Barriers to sexual harassment bystander intervention in Ecuadorian universities

References

• Aguayo, F., & Nascimento, M. (2016). Dos décadas de Estudios de Hombres y Masculinidades en América Latina: avances y desafíos. Sexualidad, Salud y Sociedad (Rio de Janeiro), 22, 207–220. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1590/1984-6487.sess.2016.22.09.a
   Google Scholar
• Agustín Bosch, C. (2018). Percepción y Prevalencia del Acoso Sexual en Mujeres y Varones Universitarios en la Pontificia Universidad Católica de Ecuador Sede Esmeraldas. Reflexiones Universitarias, 73–101. Disponible en: https://www.alianzaporlasolidaridad.org/casos/los-derechos-de-las-mujeres-migrantes-y-del-sur
   Google Scholar
• Altamirano Zabala, G. N. D. J. (2020). Violencia de género en estudiantes universitarios: una mirada desde la determinación social (Master’s thesis, Quito, EC: Universidad Andina Simón Bolívar, Sede Ecuador). https://hdl.handle.net/10644/7582
   Google Scholar
• Arias Saa, E. S., & López Acero, M. A. (2018). Acoso en estudiantes de pregrado y postgrado de la Facultad De Medicina de la Universidad Católica del Ecuador (Bachelor’s thesis, PUCE-Quito). https://repositorio.puce.edu.ec/handle/22000/15412
   Google Scholar
• Banyard, V. L. (2011). Who will help prevent sexual violence: Creating an ecological model of bystander intervention. Psychology of Violence, 1(3), 216–229. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023739
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banyard, V. L., Plante, E. G., & Moynihan, M. M. (2005). Rape prevention through bystander education: Final report to NIJ for grant 2002-WG-BX-0009. Retrieved February 27, 2019, from www.ncjrs.org0pdffiles10nij0grants0208701.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Bastiani, F., Romito, P., & Saurel-Cubizolles, M. J. (2019). Mental distress and sexual harassment in Italian university students. Archives of Women’s Mental Health, 22(2), 229–236. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s00737-018-0886-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bondestam, F., & Lundqvist, M. (2020). Sexual harassment in higher education: A systematic review. European Journal of Higher Education, 10(4), 397–419. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/21568235.2020.1729833
   Google Scholar
• Bott, S., Guedes, A., Goodwin, M. M., & Mendoza, J. A. (2012). Violence against women in Latin America and the Caribbean: A comparative analysis of population-based data from 12 countries. PanAmerican Health Organization; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
   Google Scholar
• Burns, V. L., Eaton, A. A., Long, H., & Zapp, D. (2019). Exploring the role of race and gender on perceived bystander ability and intent: Findings before and after exposure to an online training program to prevent sexual assault on campus. Violence Against Women, 25(8), 999–1017. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801218807089
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cárdenas, M., Lay, S. L., González, C., Calderón, C., & Alegría, I. (2010). Inventario de sexismo ambivalente: adaptación, validación y relación con variables psicosociales. Salud & Sociedad, 1(2), 125–135. Disponible en: https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=4397/439742463006. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.22199/S07187475.2010.0002.00006
   Google Scholar
• Clancy, K. B., Nelson, R. G., Rutherford, J. N., & Hinde, K. (2014). Survey of academic field experiences (SAFE): Trainees report harassment and assault. PloS one, 9(7), e102172. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0102172
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dessel, A. B., Goodman, K. D., & Woodford, M. R. (2017). LGBT discrimination on campus and heterosexual bystanders: Understanding intentions to intervene. Journal of Diversity in Higher Education, 10(2), 101–116. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/dhe0000015
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Espelage, D. L., Low, S. K., Anderson, C., & De La Ru, L. (2014). Bullying, sexual, and dating violence trajectories from early to late adolescence. Methodology, 9(11), 1–73.
   Google Scholar
• Expósito, F., Herrera, A., Valor-Segura, I., Herrera, M. C., & Lozano, L. M. (2014). Spanish adaptation of the Illinois sexual harassment myth acceptance. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 17, 1–13. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/sjp.2014.42
   Google Scholar
• Fedina, L., Holmes, J. L., & Backes, B. L. (2018). Campus sexual assault: A systematic review of prevalence research from 2000 to 2015. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 19(1), 76–93. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838016631129
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fitzgerald, L. F., Gelfand, M. J., & Drasgow, F. (1995). Measuring sexual harassment: Theoretical and psychometric advances. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 17(4), 425–445. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1207/s15324834basp1704_2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foubert, J. D., Langhinrichsen-Rohling, J., Brasfield, H., & Hill, B. (2010). Effects of a rape awareness program on college women: Increasing bystander efficacy and willingness to intervene. Journal of Community Psychology, 38(7), 813–827. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.20397
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glidden, L. M., & Shaffer-Cutillo, M. (2017). At the margin’s edge: Women's activism in Ecuador. Women's Studies, 46(1), 22–40. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/00497878.2017.1252565
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gordillo Ipiales, K. A. (2020). Estudio sobre el acoso sexual en estudiantes de la Facultad de Ingeniería Civil y Ambiental de la Escuela Politécnica Nacional (Bachelor’s thesis, Quito). https://bibdigital.epn.edu.ec/handle/15000/20802
   Google Scholar
• Guarderas, P., Larrea, M. D. L., Cuvi, J., Vega, C., Reyes, C., Bichara, T., Ramírez, G., Paula, C., Pesantez, L., Iñiguez, A. L., Ullauri, K., Aguirre, A., Almeida, M., & Arteaga, É. (2018). Acoso sexual en las universidades ecuatorianas: validez de contenido de un instrumento de medición. ALTERIDAD. Revista de Educación, 13(2), 214–226. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.17163/alt.v13n2.2018.05
   Google Scholar
• Hennelly, S. E., Hussain, S., Hale, T., Cadle, M., Brooke, J., & Davies, E. (2019). University student attitudes to prosocial bystander behaviours. Health Education, 119(5/6), 408–424. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1108/HE-05-2019-0023
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hernández, G. S., Tapia, A. J., Reynaga, R. G., & Mendoza, M. R. (2015). La coerción sexual asociada con los mitos de violación y las actitudes sexuales en estudiantes universitarios. Salud Mental, 38(1), 27–32. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.17711/SM.0185-3325.2015.003
   Google Scholar
• Hoxmeier, J. C., O’Connor, J., & McMahon, S. (2019). “She wasn’t resisting”: Students’ barriers to prosocial intervention as bystanders to sexual assault risk situations. Violence Against Women, 25(4), 485–505. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801218790697
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoxmeier, J. C., O'Connor, J., & McMahon, S. (2020). Men’s perspectives on risk identification, taking responsibility, and prosocial intervention: Primary prevention or harm reduction? Psychology of Men & Masculinities, 21(1), 95. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/men0000212
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ibáñez, D. B. (2017). La violencia de género em Ecuador: Un estudio sobre los universitarios. Revista Estudos Feministas, 25(3), 1313–1327. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9584.2017v25n3p1313
   Google Scholar
• Jagsi, R., Griffith, K. A., Jones, R., Perumalswami, C. R., Ubel, P., & Stewart, A. (2016). Sexual harassment and discrimination experiences of academic medical faculty. JAMA, 315(19), 2120–2121. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2016.2188
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janos, E., & Espinosa, A. (2015). Representaciones sociales sobre roles de género y su relación con la aceptación de mitos y creencias sobre la violencia sexual. LÍMITE Revista Interdisciplinaria de Filosofía y Psicología, 10(33), Recuperado a partir de https://www.revistalimite.cl/index.php/limite/article/view/38
   Google Scholar
• Kamimura, A., Trinh, H. N., Nguyen, H., Yamawaki, N., Bhattacharya, H., Mo, W., Birkholz, R., Makomenaw, A., & Olson, L. M. (2016). Bystander attitudes to prevent sexual assault: A study of college students in the United States, Japan, India. Vietnam, and China. The Journal of Sex Research, 53(9), 1131–1138. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2016.1184605
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, D. H., Um, M. Y., Cho, H., Lee, E. B., Chun, J. S., & Chang, H. (2019). Factors associated with types of sexual assault victimization and bystander behavior among South Korean university students. Violence and Victims, 34(6), 952–971. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.VV-D-18-00068
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein, L. B., & Martin, S. L. (2019). Sexual harassment of college and university students: A systematic review. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 1–16. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838019881731
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Labhardt, D., Holdsworth, E., Brown, S., & Howat, D. (2017). You see but you do not observe: A review of bystander intervention and sexual assault on university campuses. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 35, 13–25. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2017.05.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamontagne, E., d’Elbée, M., Ross, M. W., Carroll, A., Plessis, A. D., & Loures, L. (2018). A socioecological measurement of homophobia for all countries and its public health impact. European Journal of Public Health, 28(5), 967–972. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/cky023
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LeMaire, K. L., Oswald, D. L., & Russell, B. L. (2016). Labeling sexual victimization experiences: The role of sexism, rape myth acceptance, and tolerance for sexual harassment. Violence and Victims, 31(2), 332–346. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.VV-D-13-00148
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leone, R. M., Oyler, K. N., & Parrott, D. J. (2020). Empathy is not enough: The inhibiting effects of rape myth acceptance on the relation between empathy and bystander intervention. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260519900328
   Google Scholar
• Liamputtong, P. (2010). Cross-cultural research and qualitative inquiry. Turkish Online Journal of Qualitative Inquiry, 1(1), 16–29. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/tojqi/issue/21388/229333
   Google Scholar
• López, M. B. F., Jiménez, P. J. L., López, L. M., & Floril, M. P. C. (2020). El acoso callejero, una forma de violencia contra la mujer. Revista Metropolitana de Ciencias Aplicadas, 3(1), 120–127.
   Google Scholar
• López Baño, M. G. (2019). Percepción del protocolo de prevención de acoso, discriminación y violencia de género implementado en la Universidad Técnica de Ambato (Bachelor’s thesis). https://repositorio.uta.edu.ec/jspui/handle/123456789/30242
   Google Scholar
• Madriz, E. I. (1998). Using focus groups with lower socioeconomic status Latina women. Qualitative Inquiry, 4(1), 114–128. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/107780049800400107
   Google Scholar
• Maldonado-Maldonado, A., & Acosta, F. (2018). An agenda in motion: Women’s issues in Latin American Higher Education. International Higher Education, 94, 2–4. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.6017/ihe.2018.0.10552
   Google Scholar
• Martini, M., & De Piccoli, N. (2020). Predicting bystander intention to intervene: The role of gender-specific system justification and rape myth acceptance for men and women. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00326
   Google Scholar
• Matias, P. (2020). Docentes apoyan el despido de una colega que acompañaba a alumnas en sus denuncias por acoso sexual. Proceso, Retrieved November 26, 2020, from https://www.proceso.com.mx/nacional/estados/2020/11/23/profesores-apoyan-el-despido-de-una-colega-que-acompano-alumnas-en-sus-denuncias-de-acoso-sexual-253243.html
   Google Scholar
• McGinley, M., Wolff, J. M., Rospenda, K. M., Liu, L., & Richman, J. A. (2016). Risk factors and outcomes of chronic sexual harassment during the transition to college: Examination of a two-part growth mixture model. Social Science Research, 60, 297–310. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2016.04.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore, J., & Mennicke, A. (2020). Empathy deficits and perceived permissive environments: Sexual harassment perpetration on college campuses. Journal of Sexual Aggression, 26(3), 372–384. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/13552600.2019.1651913
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morales Cobos, S. G., Paredes Morales, M. G., & Alberdi Rodríguez, G. J. (2020). Acoso sexual por relación de poder docente estudiante: Caso de estudio Universidad de Guayaquil. Conrado, 16(73), 364–372. Epub 02 de abril de 2020. https://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1990-86442020000200364&lng=es&tlng=es
   Google Scholar
• Morris, L. (2019). Fighting machismo: Women on the front line. Voices of Latin America: Social Movements and the New Activism, 25–48. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3362/9781909014213.002
   Google Scholar
• Ortiz, R. R., & Thompson, B. (2017). Risky recruitment: How rape myth acceptance among potential new sorority members is related to their self-efficacy to prevent sexual assault and perceptions of university sexual assault reporting. Oracula, 12(2), 59–67.
   Google Scholar
• Payne, D. L., Lonsway, K. A., & Fitzgerald, L. F. (1999). Rape myth acceptance: Exploration of its structure and its measurement using the Illinois rape myth acceptance scale. Journal of Research in Personality, 33(1), 27–68. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1006/jrpe.1998.2238
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rudman, L. A., Borgida, E., & Robertson, B. A. (1995). Suffering in silence: Procedural justice versus gender socialization issues in University sexual garassment grievance Procedures. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 17(4), 519–541. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1207/s15324834basp1704_6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Secretaria de Education Superior, Ciencia, Tecnologia, e Innovacion. (2018). Retrieved November 25, from https://www.educacionsuperior.gob.ec/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Folleto-Protocolo-Acoso-Discriminacion-violencia.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Tyrer, S., & Heyman, B. (2016). Sampling in epidemiological research: Issues, hazards and pitfalls. BJPsych Bulletin, 40(2), 57–60. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1192/pb.bp.114.050203
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UN Women. (2013). Safe cities global initiative: In brief. https://www2.unwomen.org/-/media/field%20office%20eseasia/docs/publications/2016/10/4un%20women%20safe%20cities%20brief-dec%202014-kbelen.pdf?vs=4948
   Google Scholar
• Vargas, E. A., Brassel, S. T., Cortina, L. M., Settles, I. H., Johnson, T. R., & Jagsi, R. (2020). # MedToo: A large-scale examination of the incidence and impact of sexual harassment of physicians and other faculty at an academic medical center. Journal of Women's Health, 29(1), 13–20. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2019.7766
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Villarreal Cueva, L. Á. (2019). El acoso sexual en las Instituciones de Educación Superior caso: Facultad de Ciencias Administrativas de la Escuela Politécnica Nacional-EPN (Bachelor’s thesis, Quito). https://bibdigital.epn.edu.ec/handle/15000/20312
   Google Scholar
• Wamboldt, A., Khan, S. R., Mellins, C. A., & Hirsch, J. S. (2019). Friends, strangers, and bystanders: Informal practices of sexual assault intervention. Global Public Health, 14(1), 53–64. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/17441692.2018.1472290
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Witte, T. H., Casper, D. M., Hackman, C. L., & Mulla, M. M. (2017). Bystander interventions for sexual assault and dating violence on college campuses: Are we putting bystanders in harm’s way? Journal of American College Health, 65(3), 149–157. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2016.1264407
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yapp, E. J., & Quayle, E. (2018). A systematic review of the association between rape myth acceptance and male-on-female sexual violence. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 41, 1–19. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2018.05.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yule, K., & Grych, J. (2020). College students’ perceptions of barriers to bystander intervention. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 35(15–16), 2971–2992. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260517706764
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yule, K., Hoxmeier, J. C., Petranu, K., & Grych, J. (2020). The chivalrous bystander: The role of gender-based beliefs and empathy on bystander behavior and perceived barriers to intervention. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260520916277
   Google Scholar
• Zietz, S., & Das, M. (2018). ‘Nobody teases good girls’: A qualitative study on perceptions of sexual harassment among young men in a slum of Mumbai. Global Public Health, 13(9), 1229–1240. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/17441692.2017.1335337
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zúñiga-Salazar, E., & Pillajo, L. (2017). Prevención de bullying homofóbico en Quito. In VI Congreso Internacional de Investigación de la Facultad de Psicología de la Universidad Nacional de La Plata (La Plata, 2017). https://sedici.unlp.edu.ar/handle/10915/68962
   Google Scholar