Understanding traditional healer utilisation for hypertension care using the Andersen model: A qualitative study in Mwanza, Tanzania

References

• Afriyie, D. O., Nyoni, J., & Ahmat, A. (2019). The state of strategic plans for the health workforce in Africa. BMJ Global Health, 44(Suppl 9), e001115. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2018-001115
   Google Scholar
• Anand, T. N., Joseph, L. M., Geetha, A. V., Prabhakaran, D., & Jeemon, P. (2019). Task sharing with non-physician health-care workers for management of blood pressure in low-income and middle-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Global Health, 7(6), e761–e771. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(19)30077-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersen, R. (1968). A behavioral model of families' use of health services. Research Series, 25. Chicago: Center for Health Administration Studies, University of Chicago.
   Google Scholar
• Andersen, R. M. (1995). Revisiting the behavioral model and access to medical care: Does it matter?. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 36(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.2307/2137284
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anyan, F., & Knizek, B. L. (2018). The coping mechanisms and strategies of hypertension patients in Ghana: The role of religious faith, beliefs and practices. Journal of Religion and Health, 57(4), 1402–1412. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-017-0517-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Appiah, B., Amponsah, I. K., Poudyal, A., & Mensah, M. L. K. (2018). Identifying strengths and weaknesses of the integration of biomedical and herbal medicine units in Ghana using the WHO Health Systems Framework: A qualitative study. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 18(1), 286. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-018-2334-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asuzu, C. C., Akin-Odanye, E. O., Asuzu, M. C., & Holland, J. (2019). A socio-cultural study of traditional healers role in African health care. Infectious Agents and Cancer, 14(1), 15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13027-019-0232-y
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Audet, C. M., Salato, J., Blevins, M., Amsalem, D., Vermund, S. H., & Gaspar, F. (2013). Educational intervention increased referrals to allopathic care by traditional healers in three high HIV-prevalence rural districts in Mozambique. PLOS ONE, 8(8), e70326. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0070326
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Audet, C. M., Salato, J., Vermund, S. H., & Amico, K. R. (2017). Adapting an adherence support workers intervention: Engaging traditional healers as adherence partners for persons enrolled in HIV care and treatment in rural Mozambique. Implementation Science, 12(1), 50. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13012-017-0582-z
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Azizah, N., Halimah, E., Puspitasari, I. M., & Hasanah, A. N. (2021). Simultaneous Use of herbal medicines and antihypertensive drugs Among hypertensive patients in the community: A review. Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare, 14, 259–270. https://doi.org/10.2147/JMDH.S289156
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belisle, A., Hennink, H., Ordóñez, M., John, C. E., Ngubane-Joye, S., Hampton, E., Sunpath, J., Preston-Whyte, H., Marconi, E., & C, V. (2015). Concurrent use of traditional medicine and ART: Perspectives of patients, providers and traditional healers in Durban, South Africa. Global Public Health, 10(1), 71–87. https://doi.org/10.1080/17441692.2014.967709
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bovet, P., Gervasoni, J.-P., Mkamba, M., Balampama, M., Lengeler, C., & Paccaud, F. (2008). Low utilization of health care services following screening for hypertension in Dar es Salaam (Tanzania): A prospective population-based study. BMC Public Health, 8(1), 407. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-8-407
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chow, C. K., Teo, K. K., Rangarajan, S., Islam, S., Gupta, R., Avezum, A., Bahonar, A., Chifamba, J., Dagenais, G., Diaz, R., Kazmi, K., Lanas, F., Wei, L., Lopez-Jaramillo, P., Fanghong, L., Ismail, N. H., Puoane, T., Rosengren, A., Szuba, A.,  … PURE (Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology) Study investigators. (2013). Prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in rural and urban communities in high-, middle-, and low-income countries. JAMA, 310(9), 959–968. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2013.184182
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferdinand, K. C., Yadav, K., Nasser, S. A., Clayton-Jeter, H. D., Lewin, J., Cryer, D. R., & Senatore, F. F. (2017). Disparities in hypertension and cardiovascular disease in blacks: The critical role of medication adherence. The Journal of Clinical Hypertension, 19(10), 1015–1024. PRIME. https://doi.org/10.1111/jch.13089
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forouzanfar, M. H., Liu, P., Roth, G. A., Ng, M., Biryukov, S., Marczak, L., Alexander, L., Estep, K., Hassen Abate, K., Akinyemiju, T. F., Ali, R., Alvis-Guzman, N., Azzopardi, P., Banerjee, A., Bärnighausen, T., Basu, A., Bekele, T., Bennett, D. A., Biadgilign, S., … Murray, C. J. L. (2017). Global burden of hypertension and systolic blood pressure of at least 110 to 115 mm Hg, 1990–2015. JAMA, 317(2), 165–182. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2016.19043
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frimpong, E., & Nlooto, M. (2019). Tswana traditional health practitioners’ perspectives on the management of diabetes and hypertension: A qualitative study using focus group discussions. Pan African Medical Journal, 34(93), Article 93. https://doi.org/10.11604/pamj.2019.34.93.19112
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gelberg, L., Andersen, R. M., & Leake, B. D. (2000). The Behavioral Model for Vulnerable Populations: Application to medical care use and outcomes for homeless people. Health Services Research, 34(6), 1273–1302.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glanz, K., Rimer, B. K., & Viswanath, K. (Eds.). (2008). Health behavior and health education: Theory, research, and practice, 4th ed (pp. xxxiii, 552). Jossey-Bass.
   Google Scholar
• Global Burden of Diseases. (2015). Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks in 188 countries, 1990-2013: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet (London, England), 386, 2287–2323. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00128-2
   Google Scholar
• Goma, F., Prasha, L., Kalungia, C. A., Bwalya, A., Hamachil, A., Mutati, R. K., Zingani, E., Mwila, C., & Musoke, P. (2017). Extraction and demonstration of uterotonic activity from the root of steganotaenia araliacea hochst. Medical Journal of Zambia, 44(3), Article 3. https://doi.org/10.55320/mjz.44.3.80
   Google Scholar
• Hennink, M. M., Kaiser, B. N., & Marconi, V. C. (2017). Code saturation versus meaning saturation Qualitative Health Research, 27(4), 591–608. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732316665344
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoyler, E., Martinez, R., Mehta, K., Nisonoff, H., & Boyd, D. (2018). Beyond medical pluralism: Characterising health-care delivery of biomedicine and traditional medicine in rural Guatemala. Global Public Health, 13(4), 503–517. https://doi.org/10.1080/17441692.2016.1207197
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes, G. D., Aboyade, O. M., Clark, B. L., & Puoane, T. R. (2013). The prevalence of traditional herbal medicine use among hypertensives living in South African communities. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 13(1), 38. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-13-38
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• James, P. B., Wardle, J., Steel, A., & Adams, J. (2018). Traditional, complementary and alternative medicine use in Sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review. BMJ Global Health, 3(5), e000895. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2018-000895
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kavishe, B., Biraro, S., Baisley, K., Vanobberghen, F., Kapiga, S., Munderi, P., Smeeth, L., Peck, R., Mghamba, J., Mutungi, G., Ikoona, E., Levin, J., Bou Monclús, M. A., Katende, D., Kisanga, E., Hayes, R., & Grosskurth, H. (2015). High prevalence of hypertension and of risk factors for non-communicable diseases (NCDs): A population based cross-sectional survey of NCDS and HIV infection in Northwestern Tanzania and Southern Uganda. BMC Medicine, 13(1), 126. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-015-0357-9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kim, J. K., Kim, K. H., Shin, Y. C., Jang, B.-H., & Ko, S.-G. (2020). Utilization of traditional medicine in primary health care in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review. Health Policy and Planning, 35(8), 1070–1083. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czaa022
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kolling, M., Winkley, K., & von Deden, M. (2010). "For someone who's rich, it's not a problem". Insights from Tanzania on diabetes health-seeking and medical pluralism among Dar es Salaam's urban poor. Globalization and Health, 6(1), 8. https://doi.org/10.1186/1744-8603-6-8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Krah, E., de Kruijf, J., & Ragno, L. (2018). Integrating traditional healers into the health care system: Challenges and opportunities in rural northern Ghana. Journal of Community Health, 43(1), 157–163. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10900-017-0398-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwame, A. (2021). Integrating traditional medicine and healing into the Ghanaian mainstream health system: Voices from within. Qualitative Health Research, 31(10), 1847–1860. https://doi.org/10.1177/10497323211008849
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lambert, V. J., Kisigo, G. A., Nzali, A., Laizer, E., Paul, N., Walshe, L., Kalokola, F., Okello, E. S., Sundararajan, R., Mwakisole, A. H., Downs, J. A., & Peck, R. N. (2021). Religious leaders as trusted messengers in combatting hypertension in rural Tanzanian communities. American Journal of Hypertension, 34(10), 1042–1048. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajh/hpab080
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lassale, C., Gaye, B., Diop, I. B., Mipinda, J. B., Kramoh, K. E., Kouam Kouam, C., Ikama, M. S., Takombe, J. L., Damorou, J. M., Toure, I. A., Balde, D. M., Dzudie, A., Houenassi, M., Kane, A., Kimbally-Kaki, S. G., Kingue, S., Limbole, E., Mfeukeu Kuate, L., Ferreira, B., … Jouven, X. (2022). Use of traditional medicine and control of hypertension in 12 African countries. BMJ Global Health, 7(6), e008138. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2021-008138
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lederle, M., Tempes, J., & Bitzer, E. M. (2021). Application of Andersen’s behavioural model of health services use: A scoping review with a focus on qualitative health services research. BMJ Open, 11(5), e045018. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-045018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, E. S., Vedanthan, R., Jeemon, P., Kamano, J. H., Kudesia, P., Rajan, V., Engelgau, M., & Moran, A. E. (2016). Quality improvement for cardiovascular disease care in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review. PLOS ONE, 11(6), e0157036. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0157036
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Limbani, F., Thorogood, M., Gómez-Olivé, F. X., Kabudula, C., & Goudge, J. (2019). Task shifting to improve the provision of integrated chronic care: Realist evaluation of a lay health worker intervention in rural South Africa. BMJ Global Health, 4(1), e001084. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2018-001084
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liwa, A., Roediger, R., Jaka, H., Bougaila, A., Smart, L., Langwick, S., & Peck, R. (2017). Herbal and alternative medicine use in Tanzanian adults admitted with hypertension-related diseases: A mixed-methods study. International Journal of Hypertension, 2017(5692572). https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/5692572
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Liwa, A. C., Smart, L. R., Frumkin, A., Epstein, H.-A. B., Fitzgerald, D. W., & Peck, R. N. (2014). Traditional herbal medicine use among hypertensive patients in sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review. Current Hypertension Reports, 16(6), 437. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11906-014-0437-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marten, M. G. (2022). The countersyndemic potential of medical pluralism among people living with HIV in Tanzania. Global Public Health, 17(6), 957–970. https://doi.org/10.1080/17441692.2021.1882529
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meli, J., Nkeh-Chungag, B. N., Doumtsop Tatou, J. G., Mope, J. S., & Kingue, S. (2009). Perceptions of the etiology and treatment of hypertension among some traditional healers in Cameroon. The Open Public Health Journal, 2(1), 39–43. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874944500902010039
   Google Scholar
• Ministry of Health. (2018). Mohcdec. Standard treatment guidelines and essential medicines lists for children and adolescents. Republic of Tanzania, Ministry of Health, Community Development, Gender, Elderly and Children.
   Google Scholar
• Moshabela, M., Bukenya, D., Darong, G., Wamoyi, J., McLean, E., Skovdal, M., Ddaaki, W., Ondeng’e, K., Bonnington, O., Seeley, J., Hosegood, V., & Wringe, A. (2017). Traditional healers, faith healers and medical practitioners: The contribution of medical pluralism to bottlenecks along the cascade of care for HIV/AIDS in Eastern and Southern Africa. Sexually Transmitted Infections, 93(Suppl 3). https://doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2016-052974
   Google Scholar
• Moshabela, M., Pronyk, P., Williams, N., Schneider, H., & Lurie, M. (2011). Patterns and implications of medical pluralism Among HIV/AIDS patients in rural South Africa. AIDS and Behavior, 15(4), 842–852. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-010-9747-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mwaka, A. D., Tusabe, G., Orach Garimoi, C., & Vohra, S. (2018). Turning a blind eye and a deaf ear to traditional and complementary medicine practice does not make it go away: A qualitative study exploring perceptions and attitudes of stakeholders towards the integration of traditional and complementary medicine into medical school curriculum in Uganda. BMC Medical Education, 18(1), 310. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-018-1419-4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nnko, S., Bukenya, D., Kavishe, B. B., Biraro, S., Peck, R., Kapiga, S., Grosskurth, H., & Seeley, J. (2015). Chronic diseases in north-west Tanzania and southern Uganda. Public perceptions of terminologies, aetiologies, symptoms and preferred management. PLOS ONE, 10(11), e0142194. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0142194
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oke, D. A., & Bandele, E. O. (2004). Misconceptions of hypertension. Journal of the National Medical Association, 96(9), 1221–1224.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osamor, P. E., & Owumi, B. E. (2010). Complementary and alternative medicine in the management of hypertension in an urban Nigerian community. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 10(1), 36. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-10-36
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Oyebode, O., Kandala, N.-B., Chilton, P. J., & Lilford, R. J. (2016). Use of traditional medicine in middle-income countries: A WHO-SAGE study. Health Policy and Planning, 31(8), 984–991. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czw022
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peck, R. N., Green, E., Mtabaji, J., Majinge, C., Smart, L. R., Downs, J. A., & Fitzgerald, D. W. (2013). Hypertension-related diseases as a common cause of hospital mortality in Tanzania. Journal of Hypertension, 31(9), 1806–1811. https://doi.org/10.1097/HJH.0b013e328362bad7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schausberger, B., Mmema, N., Dlamini, V., Dube, L., Aung, A., Kerschberger, B., Ciglenecki, I., Vambe, D., Mukooza, E., & Wringe, A. (2021). “We have to learn to cooperate with each other”: a qualitative study to explore integration of traditional healers into the provision of HIV self-testing and tuberculosis screening in Eswatini. BMC Health Services Research, 21(1), 1314. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-021-07323-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schutte, A. E., Srinivasapura Venkateshmurthy, N., Mohan, S., & Prabhakaran, D. (2021). Hypertension in low- and middle-income countries. Circulation Research, 128(7), 808–826. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.120.318729
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seedat, Y. (2015). Why is control of hypertension in sub-Saharan Africa poor? Cardiovascular Journal of Africa, 26(4), 193–195. https://doi.org/10.5830/CVJA-2015-065
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shippee, T., Henning-Smith, C., Shippee, N., Pintor, J. K., Call, K. T., McAlpine, D., & Johnson, P. J. (2013). Discrimination in medical settings and attitudes toward complementary and alternative medicine: The role of distrust in conventional providers. 6(1).
   Google Scholar
• Sieverding, M., & Beyeler, N. (2016). Integrating informal providers into a people-centered health systems approach: Qualitative evidence from local health systems in rural Nigeria. BMC Health Services Research, 16(1), 526. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-016-1780-0
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sundararajan, R., Langa, P. V., Morshed, T., & Manuel, S. (2021a). Traditional healers as client advocates in the HIV-endemic region of Maputo, Mozambique: Results from a qualitative study. SAHARA – Journal of Social Aspects of HIV/AIDS, 18(1), 77–85. https://doi.org/10.1080/17290376.2021.1909492
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sundararajan, R., Mwanga-Amumpaire, J., King, R., & Ware, N. C. (2020). Conceptual model for pluralistic healthcare behaviour: Results from a qualitative study in southwestern Uganda. BMJ Open, 10(4), e033410. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-033410
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sundararajan, R., Ponticiello, M., Lee, M. H., Strathdee, S. A., Muyindike, W., Nansera, D., King, R., Fitzgerald, D., & Mwanga-Amumpaire, J. (2021b). Traditional healer-delivered point-of-care HIV testing versus referral to clinical facilities for adults of unknown serostatus in rural Uganda: A mixed-methods, cluster-randomised trial. The Lancet Global Health, 9(11), e1579–e1588. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(21)00366-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• United Republic of Tanzania. (n.d.) The Traditional and Alternative Medicine Act, 23.
   Google Scholar
• Vedanthan, R., Kamano, J. H., Bloomfield, G. S., Manji, I., Pastakia, S., & Kimaiyo, S. N. (2015). Engaging the entire care cascade in western Kenya: A model to achieve theCardiovascular disease secondary prevention roadmap goals. Global Heart, 10(4), 313–317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gheart.2015.09.003
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vedanthan, R., Kumar, A., Kamano, J. H., Chang, H., Raymond, S., Too, K., Tulienge, D., Wambui, C., Bagiella, E., Fuster, V., & Kimaiyo, S. (2020). Effect of nurse-based management of hypertension in rural western Kenya. Global Heart, 15(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.5334/gh.856
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. (2019). WHO global report on traditional and complementary medicine 2019. World Health Organization. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/312342.
   Google Scholar