Publication Cover
Global Public Health
An International Journal for Research, Policy and Practice
Volume 18, 2023 - Issue 1
2,081
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Are community health programmes always benign? Community health worker perceptions and the social construction of users in Brazil’s primary healthcare policy

ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon
Article: 2043923 | Received 08 Oct 2021, Accepted 09 Feb 2022, Published online: 27 Feb 2022

References

  • Adams, C. (2020). Toward an institutional perspective on social capital health interventions: Lay community health workers as social capital builders. Sociology of Health & Illness, 42(1), 95–110. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9566.12992
  • Becker, J., Kovach, A. C., & Gronseth, D. L. (2004). Individual empowerment: How community health workers operationalize self-determination, self-sufficiency, and decision-making abilities of low-income mothers. Journal of Community Psychology, 32(3), 327–342. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.20000
  • Bello, C. A. (2016). Percepções sobre pobreza e Bolsa Família [Perceptions about poverty and the Bolsa Família]. In A. Singer & I. Loureiro (Eds.), As contradições do lulismo: A que ponto chegamos? (pp. 157–183). Boitempo.
  • Biehl, J. (2005). Vita: Life in a zone of social abandonment. University of California Press.
  • Brady, M. (2018). Targeting single mothers? Dynamics of contracting Australian employment services and activation policies at the street level. Journal of Social Policy, 47(4), 827–845. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047279418000223
  • Collins, M. E., & Mead, M. (2021). Social constructions of children and youth: Beyond dependents and deviants. Journal of Social Policy, 50(3), 493–510. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047279420000239
  • Cook, T., & Wills, J. (2011). Engaging with marginalized communities: The experiences of London health trainers. Perspectives in Public Health, 132(5), 221–227. https://doi.org/10.1177/1757913910393864
  • Davlantes, E., Salomao, C., Wate, F., Sarmento, D., Rodrigues, H., Halsey, E. S., Lewis, L., Candrinho, B., & Zulliger, R. (2019). Malaria case management commodity supply and use by community health workers in Mozambique, 2017. Malaria Journal, 18, 47. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-019-2682-5
  • Dembo, E. (2012). Community health workers’ perceptions of barriers to utilisation of malaria interventions in Lilongwe, Malawi: A qualitative study. MalariaWorld Journal, 3(11), 1–12.
  • Eiró, F. (2019). The vicious cycle in the Bolsa Família program’s implementation: Discretionality and the challenge of social rights consolidation in Brazil. Qualitative Sociology, 42(3), 385–409. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11133-019-09429-9
  • Haines, A., de Barros, E. F., Berlin, A., Heymann, D. L., & Harris, M. J. (2020). National UK programme of community health workers for COVID-19 response. The Lancet, 395(10231), 1173–1175. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30735-2
  • Harrits, G. S. (2019a). Stereotypes in context: How and when do street-level bureaucrats use class stereotypes? Public Administration Review, 79(1), 93–103. https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.12952
  • Harrits, G. S. (2019b). Using vignettes in street-level bureaucracy research. In P. Hupe (Ed.), Research handbook on street-level bureaucracy (pp. 392-408). Edward Elgar Publishing.
  • Harrits, G. S., & Møller, MØ. (2014). Prevention at the front line: How home nurses, pedagogues, and teachers transform public worry into decisions on special efforts. Public Management Review, 16(4), 447–480. https://doi.org/10.1080/14719037.2013.841980
  • Hartzler, A. L., Tuzzio, L., Hsu, C., & Wagner, E. H. (2018). Roles and functions of community health workers in primary care. The Annals of Family Medicine, 16(3), 240–245. https://doi.org/10.1370/afm.2208
  • Ingram, M., Chang, J., Kunz, S., Piper, R., de Zapien, J. G., & Strawder, K. (2016). Women’s health leadership to enhance community health workers as change agents. Health Promotion Practice, 17(3), 391–399. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524839916637047
  • Ingram, M., Schachter, K. A., Sabo, S. J., Reinschmidt, K. M., Gomez, S., De Zapien, J. G., & Carvajal, S. C. (2014). A community health worker intervention to address the social determinants of health through policy change. The Journal of Primary Prevention, 35(2), 119–123. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10935-013-0335-y
  • Kibe, L. W., Habluetzel, A., Gachigi, J. K., Kamau, A. W., & Mbogo, C. M. (2019). Exploring communities’ and health workers’ perceptions of indicators and drivers of malaria decline in Malindi, Kenya. MalariaWorld Journal, 8(21), 1–10.
  • Kok, M. C., Kane, S. S., Tulloch, O., Ormel, H., Theobald, S., Dieleman, M., Taegtmeye, M., Broerse, J. E. W., de Koning, K. A. M. (2015). How does context influence performance of community health workers in low- and middle-income countries? Evidence from the literature. Health Research Policy and Systems, 13(1), 13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12961-015-0001-3
  • Krieger, M. G. M., Wenham, C., Nacif Pimenta, D., Nkya, T. E., Schall, B., Nunes, A. C., De Menezes, A., Lotta, G. (2021). How do community health workers institutionalise: An analysis of Brazil’s CHW programme. Global Public Health. https://doi.org/10.1080/17441692.2021.1940236
  • Larson, E., Geldsetzer, P., Mboggo, E., Lema, I. A., Sando, D., Ekström, A. M., Fawzi, W., Foster, D. W., Kilewo, C., Li, N., Machumi, L., Magesa, L., Mujinja, P., Mungure, E., Mwanyika-Sando, M., Naburi, H., Siril, H., Spiegelman, D., Ulenga, N., Bärnighausen, T. (2019). The effect of a community health worker intervention on public satisfaction: Evidence from an unregistered outcome in a cluster-randomized controlled trial in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Human Resources for Health, 17(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12960-019-0355-7
  • Lehmann, U., & Gilson, L. (2013). Actor interfaces and practices of power in a community health worker programme: A South African study of unintended policy outcomes. Health Policy and Planning, 28(4), 358–366. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czs066
  • Lipsky, M. (2010). Street-level bureaucracy: Dilemmas of the individual in public service (30th Anniversary Ed.). Russell Sage Foundation. (Original work published 1980).
  • Lotta, G. S., & Marques, E. C. (2020). How social networks affect policy implementation: An analysis of street-level bureaucrats’ performance regarding a health policy. Social Policy & Administration, 54(3), 345–360. https://doi.org/10.1111/spol.12550
  • Lotta, G. S., & Pires, R. R. C. (2020). Categorizando Usuários “Fáceis” e “Difíceis”: Práticas Cotidianas de Implementação de Políticas Públicas e a Produção de Diferenças Sociais [Categorizing "easy" and "difficult" users: Everyday practices of implementation of public policy and the production of social differences]. Dados, 63(4). https://doi.org/10.1590/dados.2020.63.4.219
  • Matos, L. A., Cruz, E. J. S. D., Santos, T. M. D., & Silva, S. S. C. (2018). Resiliência Familiar: o olhar de professores sobre famílias pobres [Family resilience: Teachers' views of poor families]. Psicologia Escolar e Educacional, 22(3), 493–501. https://doi.org/10.1590/2175-35392018038602
  • Maynard-Moody, S., & Musheno, M. (2003). Cops, teachers, counselors: Stories from the front lines of public service. University of Michigan Press.
  • Maynard-Moody, S., & Musheno, M. (2012). Social equities and inequities in practice: Street-level workers as agents and pragmatists. Public Administration Review, 72(S1), S16–S23. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2012.02633.x
  • Ministério da Saúde. (2012). Política Nacional da Atenção Básica.
  • Ministério da Saúde. (2020). Portal da Secretaria de Atenção Primária à Saúde. Retrieved October 1, 2020, from https://aps.saude.gov.br/.
  • Mlotshwa, L., Harris, B., Schneider, H., & Moshabela, M. (2015). Exploring the perceptions and experiences of community health workers using role identity theory. Global Health Action, 8(1), 28045. https://doi.org/10.3402/gha.v8.28045
  • Morosini, M. V. (2010). Educação e trabalho em disputa no SUS: a política de formação dos agentes comunitários de saúde [Education and work under dispute in the SUS: The training policy of community health workers]. Escola Politécnica de Saúde Joaquim Venâncio/Fundação Oswaldo Cruz.
  • Musse, J. D. O., Marques, R. S., Lopes, F. R. L., Monteiro, K. S., & Santos, S. C. D. (2015). Avaliação de competências de Agentes Comunitários de Saúde para coleta de dados epidemiológicos [Evaluation of skills of community health workers in epidemiological data collection]. Ciência & Saúde Coletiva, 20(2), 525–536. https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232015202.01212014
  • Naiff, L. A. M., & Naiff, D. G. M. (2005). A favela e seus moradores: culpados ou vítimas? Representações sociais em tempos de violência [The favela and its dwellers: guilty or victims? Social representations in times of violence]. Estudos e Pesquisas em Psicologia, 5(2), 107–119.
  • Nisar, M. A., & Masood, A. (2019). Dealing with disgust: Street-level bureaucrats as agents of kafkaesque bureaucracy. Organization. 27(6), 882–899. https://doi.org/10.1177/1350508419883382.
  • Nunes, J. (2019). The everyday political economy of health: Community health workers and the response to the 2015 Zika outbreak in Brazil. Review of International Political Economy, 27(1), 146–166. https://doi.org/10.1080/09692290.2019.1625800
  • Nunes, J., & Lotta, G. (2019, December). Discretion, power and the reproduction of inequality in health policy implementation: Practices, discursive styles and classifications of Brazil’s community health workers. Social Science & Medicine, 242, 112551. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.112551
  • Olaniran, A., Smith, H., Unkels, R., Bar-Zeev, S., & Broek, N. V. D. (2017). Who is a community health worker? – A systematic review of definitions. Global Health Action, 10(1), 1272223. https://doi.org/10.1080/16549716.2017.1272223
  • Oliver, M., Geniets, A., Winters, N., Rega, I., & Mbae, S. M. (2015). What do community health workers have to say about their work, and how can this inform improved programme design? A case study with CHWs within Kenya. Global Health Action, 8(1), 27168. https://doi.org/10.3402/gha.v8.27168
  • Onwujekwe, O., Dike, N., Ojukwu, J., Uzochukwu, B., Ezumah, N., Shu, E., & Okonkwo, P. (2006). Consumers stated and revealed preferences for community health workers and other strategies for the provision of timely and appropriate treatment of malaria in southeast Nigeria. Malaria Journal, 5(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2875-5-117
  • Pérez, L. M., & Martinez, J. (2008). Community health workers: Social justice and policy advocates for community health and well-being. American Journal of Public Health, 98(1), 11–14. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2006.100842
  • Rowlingson, K., & Connor, S. (2011). The ‘deserving’ rich? Inequality, morality and social policy. Journal of Social Policy, 40(3), 437–452. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047279410000668
  • Schneider, A., & Ingram, H. (1993). Social construction of target populations: Implications for politics and policy. American Political Science Review, 87(2), 334–347. https://doi.org/10.2307/2939044
  • Schneider, H., & Lehmann, U. (2016). From community health workers to community health systems: Time to widen the horizon?. Health Systems & Reform, 2(2), 112–118. https://doi.org/10.1080/23288604.2016.1166307
  • Schneider, H., & Nandi, S. (2014). Addressing the social determinants of health: A case study from the Mitanin (community health worker) programme in India. Health Policy and Planning, 29(suppl_2), ii71–ii81. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czu074
  • Scott, K., George, A. S., Harvey, S. A., Mondal, S., Patel, G., & Sheikh, K. (2017). Negotiating power relations, gender equality, and collective agency: Are village health committees transformative social spaces in northern India?. International Journal for Equity in Health, 16(1), 84. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-017-0580-4
  • Shet, A. S., Rao, A., Jebaraj, P., Mascarenhas, M., Zwarenstein, M., Galanti, M. R., & Atkins, S. (2017). Lay health workers perceptions of an anemia control intervention in Karnataka, India: A qualitative study. BMC Public Health, 17(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-3954-4
  • Simas, P. R. P., & Pinto, I. C. D. M. (2017). Trabalho em saúde: retrato dos agentes comunitários de saúde da região Nordeste do Brasil [Health work: Profile of community health workers of the Northeast region of Brazil]. Ciência & Saúde Coletiva, 22(6), 1865–1876. https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232017226.01532017
  • Singh, P., & Chokshi, D. A. (2013). Community health workers – A local solution to a global problem. New England Journal of Medicine, 369(10), 894–896. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp1305636
  • Takasugi, T., & Lee, A. (2012). Why do community health workers volunteer? A qualitative study in Kenya. Public Health, 126(10), 839–845. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2012.06.005
  • Teo, Y. (2015). Differentiated deservedness: Governance through familialist social policies in Singapore. TRaNS: Trans-Regional and -National Studies of Southeast Asia, 3(1), 73–93. https://doi.org/10.1017/trn.2014.16
  • Terum, L. I., Torsvik, G., & Øverbye, E. (2018). Discrimination against ethnic minorities in activation programme? Evidence from a vignette experiment. Journal of Social Policy, 47(1), 39–56. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047279417000113
  • Tine, R. C., Ndiaye, P., Ndour, C. T., Faye, B., Ndiaye, J. L., Sylla, K., Ndiaye, M., Cisse, B., Sow, D., Magnussen, P., Bygbjerg, I. C., & Gaye, O. (2013). Acceptability by community health workers in Senegal of combining community case management of malaria and seasonal malaria chemoprevention. Malaria Journal, 12(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2875-12-1
  • Tulenko, K., Mgedal, S., Afzal, M. M., Frymus, D., Oshin, A., Pate, M., Quain, E., Pinel, A., Wynd, S., & Zodpey, S. (2013). Community health workers for universal health-care coverage: From fragmentation to synergy. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 91(11), 847–852. https://doi.org/10.2471/BLT.13.118745
  • Voigt, L., & Junior, V. L. P. (2019). O ‘racismo de classe’: Representações elitistas sobre os pobres e a pobreza no Brasil ["Class racism": Elite representations of the poor and of poverty in Brazil]. Mediações - Revista de Ciências Sociais, 24(2), 227–249. https://doi.org/10.5433/2176-6665.2019v24n2p227
  • Wiggins, N., Johnson, D., Avila, M., Farquhar, S. A., Michael, Y. L., Rios, T., & Lopez, A. (2009). Using popular education for community empowerment: Perspectives of community health workers in the Poder es Salud/power for health program. Critical Public Health, 19(1), 11–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/09581590802375855
  • World Health Organization. (2018). WHO guideline on health policy and system support to optimize community health worker programmes.
  • Yunes, M. A. M., Garcia, N. M., & Albuquerque, B. D. M. (2007). Monoparentalidade, pobreza e resiliência: Entre as crenças dos profissionais e as possibilidades da convivência familiar [Single-parenthood, poverty and resilience: between the beliefs of professionals and the possibilities for family coexistence]. Psicologia: Reflexão e Crítica, 20(3), 444–453. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-79722007000300012
  • Yunes, M. A. M., Mendes, N. F., & Albuquerque, B. D. M. (2005). Percepções e crenças de agentes comunitários de saúde sobre resiliência em famílias monoparentais pobres [Perceptions and beliefs of community health workers about resilience in poor single-parent families]. Texto & Contexto - Enfermagem, 14, 24–31. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-07072005000500003