References
- AbouAssi, K. (2014). Get money get involved? NGO's reactions to donor funding and their potential involvement in the public policy processes. Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 25(4), 968–990. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-013-9389-y
- Appe, S., & Pallas, C. L. (2018). Aid reduction and local civil society: Causes, comparisons, and consequences. Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 29(2), 245–255. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-017-9846-0
- Argento, E., Reza-Paul, S., Lorway, R., Jain, J., Bhagya, M., Fathima, M., Sreeram, S. V., Hafeezur, R. S., & O'Neil, J. (2011). Confronting structural violence in sex work: Lessons from a community-led HIV prevention project in Mysore, India. AIDS Care, 23(1), 69–74. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2010.498868
- Atia, M., & Herrold, C. E. (2018). Governing through patronage: The rise of NGOs and the fall of civil society in Palestine and Morocco. Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 29(5), 1044–1054. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-018-9953-6
- Avahan. (2008). Avahan - The India AIDS initiative: The business of HIV prevention at scale. Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
- Beattie, T. S. H., Mohan, H. L., Bhattacharjee, P., Chandrashekar, S., Isac, S., Wheeler, T., Prakash, R., Ramesh, B. M., Blanchard, J. F., Heise, L., Vickerman, P., Moses, S., & Watts, C. (2014). Community mobilization and empowerment of female sex workers in Karnataka state, South India: Associations with HIV and sexually transmitted infection risk. American Journal of Public Health, 104(8), 1516–1525. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2014.301911
- Beck, D. C., Munro-Kramer, M. L., & Lori, J. R. (2018). A scoping review on community mobilisation for maternal and child health in sub-Saharan Africa: Impact on empowerment. Global Public Health, 14(3), 375-395. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/17441692.2018.1516228
- Bhattacharjee, P., Prakash, R., Pillai, P., Isac, S., Haranahalli, M., Blanchard, A., Shahmanesh, M., Blanchard, J., & Moses, S. (2013). Understanding the role of peer group membership in reducing HIV-related risk and vulnerability among female sex workers in Karnataka, India. AIDS Care, 25(Suppl 1), S46–S54. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2012.736607
- Biradavolu, M. R., Blankenship, K. M., George, A., & Dhungana, N. (2015). Unintended consequences of community-based monitoring systems: Lessons from an HIV prevention intervention for sex workers in South India. World Development, 67, 1–10. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2014.09.026.
- Biradavolu, M. R., Burris, S., George, A., Jena, A., & Blankenship, K. M. (2009). Can sex workers regulate police? Learning from an HIV prevention project for sex workers in southern India. Social Science & Medicine, 68(8), 1541–1547. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.01.040
- Blanchard, A. K., Mohan, H. L., Shahmanesh, M., Prakash, R., Isac, S., Ramesh, B. M., Bhattacharjee, P., Gurnani, V., Moses, S., & Blanchard, J. F. (2013). Community mobilization, empowerment and HIV prevention among female sex workers in south India. BMC Public Health, 13(1), 234. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-13-234
- Blankenship, K. M., West, B. S., Kershaw, T. S., & Biradavolu, M. R. (2008). Power, community mobilization, and condom use practices among female sex workers in Andhra Pradesh, India. AIDS, 22(Suppl 5), S109–S116. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1097/01.aids.0000343769.92949.dd
- Boesten, J. (2011). Navigating the AIDS Industry: Being poor and positive in Tanzania. Development and Change, 42(3), 781–803. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7660.2011.01713.x
- Bornstein, E., & Sharma, A. (2016). The righteous and the rightful: The technomoral politics of NGOs, social movements, and the state in India. American Ethnologist, 43(1), 76–90. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/amet.12264
- Burger, R., & Owens, T. (2013). Receive grants or perish? The survival prospects of Ugandan non-governmental organisations. The Journal of Development Studies, 49(9), 1284–1298. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2012.754430
- Chakravarthy, J. B., Joseph, S. V., Pelto, P., & Kovvali, D. (2012). Community mobilisation programme for female sex workers in coastal Andhra Pradesh, India: Processes and their effects. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 66(Suppl 2), ii78–ii86. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2011-200487
- Chambré, S. M., & Fatt, N. (2002). Beyond the liability of newness: Nonprofit organizations in an emerging policy domain. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 31(4), 502–524. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0899764002238098
- Choudry, A. A., & Kapoor, D. (2013). NGOization: Complicity, contradictions and prospects. Edited by Aziz Choudry and Dip Kapoor. Zed Books.
- Cornish, F., Priego-Hernandez, J., Campbell, C., Mburu, G., & McLean, S. (2014). The impact of community mobilisation on HIV prevention in middle and low income countries: A systematic review and critique. AIDS and Behavior, 18(11), 2110–2134. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-014-0748-5
- Dixon, V., Reza-Paul, S., D'Souza, F. M., O'Neil, J., O'Brien, N., & Lorway, R. (2012). Increasing access and ownership of clinical services at an HIV prevention project for sex workers in Mysore, India. Global Public Health, 7(7), 779–791. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/17441692.2012.668918
- George, A., Blankenship, K. M., Biradavolu, M. R., Dhungana, N., & Tankasala, N. (2014). Sex workers in HIV prevention: From social change agents to peer educators. Global Public Health, 10(1), 28–40. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/17441692.2014.966251
- Ghosh, S., & Vinod, D. (2017). What constrains financial inclusion for women? Evidence from Indian micro data. World Development, 92, 60–81. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2016.11.011
- Glassman, A., & Temin, M. (Eds.). (2016). Millions Saved: New cases of Proven success in Global health. Center for Global Development.
- Gugerty, M. K., Biscaye, P., & Anderson, C. L. (2019). Delivering development? Evidence on self-help groups as development intermediaries in South Asia and Africa. Development Policy Review, 37(1), 129–151. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/dpr.12381
- Gurnani, V., Beattie, T. S., Bhattacharjee, P., Team, C., Mohan, H. L., Maddur, S., Washington, R., Isac, S., Ramesh, B. M., Moses, S., & Blanchard, J. F. (2011). An integrated structural intervention to reduce vulnerability to HIV and sexually transmitted infections among female sex workers in Karnataka state, south India. BMC Public Health, 11(1), 755–755. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-11-755
- Halli, S. S., Ramesh, B. M., O'Neil, J., Moses, S., & Blanchard, J. F. (2006). The role of collectives in STI and HIV/AIDS prevention among female sex workers in Karnataka, India. AIDS Care, 18(7), 739–749. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/09540120500466937
- Jana, S., Basu, I., Rotheram-Borus, M. J., & Newman, P. A. (2004). The sonagachi project: A sustainable community intervention program. AIDS Education and Prevention, 16(5), 405–414. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1521/aeap.16.5.405.48734
- Kerrigan, D., Fonner, V. A., Stromdahl, S., & Kennedy, C. E. (2013). Community empowerment among female sex workers is an effective HIV prevention intervention: A systematic review of the peer-reviewed evidence from low- and middle-income countries. AIDS and Behavior, 17(6), 1926–1940. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-013-0458-4
- Kerrigan, D., Kennedy, C. E., Morgan-Thomas, R., Reza-Paul, S., Mwangi, P., Win, K. T., McFall, A., Fonner, V. A., & Butler, J. (2015). A community empowerment approach to the HIV response among sex workers: Effectiveness, challenges, and considerations for implementation and scale-up. The Lancet, 385(9963), 172–185. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60973-9
- Kerrigan, D., Mbwambo, J., Likindikoki, S., Davis, W., Mantsios, A., Beckham, S. W., Leddy, A., Shembilu, C., Mwampashi, A., Aboud, S., & Galai, N. (2019). Project Shikamana: A community empowerment model of combination prevention significantly impacts HIV incidence and care continuum outcomes among female sex workers in Iringa. Tanzania. JAIDS, 82(2), 141–148. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0000000000002123
- Kuhlmann, A. S., Galavotti, C., Hastings, P., Narayanan, P., & Saggurti, N. (2014). Investing in communities: Evaluating the added value of community mobilization on HIV prevention outcomes among FSWs in India. AIDS and Behavior, 18(4), 752–766. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-013-0626-6
- Lange, S. (2008). The depoliticisation of development and the democratisation of politics in Tanzania: Parallel structures as obstacles to delivering services to the poor. The Journal of Development Studies, 44(8), 1122–1144. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/00220380802242396
- Lippman, S. A., Chinaglia, M., Donini, A. A., Diaz, J., Reingold, A., & Kerrigan, D. L. (2012). Findings from Encontros: A multilevel STI/HIV intervention to increase condom use, reduce STI, and change the social environment among sex workers in Brazil. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 39(3), 209–216. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1097/olq.0b013e31823b1937
- Lippman, S. A., Maman, S., MacPhail, C., Twine, R., Peacock, D., Kahn, K., & Pettifor, A. (2013). Conceptualizing community mobilization for HIV prevention: Implications for HIV prevention programming in the African context. PLoS ONE, 8(10), e78208. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0078208
- Mantsios, A., Galai, N., Mbwambo, J., Likindikoki, S., Shembilu, C., Mwampashi, A., Beckham, S. W., Leddy, A., Davis, W., Sherman, S., Kennedy, C., & Kerrigan, D. (2018). Community savings groups, financial security, and HIV risk among female sex workers in Iringa, Tanzania. AIDS and Behavior, 22(11), 3742–3750. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-018-2065-x
- Narayanan, P., Moulasha, K., Wheeler, T., Baer, J., Bharadwaj, S., Ramanathan, T. V., & Thomas, T. (2012). Monitoring community mobilisation and organisational capacity among high-risk groups in a large-scale HIV prevention programme in India: Selected findings using a community ownership and preparedness index. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 66(Suppl 2), ii34–ii41. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2012-201065
- Narayanan, P. V., Sarangan, G., & Bharadwaj, S. (2015). Charting new territory: Community participation at the centre of global policy making. Community Development Journal, 50(4), 608–623. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/cdj/bsv034
- Patel, S. K., Jain, A., Battala, M., Mahapatra, B., & Saggurti, N. (2018). Community organization membership, financial security, and social protection among female sex workers in India. Journal of the International Association of Providers of AIDS Care (JIAPAC), 17, 2325958218811640. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/2325958218811640
- Pettifor, A., Lippman, S. A., Gottert, A., Suchindran, C. M., Selin, A., Peacock, D., Maman, S., Rebombo, D., Twine, R., Gómez-Olivé, F. X., Tollman, S., Kahn, K., & MacPhail, C. (2018). Community mobilization to modify harmful gender norms and reduce HIV risk: Results from a community cluster randomized trial in South Africa. Journal of the International AIDS Society, 21(7), e25134. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/jia2.25134
- PRAXIS Institute for Participatory Practices. (2013). From beneficiaries to agents of change: Self-administrable tools to assess community preparedness for vulnerability reduction. PRAXIS.
- Punyam, S., Pullikalu, R. S., Mishra, R. M., Sandri, P., Mutupuru, B. P., Kokku, S. B., & Parimi, P. (2012). Community advocacy groups as a means to address the social environment of female sex workers: A case study in Andhra Pradesh, India. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 66(Suppl 2), ii87–ii94. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2011-200478
- Ramesh, B. M., Beattie, T. S. H., Shajy, I., Washington, R., Jagannathan, L., Reza-Paul, S., Blanchard, J. F., & Moses, S. (2010). Changes in risk behaviours and prevalence of sexually transmitted infections following HIV preventive interventions among female sex workers in five districts in Karnataka state, south India. Sexually Transmitted Infections, 86(Suppl 1), i17–i24. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1136/sti.2009.038513
- Reza-Paul, S., Beattie, T., Syed, H. U. R., Venukumar, K. T., Venugopal, M. S., Fathima, M. P., Raghavendra, H., Akram, P., Manjula, R., Lakshmi, M., Isac, S., Ramesh, B. M., Washington, R., Mahagaonkar, S. B., Glynn, J. R., Blanchard, J. F., & Moses, S. (2008). Declines in risk behaviour and sexually transmitted infection prevalence following a community-led HIV preventive intervention among female sex workers in Mysore, India. AIDS, 22(Suppl 5), S91–S100. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1097/01.aids.0000343767.08197.18
- Sabri, B., McFall, A. M., Solomon, S. S., Srikrishnan, A. K., Vasudevan, C. K., Anand, S., Celentano, D. D., Mehta, S. H., Kumar, S., & Lucas, G. M. (2017). Gender differences in factors related to HIV risk behaviors among people who inject drugs in North-East India. PLoS ONE, 12(1), e0169482. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0169482
- Saggurti, N., Mishra, R. M., Proddutoor, L., Tucker, S., Kovvali, D., Parimi, P., & Wheeler, T. (2013). Community collectivization and its association with consistent condom use and STI treatment-seeking behaviors among female sex workers and high-risk men who have sex with men/transgenders in Andhra Pradesh, India. AIDS Care, 25(sup1), S55–S66. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2012.749334
- Shrestha, C. H., & Adhikari, R. (2010). Antipolitics and counterpolitics in Nepal’s civil society: The case of Nepal’s citizens’ movement. Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 21(3), 293–316. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-010-9142-8
- UNAIDS. (2019). UNAIDS data 2019.
- UNAIDS. (2020). India. Retrieved 4/8/2020 from https://www.unaids.org/en/regionscountries/countries/india.
- Yadav, D., Ramanathan, S., Goswami, P., Ramakrishnan, L., Saggurti, N., Sen, S., George, B., & Paranjape, R. (2013). Role of community group exposure in reducing sexually transmitted infection-related risk among female sex workers in India. PLoS One, 8(10), e78361. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0078361
- Zhang, D. P., Han, L., Li, C. M., Meng, S. N., Leng, Z. W., Li, F., & Sun, J. P. (2013). The impact of community-based organizations in HIV testing mobilization among men who have sex with men. Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi [Chinese journal of preventive medicine], 47(5), 431–434. https://doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-9624.2013.05.011