Adolescent mothers affected by HIV and their children: A scoping review of evidence and experiences from sub-Saharan Africa

References

• Amoo, E. O., Igbinoba, A., Imhonopi, D., Banjo, O. O., Ajaero, C. K., Akinyemi, J. O., Igbokwe, D., & Solanke, L. B. (2018). Trends, determinants and health risks of adolescent fatherhood in Sub-Saharan Africa. Ethiopian Journal of Health Sciences, 28(4), 433–442. https://doi.org/10.4314/ejhs.v28i4.9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amzel, A., Toska, E., Lovich, R., Widyono, M., Patel, T., Foti, C., Dziuban, E. J., Phelps, B. R., Sugandhi, N., Mark, D., & Altschuler, J. (2013). Promoting a combination approach to paediatric HIV psychosocial support. AIDS, 27(Suppl 2), S147–57. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0000000000000098
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bamishigbin, O. N., Dunkel Schetter, C., & Stanton, A. L. (2019). The antecedents and consequences of adolescent fatherhood: A systematic review. Social Science and Medicine, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.04.031
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birungi, H., Obare, F., Van Der Kwaak, A., & Namwebya, J. H. (2011). Maternal health care utilization among HIV-positive female adolescents in Kenya. International Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, 37(3), 143–149. doi: 10.1363/3714311
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Callahan, T., Modi, S., Swanson, J., Ng’eno, B., & Broyles, L. N. (2017). Pregnant adolescents living with HIV: What we know, what we need to know, where we need to go. Journal of the International AIDS Society, 20(1), 1–4. https://doi.org/10.7448/IAS.20.1.21858
   Google Scholar
• Carbone, N. B., Njala, J., Jackson, D. J., Eliya, M. T., Chilangwa, C., Tseka, J., Zulu, T., Chinkonde, J. R., Sherman, J., Zimba, C., Mofolo, I. A., & Herce, M. E. (2019). “I would love if there was a young woman to encourage us, to ease our anxiety which we would have if we were alone”: Adapting the Mothers2Mothers mentor mother model for adolescent mothers living with HIV in Malawi. PLoS One, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0217693
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christofides, N. J., Jewkes, R. K., Dunkle, K. L., Nduna, M., Shai, N. J., & Sterk, C. (2014). Early adolescent pregnancy increases risk of incident HIV infection in the Eastern Cape, South Africa: A longitudinal study. Journal of the International AIDS Society, 17(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.7448/IAS.17.1.18585
   Google Scholar
• Closson, K., Dietrich, J. J., Beksinska, M. E., Smit, J., Brockman, M., Gray, G. E., & Kaida, A. (2019, July 29–31). Higher prevalence of intimate partner violence among young South African women who report teenage pregnancy [Paper presentation]. AIDS Impact, London, United Kingdom.
   Google Scholar
• Clouse, K., Pettifor, A., Shearer, K., Maskew, M., Bassett, J., Larson, B., Van Rie, A., Sanne, I., & Fox, M. P. (2013). Loss to follow-up before and after delivery among women testing HIV positive during pregnancy in Johannesburg, South Africa. Tropical Medicine & International Health, 18(4), 451–460. https://doi.org/10.1111/tmi.12072
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cluver, L., Pantelic, M., Toska, E., Orkin, M., Casale, M., Bungane, N., & Sherr, L. (2018). STACKing the odds for adolescent survival: health service factors associated with full retention in care and adherence amongst adolescents living with HIV in South Africa. Journal of the International AIDS Society, 21(9), e25176. https://doi.org/10.1002/jia2.25176
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darroch, J. E., Woog, V., & Bankole, A. (2016). ADDING IT UP: Costs and benefits of meeting the contraceptive needs of adolescents in developing regions. Guttmacher Institute. https://www.guttmacher.org/report/adding-it-meeting-contraceptive-needs-of-adolescents
   Google Scholar
• Dyer, C. E. F., Campeau, L., Toska, E., Hodes, R., & Cluver, L. D. (2019). Are youth living with HIV in South Africa reaching the sustainable development goals? (CSSR UCT Working Paper No. 434). http://www.cssr.uct.ac.za/sites/default/files/image_tool/images/256/Publications/WP434DyerCampeauToskaHodesCluver_0.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Editorial. (2013). The challenge of HIV associated neurocognitive disorder. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 13, 907. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(13)70306-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fatti, G., Shaikh, N., Eley, B., Jackson, D. J., & Grimwood, A. (2014). Adolescent and young pregnant women at increased risk of mother-to-child transmission of HIV and poorer maternal and infant health outcomes: A cohort study at public facilities in the Nelson Mandela Bay Metropolitan district, Eastern Cape, South Africa. South African Medical Journal, 104(12), 874–880. doi: 10.7196/SAMJ.8207
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fatti, G., Sheikh, N., Mothibi, E., & Eley, B. (2014, September 24–27). Gender differences and the effect of pregnancy on antiretroviral treatment outcomes amongst adolescents in South Africa [Paper presentation]. Southern African HIV Clinicians Society Conference, Cape Town, South Africa.
   Google Scholar
• Govender, D., Naidoo, S., & Taylor, M. (2019). Prevalence and risk factors of repeat pregnancy among South African adolescent females. African Journal of Reproductive Health, 23(1), 73–87. https://doi.org/10.29063/ajrh2019/v23i1.8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grønvik, T., & Sandøy, I. F. (2018). Complications associated with adolescent childbearing in Sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis. PLoS One, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204327
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Groves, A. K., Maman, S., Stankard, P. H., Gebrekristos, L. T., Amon, J. J., & Moodley, D. (2018). Addressing the unique needs of adolescent mothers in the fight against HIV. Journal of the International AIDS Society, 21(6), e25155. https://doi.org/10.1002/jia2.25155
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill, L. M., Maman, S., Groves, A. K., & Moodley, D. (2015). Social support among HIV-positive and HIV-negative adolescents in Umlazi, South Africa: Changes in family and partner relationships during pregnancy and the postpartum period. BMC Pregnancy and childbirth, 15(1), 117.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoare, J. (2016, July 18–22). The adolescent brain: Understanding how youth perceive risks and healthcare needs [Paper presentation]. XXI International AIDS Conference – AIDS2016, Durban, South Africa.
   Google Scholar
• Hodes, R., & Gittings, L. (2019). ‘Kasi curriculum’: what young men learn and teach about sex in a South African township. Sex Education, 19(4), 436–454. https://doi.org/10.1080/14681811.2019.1606792
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hodgkinson, S., Beers, L., Southammakosane, C., & Lewin, A. (2014). Addressing the mental health needs of pregnant and parenting adolescents. Pediatrics, 133(1), 114–122. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2013-0927
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horwood, C., Butler, L. M., Haskins, L., Phakathi, S., & Rollins, N. (2013). HIV-infected adolescent mothers and their infants: Low coverage of HIV services and high risk of HIV transmission in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. PLoS One, 8(9), e74568. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0074568
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Human Rights Watch. (2016a). Leave no girl behind: Discrimination in education against pregnant girls and adolescent mothers. Human Rights Watch. Retrieved September 18, 2019, from https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/report_pdf/au0618_insert_webspreads.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Human Rights Watch. (2016b). Leave no girl behind: Discrimination in education against pregnant girls and adolescent mothers. Human Rights Watch. Retrieved September 18, 2019, from https://www.hrw.org/report/2018/06/14/leave-no-girl-behind-africa/discrimination-education-against-pregnant-girls-and
   Google Scholar
• Jama, N. A., Wilford, A., Haskins, L., Coutsoudis, A., Spies, L., & Horwood, C. (2018). Autonomy and infant feeding decision-making among teenage mothers in a rural and urban setting in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 18(52), https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-018-1675-7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Josephine, A. M. (2019). “Motherhood is hard”: Exploring the complexities of unplanned motherhood among HIV-positive adolescents in South Africa. SAGE Open, 9(2), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244019848802
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kane, S., Miedema, E., Dieleman, M., & Broerse, J. (2019). ‘You have a child who will call you “mama”’: Understanding adolescent pregnancy in South Sudan. Global Health Action, 12(1), 1553282. doi: 10.1080/16549716.2018.1553282
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaphagawani, N. C., & Kalipeni, E. (2017). Sociocultural factors contributing to teenage pregnancy in Zomba district, Malawi. Global Public Health, 12(6), 694–710. https://doi.org/10.1080/17441692.2016.1229354
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kariminia, A., Law, M., Davies, M.-A., Vinikoor, M., Wools-Kaloustian, K., Leroy, V., Edmonds, A., McGowan, C., Vreeman, R., Fairlie, L., Ayaya, S., Yotebieng, M., Takassi, E., Pinto, J., Adedimeji, A., Malateste, K., Machado, D. M, Penazzato, M., Hazra, R., & Sohn, A. H. (2018). Mortality and losses to follow-up among adolescents living with HIV in the IeDEA global cohort collaboration. Journal of the International AIDS Society, 21(12), 12. https://doi.org/10.1002/jia2.25215
   Google Scholar
• Kassa, G. M., Arowojolu, A. O., Odukogbe, A. A., & Yalew, A. W. (2018). Prevalence and determinants of adolescent pregnancy in Africa: A systematic review and Meta-analysis. Reproductive Health, 15(1), 195. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12978-018-0640-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerr, S. J., Puthanakit, T., Vibol, U., Aurpibul, L., Vonthanak, S., Kosalaraksa, P., Kanjanavanit, S., Hansudewechakul, R., Wongsawat, J., Luesomboon, W., Ratanadilok, K., Prasitsuebsai, W., Pruksakaew, K., van der Lugt, J., Paul, R., Ananworanich, J., & Valcour, V. (2014). Neurodevelopmental outcomes in HIV-exposed-uninfected children versus those not exposed to HIV. AIDS Care – Psychological and Socio-Medical Aspects of AIDS/HIV, 26(11), 1327–1335. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2014.920949
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kinghorn, A., Shanaube, K., Toska, E., Cluver, L., & Bekker, L.-G. (2018). Defining adolescence: priorities from a global health perspective. The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health, 2(5), e10. doi: 10.1016/S2352-4642(18)30096-8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Koech, E., Teasdale, C. A., Wang, C., Fayorsey, R., Alwar, T., Mukui, I. N., Hawken, M., & Abrams, E. J. (2014). Characteristics and outcomes of HIV-infected youth and young adolescents enrolled in HIV care in Kenya. AIDS, 28(18), 2729–2738. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0000000000000473
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kossow, E., Drüphake, V., Tolle, L., Nkhwalume, T., Ntshekisang, T., Phoi, O., Pilane, M., Rakodu, K., Sello, R., Tolle, M. A., Marape, M., & Anabwani, G. M. (2012, July 22–25). Teen mothers support group: Improving the clinical and psychosocial well being of HIV-positive teenage mothers at the Botswana-Baylor Children’s Clinical Centre of Excellence. 19th International AIDS Conference, Washington, DC, United States of America, [Paper presentation].
   Google Scholar
• Kumar, M., Huang, K. Y., Othieno, C., Wamalwa, D., Madeghe, B., Osok, K., Kahonge, S. N., Nato, J., & McKay, M. M. (2018). Adolescent pregnancy and challenges in Kenyan context: Perspectives from multiple community stakeholders. Global Social Welfare, 5(1), 11–27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamb, M. R., Fayorsey, R., Nuwagaba-Biribonwoha, H., Viola, V., Mutabazi, V., Alwar, T., Casalini, C., & Elul, B. (2014). High attrition before and after ART initiation among youth (15-24 years of age) enrolled in HIV care. AIDS, 28(4), 559–568. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0000000000000054
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LePlatte, D., Rosenblum, K. L., Stanton, E., Miller, N., & Muzik, M. (2012). Mental health in primary care for adolescent parents. Mental Health in Family Medicine, 9(1), 39–45. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3487608/pdf/MHFM-09-039.pdf.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Le Roux, K., Christodoulou, J., Stansert-Katzen, L., Dippenaar, E., Laurenzi, C., Le Roux, I. M., Tomlinson, M., & Rotheram-Borus, M. J. (2019). A longitudinal cohort study of rural adolescent vs adult South African mothers and their children from birth to 24 months. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 19(1), 24. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-018-2164-8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lila, H. (2017, July 23–25). Prevention of mother to child transmission of HIV in Tanzania: The case of pregnant adolescents in Morogoro region [Paper presentation]. International AIDS Society – IAS2017, Paris, France.
   Google Scholar
• Lowenthal, E. D., Lawler, K., Harari, N., Moamogwe, L., Masung, J., Masedi, M., Matome, B., Seloilwe, E., & Gross, R. (2012). Rapid psychosocial function screening test identified treatment failure in HIV+ African youth. AIDS Care: Psychological and Socio-Medical Aspects of AIDS/HIV, 24(6), 722–727. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2011.644233.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luseno, W. K., Iritani, B. J., Maman, S., Mbai, I., Ongili, B., Otieno, F. A., & Hallfors, D. D. (2019). “If the mother does not know, there is no way she can tell the adolescent to go for drugs”: Challenges in promoting health and preventing transmission among pregnant and parenting Kenyan adolescents living with HIV. Children and Youth Services Review, 103, 100–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2019.05.036
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Machekano, R., Tiam, A., Kassaye, S., Tukei, V., Gill, M., Mohai, F., Nchepe, M., Mokone, M., Barasa, J., Mohale, S., Letsie, M., & Guay, L. (2018). HIV incidence among pregnant and postpartum women in a high prevalence setting. PLoS One, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0209782
   Google Scholar
• Mackworth-Young, C. R. S., Bond, V., Wringe, A., Konayuma, K., Clay, S., Chiiya, C., Chonta, M., Sievwright, K., & Stangl, A. L. (2017). “My mother told me that I should not”: A qualitative study exploring the restrictions placed on adolescent girls living with HIV in Zambia. Journal of the International AIDS Society, 20(4), e25035. doi: 10.1002/jia2.25035
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Macleod, C. I. (2002). Economic security and the social science literature on teenage pregnancy in South Africa. Gender & Society, 16(5), 647–664. https://doi.org/10.1177/089124302236990
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCracken, K. A., & Loveless, M. (2014). Teen pregnancy: An update. Current Opinion in Obstetrics and Gynecology. https://doi.org/10.1097/GCO.0000000000000102
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mchunu, G., Peltzer, K., Tutshana, B., & Seutlwadi, L. (2012). Adolescent pregnancy and associated factors in South African youth. African Health Sciences, 12, 426–434. https://doi.org/10.4314/ahs.v12i4.5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitsuhiro, S. S., Chalem, E., Moraes Barros, M. C., Guinsburg, R., & Laranjeira, R. (2009). Brief report: Prevalence of psychiatric disorders in pregnant teenagers. Journal of Adolescence, 32(3), 747–752. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2008.12.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mokgatle, M., Molapisi, E., & Madiba, S. (2017). The childbearing desires of perinatally infected female adolescents enrolled in an HIV clinic in Tshwane District, Gauteng Province, South Africa. Current Pediatric Research, 21(2), 313–320. https://www.alliedacademies.org/articles/the-childbearing-desires-of-perinatally-infected-female-adolescents-enrolled-in-an-hiv-clinic-in-tshwane-district-gauteng-province.html.
   Google Scholar
• Mombo-Ngoma, G., Mackanga, J. R., González, R., Ouedraogo, S., Kakolwa, M. A., Manego, R. Z., Basra, A., Rupérez, M., Cot, M., Kabanywany, A. M., Matsiegui, P.-B., Agnandji, S. T., Vala, A., Massougbodji, A., Abdulla, S., Adegnika, A. A., Sevene, E., Macete, E., Yazdanbakhsh, M., … Ramharter, M. (2016). Young adolescent girls are at high risk for adverse pregnancy outcomes in sub-Saharan Africa: An observational multicountry study. BMJ Open. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2016-011783.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norton, M., Chandra-Mouli, V., & Lane, C. (2017). Interventions for preventing unintended, rapid repeat pregnancy among adolescents: A review of the evidence and lessons from high-quality evaluations. Global Health: Science and Practice, 5(4), 547–570. https://doi.org/10.9745/GHSP-D-17-00131
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nuwagaba-Biribonwoha, H., Kiragga, A. N., Yiannoutsos, C. T., Musick, B. S., Wools-Kaloustian, K. K., Ayaya, S., Wolf, H., Lugina, E., Ssali, J., Abrams, E. J., & Elul, B. (2018). Adolescent pregnancy at antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation: a critical barrier to retention on ART. Journal of the International AIDS Society, 21(9), e25178. https://doi.org/10.1002/jia2.25178
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Obare, F., Van Der Kwaak, A., & Birungi, H. (2012). Factors associated with unintended pregnancy, poor birth outcomes and post-partum contraceptive use among HIV-positive female adolescents in Kenya. BMC Women’s Health, 12(34), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6874-12-34
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Odimegwu, C. O., Amoo, E. O., & De Wet, N. (2018). Teenage pregnancy in South Africa: Where are the young men involved? South African Journal of Child Health, 12(2b), 44–50. https://doi.org/10.7196/SAJCH.2018.v12i2.1523
   Google Scholar
• Odimegwu, C., & Mkwananzi, S. (2016). Factors associated with teen pregnancy in sub-Saharan Africa: A multi-country cross-sectional study. African Journal of Reproductive Health, 20(3), 94–107. https://doi.org/10.29063/ajrh2016/v20i3.14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Omoro, T., Gray, S. C., Otieno, G., Mbeda, C., Phillips-Howard, P. A., Hayes, T., Otieno, F., & Gust, D. A. (2018). Teen pregnancy in rural western Kenya: A public health issue. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, 23(4), 399–408. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673843.2017.1402794.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Onyeka, I. N., Miettola, J., Ilika, A. L., & Vaskilampi, T. (2011). Unintended pregnancy and termination of studies among students in Anambra state, Nigeria: are secondary schools playing their part? African Journal of Reproductive Health, 15(2), 109–115. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22590897.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Orne-Gliemann, J., Font, H., Maphosa, T., Kangwende, A., Rusakaniko, S., Magezi, V., Sengai, T., Shumba, B., Zambezi, P., & Foster, G. (2017). Patterns of attendance at mother support groups in Zimbabwe. The EPAZ trial (2014–2016). JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 75, S216–S223. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0000000000001348
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pantelic, M., Boyes, M., Cluver, L., & Meinck, F. (2017). HIV, violence, blame and shame: Pathways of risk to internalized HIV stigma among South African adolescents living with HIV: Pathways. Journal of the International AIDS Society, 20(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.7448/IAS.20.1.21771
   Google Scholar
• PATA. (2019). ASK-BOOST-CONNECT-DISCUSS (ABCD). Retrieved August 31, 2019, from http://teampata.org/ask-boost-connect-discuss-abcd/
   Google Scholar
• Ramraj, T., Jackson, D., Dinh, T.-H., Olorunju, S., Lombard, C., Sherman, G., Puren, A., Ramokolo, V., Noveve, N.Singh, Y., Magasana, V., Bhardwaj, S., Cheyip, M., Mogashoa, M., Pillay, Y., & Goga, A. E. (2018). Adolescent access to care and risk of early mother-to-child HIV transmission. Journal of Adolescent Health, 62(4), 434–443. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2017.10.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ronen, K., McGrath, C. J., Langat, A. C., Kinuthia, J., Omolo, D., Singa, B., Katana, A. K., Ng’Ang’A, L. W., & John-Stewart, G. (2016). Gaps in adolescent engagement in antenatal care and prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission services in Kenya. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. (1999), ahead of p.https://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0000000000001176.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seamark, C. J., & Lings, P. (2004). Positive experiences of teenage motherhood: A qualitative study. British Journal of General Practice, 54(508), 813–818.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seibold, C. (2004). Young single women’s experiences of pregnancy, adjustment, decision-making and ongoing identity construction. Midwifery, 20(2), 171–180. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0266-6138(03)00057-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherr, L., Croome, N., Parra Castaneda, K., Bradshaw, K., & Herrero Romero, R. (2014). Developmental challenges in HIV infected children—An updated systematic review. Children and Youth Services Review, 45, 74–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2014.03.040
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slogrove, A. L., Powis, K. M., & Cotton, M. F. (2019). Human immunodeficiency virus-exposed uninfected infants: Surviving and thriving or overlooked by success? Clinical Infectious Diseases: An Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 68(12), 2156–2158. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciy1056
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, R., Chernoff, M., Williams, P. L., Malee, K. M., Sirois, P. A., Kammerer, B., Wilkins, M., Nichols, S., Mellins, C., Usitalo, A., Garvie, P., & Rutstein, R. (2013). Impact of human immunodeficiency virus severity on cognitive and adaptive functioning during childhood and adolescence. Pediatric Infecttious Disease Journal, 31(6), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1097/INF.0b013e318253844b.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spear, H. J., & Lock, S. (2003). Qualitative research on adolescent pregnancy: A descriptive review and analysis. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 18(6), 397–408. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0882-5963(03)00160-X
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stoner, M. C. D., Rucinski, K. B., Edwards, J. K., Selin, A., Hughes, J. P., Wang, J., Agyei, Y., Gomez-Olive, F. X., MacPhail, C., Kahn, K., & Pettifor, A. (2019). The relationship between school dropout and pregnancy among adolescent girls and young women in South Africa: A HPTN 068 analysis. Health Education & Behavior, 46(4), 559–568. https://doi.org/10.1177/1090198119831755
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toska, E., Cluver, L., Orkin, M., Bains, A., Sherr, L., Berezin, M., & Gulaid, L. (2019). Screening and supporting through schools: Educational experiences and needs of adolescents living with HIV in a South African cohort. BMC Public Health, 19(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-6580-0
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Toska, E., Pantelic, M., Meinck, F., Keck, K., Haghighat, R., & Cluver, L. (2017). Sex in the shadow of HIV: A systematic review of prevalence rates, risk factors and interventions to reduce sexual risk-taking among HIV-positive adolescents and youth in Sub-Saharan Africa. PLoS One, 12(6), e0178106. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178106
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toska, E., Sherr, L., Cluver, L., Zhou, S., & Mzantsi Wakho Team. (2018, July 23–27). The third generation of HIV: World first longitudinal study of pregnancy in adolescents living with HIV [Paper presentation]. Journal of the International AIDS Society, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
   Google Scholar
• Toska, E., Zhou, S., Laurenzi, C., & Cluver, L. D. (2019, July 29–31). Adolescent childbearing ideation, hormonal contraception, and pregnancy experiences in the era of HIV [Paper presentation]. AIDS Impact, London, United Kingdom.
   Google Scholar
• UNAIDS. (2018). UNAIDS data 2018. UNAIDS. Retrieved September 18, 2019, from https://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/unaids-data-2018_en.pdf
   Google Scholar
• UNAIDS, J. U. N. P. on H. (2019). At a glance – HIV among women and girls in Sub-Saharan Africa. UNAIDS. Retrieved September 18, 2019, from https://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/women_girls_hiv_en.pdf
   Google Scholar
• UNDP. (2015). World fertility patterns 2015 – data booklet (ST/ESA/SER.A/370). UNDP. Retrieved September 18, 2019, from https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/fertility/world- fertility-patterns-2015.pdf
   Google Scholar
• UNESCO. (2017). Early and unintended pregnancy & the education sector (ED/IPS/HAE/2517/01 REV). UNESCO. Retrieved September 18, 2019, from https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000251509
   Google Scholar
• United Nations. (2017). World population prospects: 2017 revision. United Nations. Retrieved September 18, 2019, from https://population.un.org/wpp/
   Google Scholar
• WHO. (2018). Nurturing care for early childhood development: A framework for helping children survive and thrive to transform health and human potential. WHO. Retrieved September 18, 2019, from https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/272603/9789241514064-eng.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Williamson, N. (2013). State of the world population 2013 – motherhood in childhood: Facing the challenge of adolescent pregnancy. UNFPA. Retrieved September 18, 2019, from https://www.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/EN-SWOP2013.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Wodon, Q. T., Male, C., Nayihouba, K. A., Onagoruwa, A. O., Savadogo, A., Yedan, A., Edmeades, J., Kes, A., John, N., Murithi, L., Steinhaus, M., & Petroni, S. (2017). Economic impacts of child marriage: Global synthesis report. Economic Impacts of Child Marriage. Washington, DC: The World Back. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/530891498511398503/Economic-impacts-of-child-marriage-global-synthesis-report
   Google Scholar
• Wood, K., & Jewkes, R. K. (2006). Blood blockages and scolding nurses: Barriers to adolescent contraceptive use in South Africa. Reproductive Health Matters, 14(27), 109–118. doi: 10.1016/S0968-8080(06)27231-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xavier, C., Benoit, A., & Brown, H. K. (2018). Teenage pregnancy and mental health beyond the postpartum period: A systematic review. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 72(6), 451–457. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2017-209923
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar