M.A. Bhatti, and H. Ushijima, Reproductive health needs of adolescent males in rural Pakistan: an exploratory study. Tohoku J Exp Med, 2004. 204(1): p. 17–25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Najmi, R.S., Awareness of health care personnel about preventive aspects of HIV infection/AIDS and their practices and attitudes concerning such patients. J Pak Med Assoc, 1998. 48(12): p. 367–70.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shaikh, F.D., et al., Knowledge and attitudes of Pakistani medical students towards HIV-positive and/or AIDS patients. Psychol Health Med, 2007. 12(1): p. 7–17.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• PFPPA, Assessment of Palestinian students’ knowledge about AIDS and their attitudes toward the AIDS patient. Jerusalem, Palestine. 2005.
   Google Scholar
• WHO, The 2004 First National Second Generation HIV/AIDS/STI Sentinel Surveillance Survey, Somalia, A Technical Report. 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Ahmed, S.M., Antenatal. Situation Analysis-Behavioral Survey. Results & Discussions. Report. Sudan National AIDS Control Program. 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Nasir, E.F., et al., Utilization of dental health care services in context of the HIV epidemic- a cross-sectional study of dental patients in the Sudan. BMC Oral Health, 2009. 9: p. 30.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nasir, E.F., M.C. Marthinussen, and A.N. Astrom, HIV/AIDS-related attitudes and oral impacts on daily performances: a cross-sectional study of Sudanese adult dental patients. BMC Health Serv Res, 2013. 13: p. 335.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The New Sudan AIDS Council (NSNAC) and UNAIDS, HIV/AIDS Integrated Report South Sudan, 2004-2005. With United Nations General Assembly Special Session on HIV/AIDS Declaration of Commitment. 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Ahmed, S.M., Internally Displaced People. Situation Analysis-Behavioral Survey. Results & Discussions. Report. Sudan National AIDS Control Program. 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Ahmed, S.M., Street Children. Situation Analysis-Behavioral Survey. Results & Discussions. Report. Sudan National AIDS Control Program. 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Tompkins, M., et al., HIV education needs among Sudanese immigrants and refugees in the Midwestern United States. AIDS Behav, 2006. 10(3): p. 319–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holt, B.Y., et al., Planning STI/HIV prevention among refugees and mobile populations: situation assessment of Sudanese refugees. Disasters, 2003. 27(1): p. 1–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmed, S.M., Tea Sellers. Situation Analysis-Behavioral Survey. Results & Discussions. Report. Sudan National AIDS Control Program. 2004.
   Google Scholar
• SNAP/UNICEF/UNAIDS, Baseline study on knowledge, attitudes, and practices on sexual behaviors and HIV/AIDS prevention amongst young people in selected states in Sudan. HIV/AIDS KAPB Report. Projects and Research Department (AFROCENTER Group). Khartoum, Sudan. 2005.
   Google Scholar
• UNHCR, HIV Behavioural Surveillance Survey Juba Municipality, South Sudan. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. 2007.
   Google Scholar
• O’ Grady, M., WFP Consultant Visit to Djibouti Report. 30 July, 2004. 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Mohammadi, M.R., et al., Reproductive knowledge, attitudes and behavior among adolescent males in Tehran, Iran. Int Fam Plan Perspect, 2006. 32(1): p. 35–44.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hedayati-Moghaddam, M.R., Knowledge of and attitudes towards HIV/AIDS in Mashhad, Islamic Republic of Iran. East Mediterr Health J, 2008. 14(6): p. 1321–32.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jordan National AIDS Control Programme, Report on the National KABP survey on HIV/AIDS among Jordanian Youth, NAP Jordan. 2005.
   Google Scholar
• Ellepola, A.N., et al., Knowledge and attitudes about HIV/AIDS of dental students from Kuwait and Sri Lanka. J Dent Educ, 2011. 75(4): p. 574–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farid, R. and A.J. Choudhry, Knowledge about AIDS/HIV infection among female college students. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak, 2003. 13(3): p. 135–7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Elzubier, A.G., M.H. el Nour, and E.H. Ansari, AIDS-related knowledge and misconceptions among high secondary school teachers and students in Kassala, Sudan. East Afr Med J, 1996. 73(5): p. 295–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kudrati, M., et al., Sexual health and risk behaviour of full-time street children in Khartoum, Sudan. International Conference on AIDS. 2002 Jul 7-12; 14: Abstract no. LbOr04. 2002.
   Google Scholar
• Kudrati, M., M.L. Plummer, and N.D. Yousif, Children of the sug: a study of the daily lives of street children in Khartoum, Sudan, with intervention recommendations. Child Abuse Negl, 2008. 32(4): p. 439–48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gutbi, O.S.-A. and A.M.G. Eldin, Women Tea-Sellers in Khartoum and HIV/AIDS: Surviving Against the Odds. Khartoum, Sudan. 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Caceres, C.F., et al., Epidemiology of male same-sex behaviour and associated sexual health indicators in low- and middle-income countries: 2003-2007 estimates. Sex Transm Infect, 2008. 84 Suppl 1: p. i49–i56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ali, S. and R. Khanani, Interventions aimed at behavior modification of commercial sex workers in Pakistan. Karachi: Pakistan AIDS Prevention Society. 1996.
   Google Scholar
• Yemen Central Statistical Organization, Macro International. Yemen Demographic, Maternal and Child Health Survey 1997. Calverton MD: Central Statistical Organization and Macro International. 1998.
   Google Scholar
• Karimi, I. and B. Ataei, The assessment of knowledge about AIDS and its prevention on Isfahan high school students, in 17th European Congress of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 2007: ICC, Munich, Germany.
   Google Scholar
• Simbar, M., F.R. Tehrani, and Z. Hashemi, Reproductive health knowledge, attitudes and practices of Iranian college students. East Mediterr Health J, 2005. 11(5-6): p. 888–97.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• El-Gadi, S., A. Abudher, and M. Sammud, HIV-related knowledge and stigma among high school students in Libya. Int J STD AIDS, 2008. 19(3): p. 178–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherafat-Kazemzadeh, R., et al., Iranian persons living with HIV/AIDS unveil the epidemic of stigma (an overview of patients’ attitudes towards the disease and community in first GIPA gathering in Tehran). Archives of Iranian Medicine, 2003. 6.
   Google Scholar
• El-Sayyed, N., I.A. Kabbash, and M. El-Gueniedy, Knowledge, attitude and practices of Egyptian industrial and tourist workers towards HIV/AIDS. East Mediterr Health J, 2008. 14(5): p. 1126–35.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Masoudnia, E., Public perceptions about HIV/AIDS and discriminatory attitudes toward people living with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in Iran. Sahara J, 2015. 12: p. 116–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Askarian, M., et al., Knowledge about HIV infection and attitude of nursing staff toward patients with AIDS in Iran. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol, 2006. 27(1): p. 48–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zadeh, M.N. Correlates of HIV Testing Among Young Adults in Iran: Findings from a Nationwide Population-Based Survey in 2013. J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care, 2018. 6: p. 866–875.
   Google Scholar
• El-Maaytah, M., et al., Willingness of dentists in Jordan to treat HIV-infected patients. Oral Dis, 2005. 11(5): p. 318–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryalat, S.T., et al., The knowledge and attitude about HIV/AIDS among Jordanian dental students: (Clinical versus pre clinical students) at the University of Jordan. BMC Res Notes, 2011. 4: p. 191.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Othman, B.M. and F.S. Monem, Prevalence of hepatitis C virus antibodies among intravenous drug abusers and prostitutes in Damascus, Syria. Saudi Med J, 2002. 23(4): p. 393–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lebanon National AIDS Control Program and Soins Infirmiers et Développement Communautaire SIDC, Rapid Appraisal Study on Stigma and Discrimination in Lebanon. 2003.
   Google Scholar
• UNAIDS, Key Findings on HIV Status in the West Bank and Gaza. Working Document. UNAIDS Regional Support Team For the Middle East and North Africa. Cairo, Egypt. 2007.
   Google Scholar
• Haroun, D., et al., Assessing Knowledge of, and Attitudes to, HIV/AIDS among University Students in the United Arab Emirates. PLoS One, 2016. 11(2): p. e0149920.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shouman, A.E. and A.A. Fotouh, The impact of health education on the knowledge and attitude of Egyptian nurses towards occupational HIV infection. J Egypt Public Health Assoc, 1995. 70(1-2): p. 25–35.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jordan National AIDS Control Programme, Report on the National KABP survey on HIV/AIDS among Jordanian Youth, NAP Jordan. 1994.
   Google Scholar
• Jordan National AIDS Control Programme, Report on the National KABP survey on HIV/AIDS among Jordanian Youth, NAP Jordan. 1999.
   Google Scholar
• Refaat, A., Practice and awareness of health risk behaviour among Egyptian university students. East Mediterr Health J, 2004. 10(1-2): p. 72–81.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Iran Ministry of Health, Treatment and medical education. Islamic Republic of Iran HIV/AIDS situation and response analysis. Tehran, Iran. 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Husseini, A. and N.M. Abu-Rmeileh, HIV/AIDS-related knowledge and attitudes of Palestinian women in the Occupied Palestinian Territory. Am J Health Behav, 2007. 31(3): p. 323–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jordan National AIDS Control Programme, Report on the National KABP survey on HIV/AIDS among Jordanian Youth, NAP Jordan. 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Mahfoud, Z., et al., HIV/AIDS among female sex workers, injecting drug users and men who have sex with men in Lebanon: results of the first biobehavioral surveys. AIDS, 2010. 24 Suppl 2: p. S45–54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalkhoran, S. and L. Hale, AIDS education in an Islamic nation: content analysis of Farsi-language AIDS-education materials in Iran. Promot Educ, 2008. 15(3): p. 21–5.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Boyacioglu, A.O. and A. Turkmen, Social and cultural dimensions of pregnancy and childbirth in eastern Turkey. Cult Health Sex, 2008. 10(3): p. 277–85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Bank. HIV/AIDS in Afghanistan. Washington, DC, USA: World Bank. 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Roudi-Fahimi, F., V.M. Moghadam, and P.R. Bureau, Empowering Women, Developing Society: Female Education in the Middle East and North Africa. 2003: Population Reference Bureau.
   Google Scholar
• El-Bakly, S. and R.W. Hess, Mass media makes a difference. Integration, 1994(41): p. 13–5.
   Google Scholar
• Genc, M., et al., AIDS awareness and knowledge among married women living in Malatya (Turkey): implications for province-based prevention programs. New Microbiol, 2005. 28(2): p. 161–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kabbash, I.A., et al., Needs assessment and coping strategies of persons infected with HIV in Egypt. East Mediterr Health J, 2008. 14(6): p. 1308–20.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Moszynski, P., Egyptian doctors who took part in forced HIV testing “violated medical ethics”. BMJ, 2008. 336(7649): p. 855.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mobeireek, A.F., et al., Information disclosure and decision-making: the Middle East versus the Far East and the West. J Med Ethics, 2008. 34(4): p. 225–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karouaoui, A., Report of mission on HIV and Sex work in Oman. UNAIDS. 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Mohebbi, M.R., Female sex workers and fear of stigmatisation. Sex Transm Infect, 2005. 81(2): p. 180–1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zargooshi, J., Characteristics of gonorrhoea in Kermanshah, Iran. Sex Transm Infect, 2002. 78(6): p. 460–1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abu-Raddad, L., et al., Policy Notes. Characterizing the HIV/AIDS epidemic in the Middle East and North Africa: Time for Strategic Action. Middle East and North Africa HIV/AIDS Epidemiology Synthesis Project. World Bank/UNAIDS/WHO Publication. 2010, Washington DC: The World Bank Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ergene, T., et al., A controlled-study of preventive effects of peer education and single-session lectures on HIV/AIDS knowledge and attitudes among university students in Turkey. AIDS Educ Prev, 2005. 17(3): p. 268–78.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Afshar, P., From the assessment to the implementation of services available for drug abuse and HIV/AIDS prevention and care in prison setting: the experience of Iran. Powerpoint presentation.
   Google Scholar
• Gheiratmand, R., et al., A country study to review existing capacity building and management of the training of teachers on preventive education against HIV/AIDS in the schools in I.R. Iran. 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Mohebbi, M.R. and R. Navipour, Preventive education against HIV/ AIDS in the schools of Iran. Indian Pediatr, 2004. 41(9): p. 966–7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jenkins, C., & Robalino, D.A. HIV in the Middle East and North Africa: The Cost of inaction. Washington DC: Orientations in Development Series, World Bank. 2003.
   Google Scholar
• Sudan National AIDS Programme and UNAIDS, HIV/AIDS Integrated Report North Sudan, 2004-2005 (Draft). With United Nations General Assembly Special Session on HIV/AIDS Declaration of Commitment. 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Jodati, A.R., et al., Impact of education in promoting the knowledge of and attitude to HIV/AIDS prevention: a trial on 17,000 Iranian students. Int J STD AIDS, 2007. 18(6): p. 407–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saleh, M.A., et al., Impact of health education program on knowledge about AIDS and HIV transmission in students of secondary schools in Buraidah city, Saudi Arabia: an exploratory study. East Mediterr Health J, 1999. 5(5): p. 1068–75.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Degenhardt, L., et al., Prevention of HIV infection for people who inject drugs: why individual, structural, and combination approaches are needed. Lancet, 2010. 376(9737): p. 285–301.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jurgens, R., et al., People who use drugs, HIV, and human rights. Lancet, 2010. 376(9739): p. 475–85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shannon, K., et al., Global epidemiology of HIV among female sex workers: influence of structural determinants. Lancet, 2015. 385(9962): p. 55–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta, G.R., et al., Structural approaches to HIV prevention. Lancet, 2008. 372(9640): p. 764–75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milloy, M.J., et al., Social and structural factors associated with HIV disease progression among illicit drug users: a systematic review. AIDS, 2012. 26(9): p. 1049–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parker, R. and P. Aggleton, HIV and AIDS-related stigma and discrimination: a conceptual framework and implications for action. Soc Sci Med, 2003. 57(1): p. 13–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abu-Raddad, L.J., S.K. Sgaier, and G.R. Mumtaz, HIV response in the Middle East and North Africa: An epidemic and its policy dilemmas, in Global HIV/AIDS Politics, Policy and Activism: Persistent Challenges and Emerging Issues, R. Smith, Editor. 2013, Washington DC: Praeger Publishers, p. 143–68.
   Google Scholar