The Disruption of Ancestral Peoples in Ecuador’s Mangrove Ecosystem: Class and Ethnic Differentiation within a Changing Political Context

References

• Anderson, M. 2007. “When Afro Becomes (like) Indigenous: Garífuna and Afro- Indigenous Politics in Honduras.” Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Anthropology 12 (2): 384–413. doi:10.1525/jlat.2007.12.2.384.
   Google Scholar
• Aráuz, M. 2000. Pueblos indios en la costa ecuatoriana. Jipijapa y Montecristi en la segunda mitad del siglo XVIII. Quito: Abya-Yala.
   Google Scholar
• Asch, M., C. Sawson, U. Dahre, and A. Kuper. 2006. “More on the Return of the Native.” Current Anthropology 47 (1): 145–149. doi:10.1086/498953.
   Google Scholar
• Bailey, C. 1988. “The Social Consequences of Tropical Shrimp Mariculture Development.” Ocean and Shoreline Management 11 (1): 31–44. doi:10.1016/0951-8312(88)90004-5.
   Google Scholar
• Baquerizo, S., R. Walter, and CAAP. 2007. “Libro Verde Del Camarón. Informe Final.” Estudios sobre temas sectoriales y de comercio internacional. Europe Aid/122728/D/ SER/EC. Lote 3. ECA, QI, GOPA, FEDEXPOR.
   Google Scholar
• Bauer, D. E. 2010. “Re-articulating Identity: The Shifting Landscape of Indigenous Politics and Power on the Ecuadorian Coast.” Bulletin of Latin American Research 29 (2): 170–186. doi:10.1111/j.1470-9856.2009.00347.x.
   Google Scholar
• Bazurco Osorio, M. 2006. ‘Yo Soy Más Indio Que Tú’. Resignificando la Etnicidad: Exploración Teórica e Introducción al Proceso de Reconstrucción Étnica en las Comunas de la Península de Santa Elena, Ecuador. Quito: Abya-Yala.
   Google Scholar
• Becker, M. 2008. Indians and Leftists in the Making of Ecuador’s Modern Indigenous Movements. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Béteille, A. 1998. “The Idea of Indigenous People.” Current Anthropology 39 (2): 187–192. doi:10.1086/204717.
   Google Scholar
• Bodero, A., and D. Robadue. 1995. “Strategies for Managing Mangrove Ecosystems in Ecuador.” In Eight Years in Ecuador: The Road to Integrated Coastal Management, edited by D. Robadue, 43–69. Narragansett: Coastal Resources Center, University of Rhode Island.
   Google Scholar
• Bowen, J. R. 2000. “Should We Have a Universal Concept of ‘Indigenous Peoples’ Rights? Ethnicity and Essentialism in the Twenty-First Century.” Anthropology Today 16 (4): 12–16. doi:10.1111/1467-8322.00037.
   Google Scholar
• Clark, A. K. 2005. “Ecuadorian Indians, the Nation and Class in Historical Perspectives: Rethinking a ‘New Social Movement’.” Anthropologica 47 (1): 53–65. doi:10.2307/25606217.
   Google Scholar
• Clifford, J. 2007. “Varieties of Indigenous Experience: Diasporas, Homelands, Sovereignties.” In Indigenous Experience Today, edited by M. De La Cadena, and O. Starn, 197–224. Oxford, NY: BERG.
   Google Scholar
• CLIRSEN, Centro de Levantamiento Integrado de Recursos Naturales por Sensores Remoto. 1990. Estudio Multitemporal de Manglares, Camaroneras y Salinas de la costa ecuatoriana. Quito: CLIRSEN.
   Google Scholar
• CLIRSEN, Centro de Levantamiento Integrado de Recursos Naturales por Sensores Remoto. 2007. Actualización del Estudio Multitemporal de Manglares, Camaroneras y Áreas Salinas en la Costa Continental Ecuatoriana al Año 2006: Resumen Ejecutivo. Quito: CLIRSEN.
   Google Scholar
• Coello, S., D. Vinueza, and R. Aleman. 2008. Evaluación del desempeño de los acuerdos de uso sustentable y custodia de manglar de la zona costera del Ecuador. Quito: MAE, CI, UICN, PRODERENA, ECOBIOTEC.
   Google Scholar
• Dewalt, B. R., P. Vergne, and M. Hardin. 1996. “Shrimp Aquaculture, Development and the Environment: People, Mangroves and Fisheries on the Gulf of Fonseca, Honduras.” World Development 24 (7): 1193–1208. doi:10.1016/0305-750X(96)00033-2.
   Google Scholar
• ECOBIOTEC. 2009. Revisión de la normativa sobre concesiones de manglar a usuarios tradicionales. USAID: Costas y Bosques Sostenibles. http://ecuador.usaid.gov/portal/index2.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_view&gi d =39&Itemid=159.
   Google Scholar
• Hoffman French. 2004. “Mestizaje and Law Making in Indigenous Identity Formation in Northeastern Brazil: ‘After the Conflict Came the History’.” American Anthropologist 106 (4): 663–674. doi:10.1525/aa.2004.106.4.663.
   Google Scholar
• Garí, J.-A. 2000. “The Political Ecology of Biodiversity. Biodiversity Conservation and Rural Development at the Indigenous and Peasant Grassroots.” PhD diss., University of Oxford, School of Geography and the Environment.
   Google Scholar
• Gausset, Q., J. Kenrick, and R. Gibb. 2011. “Indigeneity and Autochthony: A Couple of False Twins?” Social Anthropology 19 (2): 135–142. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8676.2011.00144.x.
   Google Scholar
• González, C. 2009. Tomo III of Serie cultura, comunidad, agua y biodiversidad en la costa del Ecuador Identidades étnicas en acción. La organización comunal de la Península de Santa Elena Ante la cooperación al desarrollo. Quito: Abya-Yala.
   Google Scholar
• Guerrero, A. 1994. “Una imagen ventrílocua: el discurso liberal de la ‘desgraciada raza indígena’ a fines del siglo XIX.” In Imágenes E Imagineros: Representaciones De Los Indígenas Ecuatorianos, Siglos XIX Y XX, edited by B. Muratorio, 197–253. Quito: FLACSO-Ecuador.
   Google Scholar
• Hall, S. 1996. “On Postmodernism and Articulation. An Interview with Stuart Hall.” In Critical Dialogues in Cultural Studies, edited by L. Grossberg, 131–150. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Hamilton, J., and A. J. Placas. 2011. “Anthopology Becoming…? The 2010 Sociocultural Anthropology Year in Review.” American Anthropologist 113 (2): 246–261. doi:10.1111/j.1548-1433.2011.01328.x.
   Google Scholar
• Hathaway, M. 2010. “The Emergence of Indigeneity: Public Intellectuals and an Indigenous Space in Southwest China.” Cultural Anthropology 25 (2): 301–333. doi:10.1111/j.1548-1360.2010.01060.x.
   Google Scholar
• Hooker, J. 2005. “Indigenous Inclusion/Black Exclusion: Race, Ethnicity and Multicultural Citizenship in Latin America.” Journal of Latin American Studies 37 (2): 285–310. doi:10.1017/S0022216X05009016.
   Google Scholar
• Jackson, J. E., and K. B. Warren. 2005. “Indigenous Movements in Latin America, 1992–2004: Controversies, Ironies, New directions.” Annual Review of Anthropology 34: 549–573. doi:10.1146/annurev.anthro.34.081804.120529.
   Google Scholar
• Kenrick, J., and J. Lewis. 2004. “Indigenous Peoples’ Rights and the Politics of the Term ‘Indigenous’.” Anthropology Today 20 (2): 4–9. doi:10.1111/j.0268-540X.2004.00256.x.
   Google Scholar
• Kuper, A. 2003. “The Return of the Native.” Current Anthropology 44 (3): 389–402. doi:10.1086/368120.
   Google Scholar
• Latorre, S. 2013. “The Politics of Identification in a Shrimp Conflict in Ecuador: The Political Subject, ‘Pueblos Ancestrales del Ecosistema Manglar’ [Ancestral Peoples of the Mangrove Ecosystem].” The Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Anthropology 18 (1): 67–89. doi:10.1111/jlca.12003.
   Google Scholar
• Latorre, S. 2014. “Resisting Environmental Dispossession in Ecuador: Whom does the Political Category of ‘Ancestral Peoples of the Mangrove Ecosystem Include and Aim to Empower?” Journal of Agrarian Change 14 (4): 541–563. doi:10.1111/joac.12052.
   Google Scholar
• Lucero, J. A. 2001. “Crisis and Contention in Ecuador.” Journal of Democracy 12 (2): 59–73. doi:10.1353/jod.2001.0032.
   Google Scholar
• Lucero, J. A. 2008. Struggles of Voice. The Politics of Indigenous Representation in the Andes. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press.
   Google Scholar
• Marcos, J. 2005. Los Pueblos Navegantes Del Ecuador Prehispánico. Quito: Abya- Yala/ESPOL.
   Google Scholar
• McIntosh, I., M. Colchester, J. Bowen, and D. Rosengren. 2002. “Defining Oneself, and Being Defined as, Indigenous: A Comment on J. Bowen (AT 16,4) and M.Colchester (AT 18,1).” Anthropology Today 18 (3): 23–25. doi:10.1111/1467-8322.00122.
   Google Scholar
• Military Geographical Institute. 2008. Camaronera_piscícola 1:50.000. Accessed September 2014. http://www.geoportaligm.gob.ec/portal/index.php/descargas/cartografia-de-libre-acceso/
   Google Scholar
• Ng’weno, B. 2007. “Can Ethnicity Replace Race? Afro-Colombians, Indigeneity and the Colombian Multicultural State.” Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Anthropology 12 (2): 414–440. doi:10.1525/jlat.2007.12.2.414.
   Google Scholar
• Niezen, R. 2003. The Origins of Indigenism: Human Rights and the Politics of Identity. Berkley: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ocampo-Thomason, P. 2005. “The Use of Local Knowledge for the Defense and Sustainable Management of Mangrove Ecosystems: The Case of Ecuador.” PhD diss., University of Newcastle, School of Geography, Politics and Sociology.
   Google Scholar
• Perreault, T. 2001. “Developing Identities: Indigenous Mobilization, Rural Livelihoods, and Resource Access in Ecuadorian Amazonia.” Cultural Geographies 8 (4): 381–413. doi:10.1177/096746080100800402.
   Google Scholar
• República de Ecuador. 1978. “Supreme Decree 2939.” Official Register 596, October 23, 1978.
   Google Scholar
• República de Ecuador. 1994. “Decree 1907.” Official Register 482, July 13, 1994.
   Google Scholar
• República de Ecuador. 1999. “Executive Decree 1102.” Official Register 243, July 21, 1999.
   Google Scholar
• República de Ecuador. 2008a. “Constitución Política de la República del Ecuador.” Official Register 449, October, 2008.
   Google Scholar
• República de Ecuador. 2008b. “Decree 1391.” Official Register 454, October 27, 2008.
   Google Scholar
• República de Ecuador. 2008c. “Decree 1442.” Official Register 479, December 2, 2008.
   Google Scholar
• República de Ecuador. 2010a. “Decree 397.” Official Register 229, July 6, 2010.
   Google Scholar
• República de Ecuador. 2010b. “Decree 261.” Official Register 146, March 9, 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Robadue, D., ed. 1995. Eight Years in Ecuador: The Road to Integrated Coastal Management. Narragansett: Coastal Resources Center, University of Rhode Island.
   Google Scholar
• Roger, M. 1996. “Beyond Authenticity: Conservation, Tourism and the Politics of Representation in the Ecuadorian Amazon.” Identities 3 (1–2): 73–125. doi:10.1080/1070289X.1996.9962553.
   Google Scholar
• Sánchez, J.-A. 2009. “El proceso organizativo afro-ecuatoriano: 1979–2009.” PhD diss., Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales-FLACSO, Quito.
   Google Scholar
• Sawyer, S. 1997. “The 1992 Indian Mobilization in Lowland Ecuador.” Latin American Perspectives 24 (3): 65–82. doi:10.1177/0094582X9702400305.
   Google Scholar
• Snedaker, S. C., J. C. Dickinson, M. Brown, and E. J. Lahman. 1986. Shrimp Pond and Management Alternatives in Mangrove Ecosystem in Ecuador. Final Report. Miami, FL: USAID.
   Google Scholar
• Stanley, D. L. 1998. “Explaining Persistent Conflict among Resource Users: The Case of Honduran Mariculture.” Society and Natural Resources 11 (3): 267–278. doi:10.1080/08941929809381079.
   Google Scholar
• Torres, M., and Y. Veronica 1999. Las Comunidades de Usuarios Ancestrales del Ecosistema de Manglar y la Industria Camaronera: La comunicación y la educación como alternativas para el desarrollo local. MA thesis, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito.
   Google Scholar
• Valdivia, G. 2005. “On Indigeneity, Change and Representation in the Northeastern Ecuadorian Amazon.” Environment and Planning A 37: 285–303. doi:10.1068/a36182.
   Google Scholar
• Veuthey, S., and J.-F. Gerber. 2012. “Accumulation by Dispossession in Coastal Ecuador: Shrimp Farming, Local Resistance and the Gender Structure of Mobilizations.” Global Environmental Change 22 (3): 611–622. doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2011.10.010.
   Google Scholar
• Wade, P. [1997] 2010. Race and Ethnicity in Latin America. 2nd ed. London: Pluto Press.
   Google Scholar
• Yashar, D. 2005. Contesting Citizenship in Latin America: The Rise of Indigenous Movements and the Postliberal Challenge. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar